Answers

ANSWERS
467

Answers

CHAPTER 1

Exercise 1.1

1

P

030

,

Q

070

,

R

120

,

S

165

,

T

217

,

U

260

,

V

319

2

AB

054

,

BC

118

,

CD

193

,

DE

292

,

EF

081

,

FG

340

3 a

298

24

M

b

299

44

M

c

301

28

M

d

302

24

M

4 a

236

10

G, 231

14

M

b

080

48

G, 075

52

M

c

303

37

G, 298

41

M

d

189

09

G, 184

13

M

e

349

20

G, 344

24

M

5 a

358

52

G, 356

57

T

b

105

05

G, 103

10

T

c

064

40

G, 061

45

T

d

290

28

G, 288

33

T

e

273

23

G, 271

28

T

6 a

344

41

T, 336

04

M

b

030

12

T, 021

35

M

c

125

54

T, 117

17

M

d

238

33

T, 229

56

M

e

199

29

T, 190

52

M

Exercise 1.2

1 a

120 n.m.

b

788 n.m.

c

328 n.m.

d

471 n.m.

2 a

444 km

b

181 km

c

1304 km

d

895 km

3 a

259 n.m. b 334 n.m.
c 135 n.m. d 310 n.m.
4 a 203 km b 316 km
c 1117 km d 242 km
5 a 147 n.m. b 272 km
6 a i 375 n.m. ii 695 km
b i 6.5 kn ii 12 km/h
7 a 3600 km b 1944 n.m.
c 2436 N, 23E
8 15 h 26 min
9 a 84 n.m. b 112 n.m. c 76 n.m.
d 136 n.m. e 47 n.m.
10 a 3 n.m. b 4.3 n.m. c 3.1 n.m.
d 3.4 n.m. e 5.7 n.m.
11 a 118 n.m. b 143 n.m. c 113 n.m.
d 48 n.m. e 48 n.m.
12 a 9.5 km b 7.3 km c 5 km
d 4.6 km e 5.9 km
13 a 0.75 km b 2 km
c 2.25 km d 4.25 km
14 a 213 b 049 c 338
d 279 e 252
15 a 050 b 169 c 137 d 173
16 a 254 b 220 c 339
d 153 e 143
17 a 256 b 155 c 091
d 312 e 020
18 a 229 b 116 c 305 d 080
Exercise 1.3
1 a Jeffreys Rocks (2155 S, 15013.7 E)
b Normanby Rock (2140.8 S, 15012.8 E)
c Sail Rock (2148.2 S, 15009.3 E)
d Howard Point (2137.4 S, 15014.9 E)
e Hixson Islet (2144.9 S, 15017.3 E)
2 a Nobbys Head (3255 S, 15148 E)
b Stockton Bight (3251 S, 15158 E)
c Norah Head (3317 S, 15134.5 E)
d Barrenjoey Head (3335 S, 15119.5 E)
e Long Point (3344.8 S, 15119 E)
3 a Kaipara Harbour (3625 S, 17407 E)
b Raglan Harbour (3748 S, 17452 E)
c Three Kings Islands (3411 S, 17205 E)
d New Plymouth (3902 S, 17412 E)
e Manukau Harbour (3703 S, 17431 E)
Chapter review
1 A bearing is the clockwise angle between
north and the direction of a line. It is
normally stated as a three-digit number.
2 The magnetic variation is the angle between
true north and magnetic north. An easterly
variation means that magnetic north is east of
true north.
3 Grid convergence is the angle between true
north and grid north.
4 The magnetic variation changes in a fairly
regular fashion. The change in one year is
printed on the map, together with the
variation for a particular year. The magnetic
variation for another year is calculated from
the change in one year and the number of
years since the date printed on the map.
5 A westerly change of magnetic variation will
increase the magnetic bearing of an object.
6 A nautical mile is equal to the distance
travelled by moving through 1 on a great
circle such as a meridian.
NQM12Ach.ans.fm Page 467 Thursday, October 3, 2002 12:55 PM
468 NEW QMATHS 12A
7 The dividers are opened to the distance
between the objects on the chart. The
distance is measured using the number of
minutes on the vertical scale at the same
latitude as the objects to obtain the distance
in nautical miles.
8 The ruler is placed so that it is in the direction
of the line and moved across to the compass
rose printed on the chart to read the bearing.
9 Dead reckoning is the establishment of
position by plotting or calculating the course
of a boat using speed, time and direction from
the original position of the boat, taking
currents and winds into account wherever
possible.
10 A x is the establishment of ones position
at sea.
11 Degrees and minutes are used. Distance
(in nautical miles) travelled along a meridian
is equal to the change of angle, measured in
minutes. Distance (in nautical miles)
travelled along a line of latitude is equal to
the cosine of the latitude multiplied by the
change of angle, measured in minutes
12 A 020, B 060, C 085, D 133, E 176,
F 220, G 265, H 300, I 338
13 a 34458 M b 34340 M
c 34210 M d 34540 M
14 a 300 n.m., 556 km b 107 n.m., 198 km
c 432 n.m., 800 km d 276 n.m., 511 km
15 a 333 n.m., 618 km b 191 n.m., 353 km
c 62 n.m., 114 km d 183 n.m., 338 km
16 a 12352 G, 11234 M
b 22618 G, 21500 M
c 00641 G, 35523 M
d 07623 G, 06505 M
e 358.0 G, 346.7 M
f 287.7 G, 276.4 M
g 33936 T, 32902 M
h 20001 T, 18927 M
i 04205 T, 03131 M
j 35908 T, 34834 M
k 136.8 T, 126.233 M
l 001.1 T, 350.533 M
17 a 176.4 T, 185.3 M
b 014.7 T, 023.6 M
c 039.2 T, 048.1 M
d 230.3 T, 239.2 M
e 34510 T, 35404 M
f 10323 T, 11217 M
g 147.8 G, 147.6 T
h 302.4 G, 302.2 T
i 034.6 G, 034.4 T
j 116.1 G, 115.9 T
k 22356 G, 22344 T
l 05931 G, 05919 T
18 a 8.3 kn b 15.4 km/h
19 a 225 n.m. b 60S, 137 30 E
20 a 3.6 n.m. at 217 b 8.5 n.m. at 052
c 8 n.m. at 032 d 5.8 n.m. at 204
21 a 15 n.m. at 032 b 15.4 n.m. at 131
c 9.8 n.m. at 256 d 9 n.m. at 299
22 a Esmeralda Cove (3237.4 S, 15219.6 E)
b Little Island (3242.1 S, 15214.6 E)
c Hawks Nest (3240.1 S, 15211.4 E)
CHAPTER 2
For answers that depend on single measurements,
a variation of about 1 mm or 1 is acceptable.
For answers that depend on multiple
measurements, a variation of about 3 mm
or 3 is acceptable.
Exercise 2.1
1 a 1.05 m b 0.83 m
c 0.93 m d 0.88 m
2 a 27.2 m b 16.8 m
c 70.4 m d 550.4 m
3 a 875 m
2
b 829 m
2

c 419 m
2
d 2408 m
2

4 a Bearings: AB 131, BC 026, CD 175,
DE 097
b Back bearings: AB 311, BC 206,
CD 355, DE 277
5 a 286 b 041 c 189
d 132 e 274
6 a 2.871 m b 4.7 c 1 : 12.2
7 5.1 cm
8 a 1.904 m b 4.53 c 5.313 m
d 6.73 e 9.24
9 The offer isnt fair. She loses about 10.6%
of the land but the price is reduced by only
8.8%.
10 Yes, the slope is just less than 5 (4.987).
11 Answers will vary. 12 1.629 m
Exercise 2.2
1 a 2443.46 m
2
b 2743.84 m
2

c 3634.74 m
2
d 5225.89 m
2

2 1440 m
2
3 158 297 m
2

4 a 19 000 m
2
b 6980 m
2

5 13.353 ha (133 526.7 m
2
)
6 2000 m
2

Exercise 2.3
1 101.1 m 2 148.6 m
3 41.9 m 4 18.8 m
5 59.2 m
ANSWERS 469
Exercise 2.4
1
2
3 a Similar to sketch in question.
b
c 900 m
2
d 294.6 m
2
e 12 711 m
2

