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MATRICNO:090805002
ANALYSISOFSIMULATIONOUTPUTDATA
1. ExplainSimulationandtheneedforit?
Simulationcanbedefinedasthedesigningofaproposedorexistingsystem,executing
thismodelonacomputerandanalyzingtheoutputgottenfromtheexecutionofthe
model.
Mosttimes,simulationiscarriedoutbecausethephysicalsystemdoesnotexist,costof
buildinganactualsystemishighorbecausemeasuringanactualsystemistime
consuming.Inall,simulationsofsystems,proposedorexistingistoanalyzeandpredict
toagreatextent,thefunctionalityofthesystem.
2. Canclassicalstatisticalmethodsbeusedtoanalyzesimulationoutputdata?Give
reasonstobackupyouranswer
Classicalstatisticalmethodscannotbeusedtoanalyzesimulationoutputdata.Thisis
becausesimulationoutputalmostneverproduce
rawindependent(datafromsimulationrunsaremosttimescorrelated),
identicallydistributed
normaldata.
Classicalstatisticaltechniquesbasedonindependent,identicallydistributedtechniques
arethereforenotappliedforcorrectsysteminferences.
3. Stateandexplainthetypesofsimulationswithrespecttooutputanalysis
FiniteHorizonSimulations:
Theterminationofafinitehorizonsimulationtakesplaceataspecifictimeoriscaused
bytheoccurrenceofaspecificevent.
Steadystatesimulations:
Inthistypeofsimulation,longtermbehaviorsofsystemsareanalyzed.Aperformance
measureisthereforecalledasteadystateparameterifitisacharacteristicofthe
equilibriumdistributionofanoutputstochasticprocess.
4. Give2exampleseachoftheabovelistedkindofsimulations
FiniteHorizonSimulations:
Masstransitsystembetweenduringrushhour.
Productionsystemuntilasetofmachinesbreaksdown.
Startupphaseofanysystem
Steadystatesimulations:
Continuouslyoperatingcommunicationsystemwheretheobjectiveisthe
computationofthemeandelayofapacketinthelongrun.
Distributionsystemoveralongperiodoftime.
5. WhyistheanalysisofSimulationoutputdatanecessaryafterallsystemsimulations?
Simulationdetectsdesignerrorsofsystemsalreadybuiltorintendedtobebuiltbefore
thesystemisreleasedtotheusers.Therefore,forcorrectanalysisofthesystem,output
ofthesystemsimulationhastobecorrectlyanalyzed.Iftheoutputisanalyzedwrong,
thesystemwillnotbehaveasexpectedandcaninvalidateallresults.
Adibiologunfunkeoluwaseun
090805005
Csc524
Question
(1) Whatdoesqueuemean
(2) Differencebetweenaqueuingnetworkandanetworkofqueue
(3) Listanddescribethethreetypesofqueuingnetwork
(4) Explainthetermbirthdeathprocess
(5) Listthetwoearliestqueuingmodelofcomputersystems
Answer
(1) Aqueueoccurswhenapotentialcustomersarrivesatasystemthatofferscertainservice
thatthecustomerswishtouse.Incomputersystems,manyjobssharethesameresources
suchasCPUs,disks,andotherdevices.Sincegenerallyonlyonejobcanusetheresourceat
anytime,allotherjobswantingtousethesystemwaitinqueues.
(2) Aqueuingnetworkisamodelinwhichjobsdepartingfromonequeuearriveatanother
queueorpossiblythesamequeuewhilenetworkofqueueisacollectionofservicecenters,
whichrepresentsystemresources,andcustomers,whichrepresentusersortransactions.It
isanetworkconsistingofinterconnectedqueues.
(3) Open
Closed
Mixed
Anopenqueuingnetworkistheonethathasexternalarrivalsanddepartures.i.e.itreceive
customersfromanexternalsourceandsendthemtoanexternaldestination.Thejobenters
thesystemasINandexitsasOUT.Thenumberofjobsinthesystemvarieswithtime.
Aclosedqueuingnetworkistheonethathasnoexternalarrivalsanddepartures.Ithas
constantnumbersofcustomers(finitepopulation).Theyhaveafixedpopulationthat
movesbetweenthequeuesbutneverleavesthequeue.Thejobsinthequeuekeep
circulatingfromonequeuetothenext. Thejobsexitingthesystemimmediatelyreenterthe
system.TheflowofjobsintheOuttoInlinkdefinesthethroughputoftheclosedsystem.
