http://www.mse.ncsu.

edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering

Objectives/outcomes: You will learn the following:
Plastic deformation single crystals.
The slip mechanism and dislocations.
Slip systems and the critical resolved shear stress.
Schmids law.
Twinning
Grain boundary strengthening
MSE200
Lecture 8 (CH. 6.5-6.8)
Mechanical Properties I
Instructor: Yuntian Zhu
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
Sllp 8ands and Sllp lanes ln Slngle CrysLal
CrysLals
nappens |n the p|ast|c deformat|on of s|ng|e crysta|s
S||p bands |n duct||e meta|s occurs |n many s||p p|anes.
S||p occurs |n many w|th|n s||p bands.
Caused by d|s|ocat|on s||p (g||de)
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
Sllp Mechanlsm
1he s||p occurs due to s||p (movement) of d|s|ocat|ons.
http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=dislocation+slip&hl=en&emb=0&aq=f#
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
Sllp ln CrysLals
S||p occurs |n dense|y or c|ose packed p|anes.
Lower shear stress]energy |s requ|red for s||p to occur |n
dense|y packed p|anes.
Close packed
plane
Non-close-packed
plane
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
Sllp SysLems
S||p systems are comb|nat|on of s||p p|anes and s||p
d|rect|on (8urgers vector).
In ICC crysta|, s||p takes p|ace |n {111} p|anes and <110>
d|rect|ons.
12 sllp sysLems ln fcc meLals:
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
Sllp SysLems ln 8CC CrysLal
8CC crysLals are noL close packed. 1he sllp predomlnanLly occurs ln [110} planes,
whlch has hlghesL aLomlc denslLy.
1he sllp dlrecLlon ln 8CC meLal ls <111>
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
CrlLlcal 8esolved Shear SLress
Cr|t|ca| reso|ved shear stress |s the m|n|mum shear stress requ|red to
cause s||p |n pure meta| s|ng|e crysta|.
S||p beg|ns when the shear stress |n s||p a p|ane and a s||p d|rect|on
reaches cr|t|ca| reso|ved shear stress.
1h|s |s equ|va|ent to y|e|d shear stress.
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
Schmld's Law
1he re|at|onsh|p between un|ax|a| stress and resu|t|ng reso|ved shear stress
produced on a s||p system |s g|ve by

r
=CosCos
1
A
F
r
r
=
Slip
direction
Normal to
Slip plane

0
A
F
=
A
1
=Area of
Slip plane

F
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering

In tw|nn|ng, a part of atom|c |att|ce |s deformed and forms
of |att|ce next to |t.
Usua||y stra|ght boundary
1w|nn|ng reor|ent the s||p system.
FCC metal
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
LffecLs of Craln 8oundarles on SLrengLh
Gra|n boundar|es stop d|s|ocat|on movement and hence strengthen
the meta|s.
I|ne gra|n s|ze |s des|rab|e, and hence meta|s are produced w|th
f|ner gra|ns.
Stress-strain curve of single
and polycrystalline copper
Slip bands in polycrystalline
aluminum grains
Dislocations piled up
against grain boundaries
in stainless steel
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
I|ner the gra|ns, super|or are the mechan|ca|
propert|es (at room temperature).
na||-etch equat|on - Lmp|r|ca|

y
=
o
+ ]
1]2

http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
LffecL of Cold Work on 1enslle SLrengLh
Number of d|s|ocat|ons are |ncreased by co|d work.
D|s|ocat|on movements are h|ndered by both gra|n
boundar|es and other d|s|ocat|ons
Strain Hardening
Stress-Strain curves of 1018 steel
1018-Cold Rolled
1018-Annealed
http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=rolling&hl=en&emb=0&aq=f#emb=0&hl=en&q=cold+rolling&view=3
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
Solld SoluLlon SLrengLhenlng
Add|t|on of one or more meta|s can |ncrease the
strength of meta|s.
So|ute atoms, on case of subst|tut|ona| so||d
so|ut|on, create stress fie/ds around themse|ves
and h|nder the d|s|ocat|on movement.
D|stort|on of |att|ce and c|uster|ng of ||ke atoms
a|so |mpede d|s|ocat|on movement.
Lxamp|e: 8rass, Iewe|ry
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering
nanocrysLalllne/nanosLrucLured MeLals
nanocrysLalllne: average graln dlameLer < 100 nm
nanosLrucLured: average sLrucLural feaLure < 100 nm
8esulLs ln hlgh sLrengLh and hardness
lf d < 3 nm, elasLlc modulus drops as more aLoms are ln graln boundary
negaLlve Pall-eLch effecL mlghL Lake place
3 important strategies for increasing the strength:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVJ 1DOIDl2A
http://www.mse.ncsu.edu/zhu Materials Science & Engineering

Example Problems: 6.9, 6.10
Regular Problems, Download from web
Reading assignment: section 7.1-7.2