A
B
C
D
E
Hedge
Stream
Track
Road
Scale 1 : 1000
Yours should be
twice this size.
Sports
Boating
A B
C
complex
lake
Scale 1 : 20 000
You should work at 1 : 10 000.
Fence
Stream
P
Q
R S
T
U
Factory
storage
area
Factory
Path
R
o
a
d
Scale 1 : 2000
Yours should be twice this size.
470 NEW QMATHS 12A
4
Exercise 2.5
1 a
b TP = 160 m at 260
2
DA 800 m (798 m)
3 a No local attraction on leg AB
Dam
Creek
Crossing
Fence
Dairy
Shed
House
A
B
C
D E
B
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
Road
Scale 1 : 20 000
You should work at 1 : 10 000.
S
c
r
u
b

a
r
e
a
N
P
Q
R
S
T
5
8

m
39 m
7
2

m
5
5

m
22
134
101
53
Scale 1: 2000
N
A
B
C
D
4
5
2

m
450 m
4
0
0

m
30
80
160
Scale 1: 10 000
You should work at 1: 5000.
Factory
b Original Corrections Corrected
Leg
Forward
bearing
Back
bearing
Difference Forward Back
Forward
bearing
Back
bearing
AB 052 232 180 0 0 052 232
BC 127 305 178 0 +2 127 307
CD 084 267 183 +2 1 086 266
DE 221 043 178 1 3 220 040
EF 119 297 178 3 1 116 296
FG 042 220 178 1 +1 041 221
ANSWERS 471
c
d GA = 147 km at 095
N
52
127
86
220
116
41
3
0

k
m
2
8

k
m 42 km
4
6

k
m
5
3
k
m
6
2

k
m
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Scale 1: 2 000 000
You should work at 1: 1 000 000.
4
N
77 m
107 m
114 m
101 m
A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
A
B
C
D
Scale 1: 4000
Yours should be 4 times this size.
6 a
b QR = 215 m; RS = 490 m
9
7
9

m
1
7
2

m
150 m
5
168
185
347
320
14
348
P
Q
R
S
Scale 1:10 000
T
8
7 Leg Bearing Back bearing
AB 064 244
BC 100 280
CD 229 049
DE 271 091
EA 305 125
N
167 m
125 m
103 m
181 m
124 m
B
C
D
E
A
A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
E
1
Scale 1: 4000
Local attractions at C, E, F and A.
5 Original Corrections Corrected
Leg
Forward
bearing
Back
bearing
Difference Forward Back
Forward
bearing
Back
bearing
AB 144 324 180 0 0 144 324
BC 070 253 183 0 3 070 250
CD 017 194 177 3 0 014 194
DE 319 138 181 0 +1 319 139
EF 228 050 178 +1 1 229 049
FA 278 098 180 1 1 277 097
472 NEW QMATHS 12A
Exercise 2.6
1
2 a 177.5 m
b AQ 076, BP 298, BR 256
c AR = 45 m, RB = 155 m, BQ = 52.5 m
3 a 1 : 2000 b 642 m
c XB 047, XD 195, YC 099, YA 294
4 a 1 : 4000 c 1256 m
b
Chapter review
1 Booking a survey refers to the practice of
recording details of a survey into a eld book.
2 A datum point provides a point of reference.
Distances and directions can be calculated
relative to the datum point.
3 a m
2

b ha or m
2
depending on size of the school
4 Triangulation involves dividing a large area
of land into triangles and completing the
survey by chaining the lengths of the sides of
the triangles.
5 Begin at a known point, then select another
point (station) along the traverse path. Chain
and measure the direction from the starting
point to the rst station. This is the rst leg of
the traverse. Repeat this procedure for as
many legs as are required to reach the end
point of the traverse.
6 It is most likely to be due to local attraction.
It would be unlikely that the error could be
8
3

m

0
6
1
59 m 097
2
2

m

1
9
4
24 m 273
2
7

m

3
2
8
N
Childrens play area
Tree
Bench
Hut
Barbecue
Swings
Scale 1: 2000
X
N
U
V
W
X
149
239
191
309
228 m
264 m
300 m
464 m
Farmland
11
Scale 1: 8000
consistently made if it were due to faulty
instrumentation or poor technique.
7 It is suitable to use the radiation method in
situations where a single sighting station is
sufcient to view all the required points and it
is convenient to chain to all required points
from a single station.
8 a 20 m (20.27 m) b 225 m (224.6 m)
9 a 836.9 m
2
b 2476.0 m
2

11 a 023 b 291 c 152 d 203
12 a 4.3781 m b 5.42 c 1 : 10.53
13 20.25 cm
14 a 4635 m
2
b 3267.43 m
2

15 a
b 28 183.6 m
2

16 a i ii 1216 m
2

10 Leg Bearing Back bearing
OA 034 214
OB 109 289
OC 202 022
OD 255 075
OE 341 161
A B
79.2 m
117 m
81.9 m
123.3 m
72.9 m
26.1 m
Scale 1: 4000
20.7 m
Scale 1: 1000
ANSWERS 473
b i ii 50 520 m
2

17 108 m
18 a
b Answers will vary depending on how the
outer boundary is drawn. Area is
approximately 19 000 m
2
.
19
Scale 1: 10 000
102 m
1
2
2

m
1
6
2

m
201 m
P
Q
R
S
Scale 1: 4000
1
1
8

m
170 m
104 m
98 m
Jetty
Boat
Tree
Flag
F
e
n
c
e
A B
C
D
E
Scale 1: 4000
shed
pole
1
4
3

m
20
21
23
Scale 1: 5000
D
N
C
B
A
E
F
Y X
100 m
Dam
Windmill
Pine
B
A
N
Scale 1: 2000
tree
1
1
6