Mixedqueuingnetworkarenetworksthatareopenforsomeworkloadsandclosedfor
other.i.eitisopenforsomeclassesandclosedforothers.
(4) Itisaprocessthatisusedtomodelasysteminwhichjobsarriveoneatatime.Thestateof
asystemcanberepresentedbynumberofjobsninthesystem.Arrivalofanewjob
changeston+1.ThisiscalledaBirth.Similarlythedepartureofjobschangesthesystem
stateton1.ThisiscalledaDeath.Thereforethenumberofjobsinsuchsystemcanbe
modeledasabirthdeathprocess
(5) Machinerepairmanmodel
Centralservermodel
4. State Littles law
Answer: Littles law states that under steady state conditions, the average number of items in
a queuing system equals the average rate at which items arrive multiplied by the time that an
item spends in the system. Letting
L =average number of items in the queuing system
W= average waiting time in the system for an item, and
= average number of items arriving per unit time, the law is
L = W
5. Describe the two types of queuing networks.
Answer: Open and closed queuing networks.
In an Open queuing model, jobs enter the network at random from outside at a fixed rate,
receive service at one or more nodes, and eventually leave the network. Thus, the total
external arrival rate or throughput is an independent variable and the number of jobs in
the system is a dependent variable. The total number of jobs in the system varies with
time while,
In a closed queuing model, there is a fixed population of jobs in the network. The number
of jobs in the system is an independent variable and the throughput is a dependent
variable.
DURUDUMEBIJULIAN
090805021
NetworkModellingquestions
1. Whyisnetworkmodellingimportant?
Answer
Helpsingainingknowledgeonthelevelofperformanceofasystem
Preventsunnecessaryoverloadingofnodepoints
HelpsnetworkadministratorsinmaintainingComputernetworks
2. Discussthefactorsaffectingnetworkcommunication.
Answer
Theyaregroupedintwo:
i.Geometricconditions
Distanceofnetworknodes
Materialsofthetransfermedium
Numberofusers
3. Statethecharacteristicsofcomputernetworksrequiredforfaultlessdatatransfer
Answer
Transmissiontimesofpacketswiththesamelongitudemaybedifferent.
Datatransfersectionsrunninginparallelwitheachotherdonotaffecteachotherdirectly,
butinthenodes,forexampletheappearanceofmultipliedpacketsmakesdisturbingeffects.
Twowaytrafficdoesnotexist.
Theintensityofinnercommunicationchangesintimebetweenthenodesdirectly
connectedtoeachother.
Tocontrolaffectingmessagetransmission,aninnercommunicationalsystemworks
betweenthenodesconnectedtoeachother.Forexample,thereceivercanreceivea
messagevainlyifthetransmitterdoesnothaveamessagetobesenton.
4. WhyisQueuingmodellingimportanttonetworkmodelling
Answer
Queuingmodellingisimportanttonetworkmodellingasitgivesanindicationontherateof
arrivalofdatatoanode,therateatwhichdataisbeingprocessedandtheprobabilityof
congestion.
5. Discusstheparameterstoconsiderinqueuinganalysis.
Answer
Populationsize
Numberofservers
Systemcapacity
Arrivalprocess
Servicetimedistribution
Servicediscipline
b. Simulationmodel:
Simulationmodelmimicstherealbehaviouroftheobjectorasystem.Itinvolves
designingamodelofanactualortheoreticalphysicalsystem,executingthemodel
onacomputer,andanalysingtheexecutionresults.Exampleisawargame.
c. Analyticalmodel:
Analyticalmodeldoesnotrepresentoperationsthatmimicsthebehaviourofthe
object,rathermathematicaloperationsareusedtocapturetherelationships.For
example,bankcustomerswaitingtimeanalysis
3. Mentionthreemathematicaltechniquesusedinperformancemodellingofcomputer
networks.
a. QueuingNetworks
b. PetriNets
c. Processalgebras
4. WhatisMarkovchainandwhatisitusedfor?
Markovchainreferstothesequenceofrandomvariablessuchaprocessmovesthrough,
withtheMarkovpropertydefiningserialdependenceonlybetweenadjacentperiods.
Markovchainisusedfordescribingsystemsthatfollowachainoflinkedevents,wherewhat
happensnextdependsonlyonthecurrentstateofthesystem.
5. MentionthreesolvingtechniquesofperformancemetricsforComputernetworks.
a. Markovchains
b. Simulation
c. Analyticalmethods