m
Scale 1: 4000
P
Q
R
S
N
50
8
4

m
Field
A
B
b Scale 1 : 3460, perimeter about 768.1 m
22 a
Station
Bearing
from A
Bearing
from B
P 050 021
Q 100 116
R 148 195
S 258 264
T 339 314
474 NEW QMATHS 12A
CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.1
1 a 93.75% b 57.6% c 275%
d 23.33% e 60% f 7.5%
g 146% h 85% i 80%
2 a 15.79% b 18.75%
3 a $1180 b 56.78% c 264.29%
4 a 18.18% b 81.82% c 22.22%
5 a $34.50 b $103.18 c $1341.30
d $31.20 e $12.75 f $285.20
g $86.27 h $156.65 i $21.35
j $50.27
6 $5760 7 $105 8 $2.24
9 $942.02 10 $4550 11 $400
12 $600
Exercise 3.2
1 4.5% 2 20%
3 5.33% 4 13%
5 4.53% 6 19%, then 22%
Exercise 3.3
1 a $437.50 b $480 c $414
d $412.50 e $2737
2 a $3600 b $1507.50 c $203
d $11.94 e $1043.01
3 $1775.34, $46 775.34
4 $507.21 5 $75 394.52
6 $9408
7 $1627.40, $41 627.40
8 $57
9 $279 10 $3312, $11 312
11 6.5% 12 $197 826.09
13 a 6.58% b $115.50 (on $7300)
14 4.78% 15 $64 285.71
16 21.29% 17 $1 248 000
18 a $106.88 b $8066.04
Exercise 3.4
a $6856.95, $856.95
b $8509.59, $209.59
c $13 349.44, $1349.44
d $10 105.13, $2605.13
e $11 643.97, $2243.97
f $1621.49, $121.49
g $9241.35, $1091.35
h $5802.23, $202.23
Exercise 3.5
1 a $18 161.18, $3161.18
b $11 001.82, $2051.82
c $5146.53, $646.53
d $4353.65, $3813.65
e $15 744.67, $8204.67
f $2921.72, $421.72
g $9134.55, $3334.55
h $7401.84, $1401.84
i $4370.34, $120.34 (182 days)
j $63 991.78, $38 991.78
2 $3924.56 3 $3073.58 4 8.14%
5 8.16% 6 3 years 7 357 days
8 10 years 9 5.79% 10 $8263.97
11 14 years and 18 fortnights
Exercise 3.6
1 7.76% 2 6.93%
3 7.82%, 7.76%, 7.68%; 7.6% compounded
quarterly is best.
4 8.77%, 8.62%, 8.44%; 8.5% compounded
quarterly is best.
5 a 6.43% b 5.15% c 7.27% d 8.48%
6 8.34%, 8.27%; 8.04% compounded monthly
is best.
Chapter review
1 Divide the prot by the buying price and
multiply by 100%.
2 Interest is the amount of money charged,
while the interest rate is the ratio of the
interest to the principal.
3 A nominal interest rate is the pro-rata rate for
1 year.
4 Simple interest is charged on the initial
amount borrowed, while compound interest
is charged on the accumulated amount of
principal plus interest.
5 It is the period over which interest is
calculated.
6 a 56% b 134% c 250% d 3.6%
7 a 16% b 116%
8 a $56.35 b $8056 c $4.14
9 $5074 10 $72.25 11 $600
12 $20 000 13 18% 14 6.96%
15 I = Pin 16 $3900
17 a $1200 b $756 c $1534.50
18 $46 294.52 19 $175.23 20 3.6%
21 A = P = P
22 $12 328.75, $4528.75
23 a $6553.98, $1553.98
b $13 854.63, $1854.63
c $11 875.73, $4375.73
24 a 7.76% b 14.34% c 8.67%
25 4.3% 26 $3499.29
27 2 years 37 weeks 28 6.79%
29 $31 327.88
1
i
k
-- +

kt
1
i
k
-- +

n
ANSWERS 475
CHAPTER 4
Exercise 4.1
1 a Mean 16.6, mode = 19, median = 17,
range = 8, interquartile range = 5,
SD 2.64
b Mean 51.8, mode = 47, median = 49,
range = 18, interquartile range = 10.5,
SD 5.89
c Mean 5.8, mode = 6, median = 6,
SD 2.15
range = 9, interquartile range = 3, SD 2.26
b Mean 4.2, modes = 4 and 5, median = 4,
SD 2.26
SD 1.99
SD 2.14
b Mean 44.1, mode = 44, median = 44,
SD 2.38
d Mean 8.23, mode = 8, median = 8,
4 a Mean 22.5, modal class = 2529,
median 23.6, range = 25,
interquartile range 7.9, SD 5.06
b Mean 51.3, modal class = 5059,
c Mean 114.8, modal class = 110114,
d Mean 145.2, modal class = 150169,
5 a
Median 170, interquartile range 9.5
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Height (cm)
100
80
60
40
20
0
140 150 160 170 180 190
b
Median 69.5, interquartile range 10
6 a 52.4 g b From 49.4 g to 55.1 g
7 a 2 b 3.24
8 17.7%
Exercise 4.2
1 a Supermarket shoppers; smallest, average
and largest amounts spent;
smallest = $4.30, average = $87.64 and
largest = $198.75
b People who watch TV; audience of each
channel; Channel 9 = 40%,
Channel 7 = 30%, Channel 10 = 16%,
Channel 2 = 14%
c Cars; colour of cars; white = 38%,
yellow = 19%, blue = 11%, red = 15%,
others = 17%
d Tea-time sales of fast-foods;
amount of each type; hamburgers = 31%,
shnchips = 12%, salad rolls = 6%,
mini pizzas = 17%, sausage rolls = 22%,
pies = 11%
e Bikes ridden to schools; type of frame,
type of bike; chromolly frames = 67%,
mountain bikes are the most popular.
2 Choose 17, 29, 41, 3.
3 a 9, 5, 14, 48, 43, 18, 26, 41, 37, 49
b 1545, 1808, 1040, 1393, 1148, 1340, 1068,
1602, 1729, 1535
c 417, 301, 251, 490, 668, 314, 349, 561,
632, 286
d 62 739, 99 482, 55 380, 51 038, 55 694,
88 904, 98 147, 99 823, 57 536, 65 237
4 a 2 Year 8s, 3 Year 9s, 2 Year 10s, 1 Year 11,
2 Year 12s
b 5 sales reps, 1 manager, 6 clerical staff,
3 stores staff
c 3 surfers, 3 boogie-boarders, 2 sailboarders
5 Difcult to contact all members of a
population, costly, time-consuming,
6 B 7 A
8 A
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Pulse (beats/min)
100
80
60
40
20
0
40 50 60 70 80 90
476 NEW QMATHS 12A
9 Samples are as in the table below. Note that
when sex is disregarded, the number is not
necessarily the total of the samples when sex
is taken into account. Rounding errors give
samples of 499.
10 Biasedonly those with telephones
involved; poll conducted after emotive story;
people can vote more than once.
11 a Student body at Grifth University in a
particular year
b The number of students who have part-
time jobs
12 Items 127, 135, 90, 149, 94, 105, 122, 97,
142, 87
13 a Examples include:
i Use a random number table to select 10
page numbers.
ii Determine the number of names on a
page and use a random number table to
select 10 numbers up to that number of
names; start at the top left corner of the
page and work down the column.
iii Select 10 pages as in i, then select one
name on each of the selected pages as
in ii.
iv Count how many Wilsons there are in
the book and select 10 of them using a
method as in ii.
b Answers will vary.
14 a Fair and unbiased, but people can be
selected more than once.
b Fair and unbiased, but fairly inefcient as
many selections would probably have no
person seated in that position.
Exercise 4.3
1 a 25 b 20 c None d 37, 51
2 a 4.9 b 197 c 22.1 d None
3 a 5, 9
b Mean 1.9 , median = 2
c Mean = 1.5 , median = 1.5
d Both the mean and the median are affected
by the outliers.
State or
territory
a By sex b Without
regard to sex
(persons)
Females Males
NSW 84 85 169
Vic. 62 63 124
Qld 46 46 93
SA 19 20 39
WA 25 24 49
Tas. 6 6 12
NT 3 2 5
ACT 4 4 8
4 a 124 kg
b Mean 71.4 kg, median = 71 kg
c Mean 68.9 kg , median = 70 kg
d Both the mean and the median are affected
by the outliers.
Exercise 4.4
1 The results in Chemistry are a little higher,
but more spread out. Most of these students
nd Chemistry easier than Physics.
2 The humidity is generally higher in Town B,
so it probably gets more storms.
3 The rst is harder, but has greater variation in
sentence length.
4 Their sales performances are about the same,
but Martina is more consistent.
5 Kathy generally scores lower than Jessica.
6 Route B is better, because it has the same
mean but is more consistent, so there is less
chance of being very late.
7 She did better in Film and TV as she was 1.13
standard deviations above the mean, whereas
in Speech and Drama she was only 0.65
standard deviations above the mean.
8 David is fatter than the population he is
compared with, because, in standard deviation
units, his weight is further from the mean than
his height.
Chapter review
1 The median score item is calculated as the
(n + 1)th item. The score group that contains
this item is found. The item is calculated as a
fraction of the number of items in the group.
This fraction is then applied to the width of
the group to obtain a score.
2 It measures the spread of the middle 50% of
the data.
3 25% of the number of items is calculated. The
position of this item on the graph is found and
the corresponding score located.
4 A parameter is a measure of the population
while a statistic is a measure from a sample.
5 A biased sample favours one part of the
population but a fair sample does not.
6 Systematic sampling of households in the area
would be cheap and give a reasonable result.
Otherwise the council could use ABS data to
perform a stratied random sample.
7 An outlier is a score that is markedly different
from the majority of scores in a set of data.
8 By comparing the means and standard
deviations (or other measures)
9 Mean = 15, mode = 14, median = 14.5,
1
2
---
ANSWERS 477
10 Mean 21.3, modal class = 1519,
SD 7.56
b Mean 70.7, SD 25.24, other statistics
not reliable
12
Median 25.5, interquartile range 9
13 Population is people who buy takeaway food.
Parameter and statistics are the number of
times they buy takeaways each week.
14 a 38, 58, 74, 67, 55
b 262, 229, 346, 204, 215, 248, 343
c 3328, 3905, 3983, 4249, 6902, 5777, 3117,
3307, 4865
15 a TV viewers in general
b TV viewers in Mackay who watched that
news program, have their numbers in the
book, and were interviewed by the market
research company
16 The people on one page could all be of a
particular group. For example, they might all
have the family name Singh.
17 B 18 48
19 He did slightly better in Maths.
20 The mens results are more spread and lower
than the womens results.
CHAPTER 5
Exercise 5.1
1 $12 900 2 $1 124 000
3 9.68% 4 10.79%
5 a 8.78% b $4870
6 a 6 years b $20 000 c $33 000
d $28 000 e $5000
Scrap value is $1500.
7
Year
Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $7500 $1500 $6000
2 $6000 $1500 $4500
3 $4500 $1500 $3000
4 $3000 $1500 $1500
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Score
50
40
30
20
10
0
5 15 20 30 35 10 25 40
Useful life is 5 years.
Exercise 5.2
1 a $740 b 16.4%
2 a $10 000 b 28.57%
3 a $3920
8
Year
Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $6000 $1200 $4800
2 $4800 $1200 $3600
3 $3600 $1200 $2400
4 $2400 $1200 $1200
5 $1200 $1200 $0
c
Year
Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $4500 $740 $3760
2 $3760 $740 $3020
3 $3020 $740 $2280
4 $2280 $740 $1540
5 $1540 $740 $800
c
Year
Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $35 000 $10 000 $25 000
2 $25 000 $10 000 $15 000
3 $15 000 $10 000 $5 000
b
Year
Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $28 000 $3920 $24 080
2 $24 080 $3920 $20 160
3 $20 160 $3920 $16 240
4 $16 240 $3920 $12 320
5 $12 320 $3920 $8 400
6 $8 400 $3920 $4 480
B
o
o
k

v
a
l
u
e
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Time (years)
1 2 3 4 5
Book value of fryer
d
B
o
o
k

v
a
l
u
e
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
Time (years)
1 2 3
Book value of car
d
478 NEW QMATHS 12A
c $4480
e Straight-line depreciation because the
graph of the written-down value is a
straight line.
4 a $5500
c $5500 d $3000
Value after 4 years is $5337.29.
6 $3213.26 7 22.64%, $12 961.48
8 14.34% 9 a 34.13% b $806.23
Exercise 5.3
1 $531.47 2 $714.09
3 a 4846
b Answers will vary, depending on the year.
4 a 72 m
2
b 116 m
2
c 80 days
5 $15 463.68 6 $28 056.22 7 $14 527.28
8 $10 344.52 9 $15 362.65 10 $4495.69
11 $5291.43 12 $11 255.03 13 $7747.10
14 $3577.30 15 $4906.76
Exercise 5.4
b Year Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $27 500 $5500 $22 000
2 $22 000 $5500 $16 500
3 $16 500 $5500 $11 000
4 $11 000 $5500 $5 500
5
Year
Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $8900 $1068 $7832
2 $7832 $939.84 $6892.16
3 $6892.16 $827.06 $6065.10
4 $6065.10 $727.81 $5337.29
1 Year CPI Ination Year CPI Ination
1986 73.5 1994 110.4 1.8%
1987 80.4 9.4% 1995 113.9 3.2%
1988 86.3 7.3% 1996 118.7 4.2%
1989 92.6 7.3% 1997 120.3 1.3%
1990 100.0 8.0% 1998 120.3 0%
1991 105.3 5.3% 1999 121.8 1.2%
1992 107.3 1.9% 2000 124.7 2.4%
1993 108.4 1.0% 2001 132.2 6.0%
d
1 2 3 4 5 6
B
o
o
k

v
a
l
u
e
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
Time (years)
Book value of lathe
2 a 45c in 2002
b i 10.36% ii 3.79%
iii Answers will vary.
3 $95 034.72 4 $183.25
5 $5624.46, so a decrease in real terms
6 4.64%
In real terms, greatest expenditure was in
2002.
8 252 14s 7d (or 252.729 788)
9 a Prices will vary depending on the year,
which brand is chosen, etc.
b and c Answers will vary for each item.
d and e Answers will vary depending on
the year.
f The statement does not appear to be true
because the increase in average male
weekly earnings is greater than the increase
in most items.
Exercise 5.5
1 $99 292.18 2 $18 842.78
3 a $52 500 b $22 611.34
c $14 695.82
4 a $36 000 b $9566.44
5 a $1632 b $8659.82
6 a $436 750 b $45 000
c $32 918.34
d $2 164 576, $88 320, $68 914.87
respectively
Chapter review
1 Appreciation is the increase in value of an
item over time.
2 A business can claim the value of
depreciation as a tax deduction.
3 For straight-line depreciation, the value of an
item is reduced by the same dollar amount
each year. For the diminishing-value method,
the value of an item is reduced by the same
percentage of its value at the start of each
year.
4 The value of money changes due to the effect
of ination.
5 The rate of ination is calculated by nding
the percentage change in the CPI.
6 Comparing values in real dollars means
comparing values taking into account the
effects of ination.
7 $14 200
7 Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Amount
(millions)
$16.71 $16.25 $18.43 $21.47 $22.94
2000 $s
(millions)
$17.80 $16.77 $18.43 $20.80 $21.54
ANSWERS 479
8 a 4.12% b $23 700
10 20.83%
Scrap value is $1772.
12 238 m
2
13 $56 741
14 $11 390.81 15 $12 731.04
16 $17 961.06 17 $10 208.75
18 $11 214.05 19 $3025.86
20 $8210.73 21 $321 849.30
22 $350 637.93 23 24.21%
24 1970: $618 612.33, 1974: $660 856.71,
1979: $712 080, so the 1979 sale was the best
real price.
25 a $27 000 b $63 000 c $40 430.04
26 a $44 057.90 b $13 888.89 c $94 864.40
CHAPTER 6
Exercise 6.1
1 a 0.433 b 0.072 c 40
d At least 22 e 9
2 a White 0.581, wholemeal 0.202, rye 0.079,
specialty 0.138
b 0.202 c 40 d 116 e 16
3 a 0.204 b 0.170 c 0.231
4 357
5 a Taxi 0.06, train 0.337, bus 0.26, car 0.287,
bike 0.02, other 0.037
b 0.287 c 7 d 8
6 a 200
9
Year
Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $65 000 $7500 $57 500
2 $57 500 $7500 $50 000
3 $50 000 $7500 $42 500
4 $42 500 $7500 $35 000
5 $35 000 $7500 $27 500
6 $27 500 $7500 $20 000
11
Year
Starting
value
Depreciation
during year
Written-
down value
1 $5600 $1400 $4200
2 $4200 $1050 $3150
3 $3150 $787.50 $2362.50
4 $2362.50 $590.62 $1771.88
b Score 2 3 4 5
Rel. freq. 0.12 0.1 0.075 0.08
Score 6 7 8 9
Rel. freq. 0.065 0.105 0.085 0.09
Score 10 11 12
Rel. freq. 0.11 0.11 0.06
c 40 d 4 or 5 e 16
b 29 c 2
b 6 (185 cm or more)
b 32 (less than 2 kg) c 22 (4 kg or more)
Exercise 6.2
1 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
b c d e 0
2 a {5R, 8G, 7B}
b c 0 d e Green
7 a Amount
spent ($)
Frequency Rel. freq.
0.001.99 10 14.3%
2.003.99 25 35.7%
4.005.99 15 21.4%
6.007.99 9 12.9%
8.009.99 5 7.1%
10.0015.99 6 8.6%
Total 70
8 Rent per person
($/week)
Number Rel. freq.
6569 6 3%
7074 10 5%
7579 36 18%
8084 62 31%
8589 34 17%
9094 25 12.5%
9599 16 8%
100104 11 5.5%
Total 200
9 a Height (cm) Frequency Rel. freq
160169 7 10%
170174 13 18.6%
175179 23 32.9%
180184 14 20%
185199 13 18.6%
Total 70
10 a Mass (kg) Number Rel. freq.
1.01.9 13 13%
2.02.4 18 18%
2.52.9 31 31%
3.03.4 17 17%
3.53.9 12 12%
4.04.4 9 9%
Total 100
1
6
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
7
20
------
2
5
---
480 NEW QMATHS 12A
3 a {HH, HT, TH, TT}
b c d e
4 a {AA, AB, AC, AD, AE, BA, , ED, EE}
b c d e
5 a {6V, 5H}
b c d e 1
6
a b c d
e f g
7
8
P(3 girls) =
9 a b c
10 a b
11 a
b c
1
4
---
1
4
---
1
4
---
1
2
---
9
25
------
1
25
------
8
25
------
16
25
------
6
11
------
5
11
------
6
11
------
S = SS
H = SH
D = SD
C = SC
S = HS
H = HH
D = HD
C = HC
S = DS
H = DH
D = DD
C = DC
S = CS
H = CH
D = CD
C = CC
S
H
D
C
1
16
------
1
4
---
1
8
---
1
16
------
1
4
---
3
4
---
9
16
------
5
6
---
G = GGG
B = GGB
G = GBG
B = GBB
G = BGG
B = BGB
G = BBG
B = BBB
G
B
G
B
G
B
1
8
---
3
20
------
3
10
------
9
20
------
11
40
------
3
8
---
ei
t
ei
t
ei
t
ei
t
ei
t
ei
t
ei
t
ei
t
v
am
h
m
v
am
h
m
r
f
1
4
---
1
16
------
12
13 Answers will varycheck with your teacher.
14
The placement of b will depend on how the
Broncos are doing.
15 a {red, green, pink, orange, blue}
b c
16 P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
17 a i ii
b
Exercise 6.3
1 a
b 0.12 = 12% c 7
2 a
b 0.67
3 a
b 0.17
4 a i 2.3% ii 18.9%
b i About 51 (21.2%)
ii About 134 (55.8%)
5 a i 0.25 ii 0.14
b i 17 or 18 ii 13
0 1 0.5
c d e a b
0 1 0.5
d f e a c
1
5
---
2
5
---
4
7
---
2
7
---
1
7
---
3
8
---
5
8
---
A B
x
z
y
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 4
Number of siblings
7
0.3
0.35
1 2 3 5 6 8
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 4
Heads in 6 tosses
5
0.3
0.35
1 2 3 6
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
25 29
Maximum temperature (C)
32
0.3
26 27 28 30 31 33
ANSWERS 481
b
b
c 0.13 d 8
b About 11% (over 185 cm)
c 6 (under 156 cm)
Chapter review
1 Relative frequency is the experimental
probability of an outcome, calculated as
2 A certain outcome always occurs, so has a
probability of 1.
3 The expected frequency of an outcome is
calculated by multiplying the probability by
the number of trials.
4 Experimental probabilities derived from
frequencies less than 5 are regarded as
unreliable.
6 a Result 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 7 12 9 12 12 8
7 a Result 35 68 911 1214 1519
Number 9 8 8 17 8
8 a Height (cm) 141155 156160 161165
Frequency 10 8 7
Height (cm) 166170 171175 176180
Frequency 8 14 13
Height (cm) 181185 186195
Frequency 11 9
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 5
Result of rolling a die
2 3 4 6
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
3
Test result
0.12
5 7 9 19 11 13 15 17
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
Height (cm)
0.03
0.035
1
4
1
0.04
1
4
6
1
5
1
1
5
6
1
6
1
1
6
6
1
7
1
1
7
6
1
8
1
1
8
6
1
9
1
1
9
6
frequency of outcome
number of trials
----------------------------------------------------.
5 A one-way table is a relative frequency table.
6 Experimental probability is based on the
frequencies of actual occurrences but
theoretical probability is based on a list of
possible occurrences.
7 A fair die is one that has an equal chance of
landing on each face.
8 The sample space for a probability situation
is the list of possible outcomes.
9 The probability of an event is calculated
using the number of outcomes in the sample
space. Writing n(event) as the number of
outcomes for the event, the probability of an
event is given by
P(event) =
10 Random selection is the choice of items from
a group such that each item has an equal
chance of being chosen.
11 A tree diagram shows each stage of a
probability situation as branches from a
common point, giving rise to a tree-like
structure.
12 The probability of event A and its
complement add up to 1, so the probability
that A does not occur is
13 If the coin is fair, the probability that the next
toss will give a head is It is not affected by
previous results.
14 A probability distribution is a histogram
(column graph) that shows the probabilities
of individual scores.
15 The heights of the columns of a frequency
histogram are divided by the total frequency
and the column widths to obtain the heights
of the corresponding columns of the resulting
probability histogram.
16 The total area is 1, reecting the fact that one
of the possible outcomes must occur.
17 D 18 A 19 D
b 133
21 {3P, 5G, 2O} 22 E 23 C
24 D 25 B 26
20 a Amount spent ($) 2024 2529 3034
Number 24 56 68
Rel. freq. 6.3% 14.6% 17.7%
Amount spent ($) 3539 4044 4549
Number 66 60 48
Rel. freq. 17.2% 15.6% 12.5%
Amount spent ($) 5054 5559 6064
Number 30 20 12
Rel. freq. 7.8% 5.2% 3.1%
n event ( )
n sample space ( )
----------------------------------------.
2
3
--- .
1
2
--- .
1
3
---
482 NEW QMATHS 12A
27 a
b 30 c d
28 a
b c d
b 0.23 c 23
29 a No. computers 01 2 3 46
No. families 15 15 10 12
Rel. freq./unit 0.144 0.288 0.192 0.077
30 a
Mass (g) 5059 6069 7079 8089 9099
Number 9 11 13 9 6
Rel. freq./unit 0.019 0.023 0.027 0.019 0.013
Blue
Blue
Black
Red
Red
Blue
Blue
Black
Red
Red
Blue
Blue
Black
Red
Red
Blue
Blue
Blue
Red
Red
Blue
Blue
Blue
Black
Red
Blue
Blue
Blue
Black
Red
Blue
Blue
Blue
Black
Red
Red
1
5
---
11
15
------
H
T
H
T
T
H
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
1
8
---
3
8
---
1
2
---
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 4
Number of computers
5
0.3
0.35
1 2 3 6
b 0.4
31 a 1060 b 207 c 519 d 0.51
32 a b c d 1
33
34 a 0.0114 b 0.000 12
c 0.117 d 81
CHAPTER 7
Exercise 7.1
1 a b
35 a Fall (m) 00.4 0.50.9 11.4 1.51.9
Frequency 2 5 15 18
Fall (m) 22.4 2.52.9 33.4 3.53.9
Frequency 8 4 2 5
Fall (m) 44.4 4.54.9
Frequency 0 1
b Fall across site (m) 00.9 11.4 1.51.9
Frequency 7 15 18
Rel. freq./unit 0.012 0.05 0.06
Fall across site (m) 22.4 2.54.9
Frequency 8 12
Rel. freq./unit 0.027 0.008
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
80
Mass of apple (g)
90
0.03
50 60 70 100
4
13
------
5
13
------
4
13
------
27
32
------
1
88
------
1
8184
------------
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Fall across site (m)
0.06
0.07
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x
y
2 2
2
4
2
y = 3x 2
4
f
d
2 1
4
2
4
d = 2f + 3
2
ANSWERS 483
c d
e
2 a b
c d
e
3 a b
c d
h
m
2 2
6
8
4
2
m = 6 2h
k
X
2 2
6
8
4
2
X = k + 4
C
8
4
2
C = 5 2x
6
k 2 2
y
6
4
2
2x + 4y = 10
x 6 2 4
q
2
2
p 2q = 6
p 6 2 4
4
y
6
4
x + 3y = 6
x 2 6 4
2
v
2
4
6
3m 2v = 12
m 6 2 4
c
8
4
2
2a + c = 8
6
a 6 2 4
y
6
4
2
4x + 5y = 20
x 6 2 4
q
8
4
2
p + q = 8
p 8 2 6
6
4
d
4
8
3c + 2d = 15
c 2 6 4
2
6
e
6
2
d 2 4
4
3d 2e = 9
e
4 a y = 3x + 4 b y = 2x + 3
c 5x + 2y = 10 d 3x + 4y = 12
e 2x + 4y = 7
Exercise 7.2
1 a Rooms occupied = n, prot = P,
initial cost = $300, prot/room = $25,
number of rooms = 30
b P = 25n 300
c
d $325 e 20 f 12 rooms
2 a Resistance = R, temperature = T,
resistance at 10C = 25 ,
temperature rise = 2C/
b T = 2R + 5
c
d 43C e 75C f 17.5
y
2
x 8 12
4
3y x = 12
4
Hotel rooms P ($)
500
400
300
200
100
0
100
200
300
20 30 n
P = 25n 300
10
10
Resistance wire
T (C)
80
60
40
20
0
20 30 R ()
T = 2R + 5
484 NEW QMATHS 12A
3 a Days hired = d, cost of hire = C,
initial cost = $500, cost/day = $200
b C = 500 + 200d
c $1200 d 5 days
4 a Weeks without rain = W, water level = L,
current level = 6.5 m, drop/week = 0.2 m,
maximum level = 8 m
b L = 6.5 0.2W
c
d 4.1 m e 7 weeks ago f 32 weeks
5 a Amount produced by Agora mine = A,
amount produced by Finbury mine = F,
Agora concentration = 2%,
Finbury concentration = 3.5%,
amount to be produced = 20 tonnes/week
b 0.02A + 0.035F = 20
c
d 300 tonnes
6 a Number of concession tickets = c, number
of adult tickets = a, concession cost = $8,
adult cost = $12, total amount = $2400
b 12a + 8c = 2400 d 100
c
7 a Number of service calls = s, number of
rells = r, cost of service call = $80,
cost of rell = $20, total amount = $500
b 80s + 20r = 500 d 9
c
10
Level of dam
L (m)
8
6
4
2
20 30
W (weeks)
L = 6.5 0.2W
0
Present
10
1
2
---
1
2
---
400
F (t)
600
400
200
600 1000 A (t)
0.02A + 0.035F = 20
0
Copper production
200 800
571.4
200
c
300
200
100
a
12a + 8c = 2400
0
Cinema tickets
100
10
r
25
15
5
s
80s + 20r = 500
0
5
20
10
6.25
Exercise 7.3
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
Exercise 7.4
1 10c + 25t 900 2 0.8h + 1.5s 200
3 20m + 35a 1800 4 b + t 6000
5 30c + 40t 400
Exercise 7.5
1 a Number of high-quality = h,
number of medium-quality = m,
high-quality materials = $300/set,
medium-quality materials = $200/set,
maximum cost = $2000,
minimum high-quality = 2
b 300h + 200m 2000, h 2
x
y
2 2
2
4
2
y < 3x + 2
x
y
2
2
4
2
3x y 9
4
4
x
y
4x + 3y 24
4
8
12
4 8
x
y
2 4
y 2x 6
2
4
6
2
x
y
2
x + y > 4
2
4
4
x
y
2
y > 4 x
4
4 6
2
6
x 4 6 10 8 2
y
x + 2y 10
4
2
6
x 2 2
2
4
4
y
y > 3 4x
2
x
2
4
4
y
2
2
y 5x < 10
x
y
4
6x 3y 15
2
4
6
2
2
2
ANSWERS 485
c
d m = 0 7, h = 6 2
2 a Number of large mugs = b, number of
small mugs = s, large mug time = 15 min,
small mug time = 10 min, maximum
time = 240 min, minimum large mugs = 5
b 15b + 10s 240, b 5
c
d s = 0 16, b = 16 5
3 a Cost of an ice-cream = i, cost of a
chocolate = c, number of ice-creams = 14,
number of chocolates = 9, minimum cost
of a chocolate = $1.50
b 14i + 9c 30, c 1.5
c
d i = 0 1.17, c = 3.33 1.50
4 a Number of large ferries = b, number of
small ferries = s, capacity of large
ferry = 120 people, capacity of small ferry
= 80 people, minimum passengers = 600,
minimum small ferries = 2, number of runs
each day = 3, present maximum passengers
= 1200 (possibly growing)
b 360b + 240s 600, 360b + 240s 1200,
s 2
c
Chair upholstery
3
m
10
6
2
h
0
2
8
4
1 4 5 6 7
6.67
Pottery mugs
s
25
15
5
b
0
5
20
10
10 15
16
24
Chocolates and ice-creams
c ($)
2
1
i ($)
0
1
4
2 3
3
1.5
3.33
2.14
Ferries
s
5
3
1
b
0
1
4
2
2 3
2.5
3.33 1.67
5 a Number of complete kits = c,
number of emergency kits = e,
complete kit price = $60,
emergency kit price = $25,
minimum complete kits = 10,
minimum sales = $900,
maximum sales = $1500
b 60c + 25e 900, 60c + 25e 1500,
c 10
c
d c = 10 25, e = 36 0
Chapter review
1 A linear equation has no powers. Its graph
is a straight line.
2 The intercepts of a linear equation are the
points where it cuts the axes.
3 A variable is a quantity that can have
different values in a problem.
4 A parameter is a quantity that has a xed
value for a problem.
5 A solid line is used for or to show that
the points on the line are included. A dashed
line is used for or to show that points on
the line are not included.
6 A constraint is an inequality that restricts the
solutions to a problem by restricting the
variables.
7 The region dened by the constraints of a
problem is the area of the graph where the
constraints all overlap.
8 a b
d No excess capacity ( 1200)
Large, b 2 1 1 0 0
Small, s 2 2 3 4 5
Excess capacity (> 1200)
Large, b 2 1 1
Small, s 3 4 5
Automotive tool kits
e
60
30
10
c
0
10
40
20
20 30
50
25 15
36
x 2 2
2
4
4
y
y = 4x 5
2
v
4 v = 7 + 2f
f 2 4
2
8
6
486 NEW QMATHS 12A
c
9 a b
c
10 a b
c
11 a y = 3x + 5 b y = 3 4x
c y = 3x + 1
t
2
4
z
z = 3 2t
2
4
4
x
y
2
3x + 5y 18 = 0
4
4 6
2
6
2 4 f
g
2f 3g + 9 = 0
4
2 4
2
6
4 2
x
y
5x 2y = 7
6
3
3
12
3
9
x
y
2
3x + 5y = 20
4
4 6
2
6
2
3
---
c
d
d 4c = 12
6
2
2
12
4
8
4
10
2
g 2 4
h
3g 2h = 9
4
2
6
4
1
2
---
12 a b
c
13 a Number of donuts sold = n, prot = P,
site rental = $300, prot/donut = $0.25
b P = 0.25n 300
c
d 2000
14 a Hire time = h, cost of hire = c,
initial cost = $200, hourly cost = $50
b c = 200 + 50h
c
d 6 h
15 a Number of children = c, number of
adults = a, number of children = c,
child cost = $10, adult cost = $16,
total takings = $5400
b 10c + 16a = 5400
c
d 460
16 2b + 3s 50
x
y
12
3x 4y < 24
2
8
10
2
4 8
4
6
x
y
4
5x + 2y 12
4
6
2 2
2
2.4
y > 3x 6
y
4
2
6
x 2 2
Donut stand
P ($)
400
200
0
200
400
2000 n
P = 0.25n 300
1000
1200
Backhoe hire c ($)
800
600
400
200
0
8
h (h)
c = 200 + 50h
2 4 6
Circus takings
a
400
300
200
100
0
600 c
10c + 16a = 5400
100 200 300 400 500
540
337.5
ANSWERS 487
17 a Number of photocopiers = p,
number of workstations = w,
cost of photocopiers = $2500,
cost of workstations = $3500,
maximum cost = $12 000,
minimum photocopiers = 2
b 2500p + 3500w 12 000, p 2
c
d For p = 2, w = 0 2; for p = 3, w = 0 1;
for p = 4, w = 0
18 a Number of cowboys = c, number of
thrillers = t, cost of cowboys = $200,
cost of thrillers = $400, maximum
cost = $2000, minimum thrillers = 2
b 200c + 400t 2000, t 2
c
d For t = 2, c = 0 6; for t = 3, c = 0 4;
for t = 4, c = 0 2; for t = 5, c = 0
19 a Number of Fair Isle = f, number of
plain = p, time for Fair Isle = 5 h,
time for plain = 3 h, maximum time = 60 h,
maximum plain = 5
b 5f + 3p 60, p 5
c
d f = 0 12, p = 5 0
CHAPTER 8
Exercise 8.1
1 a Simple path b Circuit
c Simple circuit d Path
e Simple cycle f Simple path
g Simple circuit h Chain
i Simple path j Cycle
Office equipment
w
4
3
2
1
0
5
p
1 3 4 2
4.8
3.43
Old movie serials
t
6
4
2
0
10 c 2 6 8 4
Knitted jumpers p
20
15
10
5
0
15 f 5 10
12
2 a Connected undirected circuit
b Connected directed mixed
c Disconnected (directed trees)
d Connected undirected tree
e Connected directed tree
f Connected directed cycle
3 a b
4 a
b Luke Fellowes, Kerry Stubbs, David Alsop
c Felix Goldschmeid (known to LF and KS)
5
6 a and b
c MHMGBSFFBSHMH = 53 min
d MHBSFFMH = 28 min
Exercise 8.2
1 a AEFGH = 30 b JEFC = 23
c DGFI = 26 d ABDGF = 43
e ABCF = 25
2 a KIEDN = 43 b LHEF = 38
c IKLM = 47 d KLMLHD = 88
e KIED = 26
3 a
F
K/M
D
Lo
E
B1
ES
S
B2
B4
La
WC
B3
B G
B2
B
B3
F
La
WC
K
G
Lo
D
E
B1
ES
B4
JK
LS
JC
FG
KS
LF
AS
JF
DA
PP
Ph
Ta
V
Ca
L
Th
Ma
S
Indo
ET
SL
Ba
My
I
Bh
N
Ch
SH
B
MG
BS
FF
MH
6
14
2
10
15
12
10
15
6
Ca
Tow
G
E
MI
Ch
Too
B
$33
$
2
1
$6
$18
$24
$12
$15
$
1
8
$21
$15
$
1
0
.
5
0
$15
488 NEW QMATHS 12A
b $36 c $51
d $39 e $25.50
4 a
b 8 months c $200 000
d Do fast theoretical research and
government approval, normal laboratory
experiments and slow marketing to
complete in 11 months at $290 000.
5
RedcliffeCabooltureEsk = 30 min
Exercise 8.3
1 a b
2
3 a
b PortR4R5R2R1, R4R6, R5R7 and
R5R3 = 25 km
2 m
$50
$70
$100
5 m
1 m
$60
$80
$120
3 m
2 m
$10
$10
$30
6 m
3 m
$80
$105
$150
5 m
4 m 2 m 4 m 4 m
Costs 1000
C
R
Br
E
T
I
L
Be
20
K
35
45
15
25
20
15
5
10
15
50
20
10
25
Times in minutes
a b
c
d
e
g
f
h
i
8
6
7
6
4
4
5
5
A B C D
G H I J
E F
9 5 7
7 6
7
6 6
5
c
b
e
d
a l
g
f
m
j
i
k h
5
6
4
7
5
7
7 6
6
8
8
8
R1
R2
10
4
5
8
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
Port
Distance, km
6
10
5
6
8
2
6
9
10
8
10
10
2
11 5
5
9 3
6
7
8
4
9
10
c
d Same connections as part b, cost = $53 000
4 a
b Connections marked in purple = 140 m
c
d Connections marked in purple = $22 500
5 a AEHIGCBDF or ABDCGIHEF = 18
b AEFHIGCBDF = 20
6 Go along Front St to Johnston Rd, up
Johnston Rd to the hospital, back and along
Owen St, up Dan Hart Lane and Mullavey St,
back down Grogan St, up William St and
Ingles St, back round Thomas St and Mill St,
down Foxton Ave to Park St, along Park St,
detouring up Hart St and down to the river.
Then left along Mossman St, up Front St to
Bow St, detour up Bow St and back to the bit
of Front St between Bow St and William St.
This minimises double walking of some
streets.
Chapter review
1 Both have lines (edges or arcs) connecting
nodes, but a network has a distance for
each edge.
2 A path joins one node to another through
connecting edges or arcs (in the same
direction). A circuit connects edges or arcs
(same direction) back to the original node.
R1
R2
14
8
9
12
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
Port Cost $1000
10
14
9
10
12 10
13
14
12
14
14
6
15 9
9
13
7
10
11
12
8
13
14
6
F D
C
E
A
B
25
20
20
30
20
60
15
15
15
15
25 35
60
40
Distance, m
F D
E
A
$
3
2
5
0
$8050
$2650
$
5
6
5
0
$
2
6
5
0
$
2
6
5
0
$
3
2
5
0
$
3
8
5
0
$4450
$2650 $3250 $8050
$
5
0
5
0
$
3
8
5
0
B
C
ANSWERS 489
3 A tree is a network (or part of one) that has
no cycles or circuits.
4 Dijkstras Algorithm grows shortest trees
from the starting node until the nishing node
is reached.
5 A minimum spanning tree connects every
node of a network together with the smallest
possible total length.
6 Starting from the smallest edge, Kruskals
Algorithm adds the next smallest edges that
do not form a cycle or circuit progressively
until a minimum spanning tree is formed.
7 a Simple path b Simple circuit
c Circuit d Path
e Simple cycle f Simple path
g Simple circuit h Chain
8 a Connected undirected circuit
b Connected undirected tree
c Connected directed mixed
d Disconnected directed (mixed)
e Connected undirected mixed
f Connected directed cycle
9 a AGMNO = 12
b KLMIJ = 10
c EIMGF = 11
10 a b
11
12 Repeat the following sections: Fairlawn
between Toohey and Caneld and between
Dellwood and Edgehill; Bankside between
Arkindale and Fairlawn and between Glade
and Edgehill; Dellwood between Edgehill
and the turning circle; and Ivymount between
Fairlawn and Bankside and between Glade
and the turning circle.
13 From Toohey Rd, go around Caneld and
Arkindale (2), then around Bankside (1) to
Glade. Do the 2 in Ivymount. Come back
around the rest of Bankside (2) and nally
do the ones in Fairlawn (1) and Dellwood (2)
before returning to Toohey Rd.
b
a
c
d
g
h
i
e
f
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
B
D
A
C
E
G
F 3
3
3
4
5
4
S1 S2 S3 S4
S5 S7 S6
14
b BMoBHA = 17 h
c ABHMoRTMI = $214
15 Keep CityCarindale, CityMoorooka,
MoorookaAcacia Ridge, Acacia Ridge
Ipswich, MoorookaAnnerley, Carindale
Mt Gravatt, LoganSpringwood,
SpringwoodBeenleigh and either Carindale
Logan or Mt GravattLogan.
CHAPTER 9
Exercise 9.1
1 a b c d
2
3 a b c d
e f g
4 a b c d
e f
5 a 0.93 b About 0.602 c 0.398
6 About 0.075 = 7.5%
7 a 0.294 b 0.668
8 a b c d e
9
a 0.321 b 0.143 c 0.25
10
a 33 b 0.455 c 0.364
d 0.545 e 0.636
Cai
T
R
B
Coo
S
Me
D
BH
Mo
MI
Can
A
10
12
4
7
5
1
6
4
5
7
6
4
7
5
5
8
8
8
7
34
20
14
24
32
60
40
24
20
20
20
28
50
30
34
34
Time (h)
Cost ($)
40
1
6
---
5
18
------
5
18
------
5
9
---
1
5525
------------
1
13
------
1
2
---
1
26
------
7
13
------
12
13
------
3
4
---
9
13
------
5
18
------
13
18
------
1
4
---
2
3
---
5
18
------
1
3
---
1
3
---
1
2
---
1
6
---
2
3
---
1
3
---
E B
4
5
7
12
9
28
------
W A
4
8
7
14
15
33
------
490 NEW QMATHS 12A
11 49:15
12 a 37:1 b 10:9
13 a b c
d e 61:3 f $10.67
15 a Green 24:1, red 124:1
b Green $25, red $125
Exercise 9.2
1 a Discrete b Continuous c Discrete
d Continuous e Discrete f Discrete
g Continuous
h Discrete (must be to 5 cents), continuous
in bulk
2 a Yes b Yes c No
b
b
c No
14 Total 2 3 4 5 6
Fair odds 35:1 17:1 11:1 8:1 31:5
Total 8 9 10 11 12
Fair odds 31:5 8:1 11:1 17:1 35:1
3 a c 0 1 2 3
p(c)
4 a s 2 3 4 5 6 7
p(s)
s 8 9 10 11 12
p(s)
5 a t 11 12 13 14 15
f 2 3 4 6 1
p(t) 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.04
t 16 17 18 19 20
f 3 0 1 1 4
p(t) 0.12 0 0.04 0.04 0.16
1
64
------
1
64
------
1
64
------
3
64
------
27
64
------
27
64
------
9
64
------
1
64
------
C 1
0
0.15
0.25
0.3
0 2 3
0.4
0.45
0.35
0.2
0.1
0.05
p(c)
1
36
------
1
18
------
1
12
------
1
9
---
5
36
------
1
6
---
5
36
------
1
9
---
1
12
------
1
18
------
1
36
------
p(s)
2 3 6 8 S
0
0.1
0.2
4 5 7 9 10 11 12
b c
b
Neither distribution is uniform.
c The data is the same, but the variable is
different, so the graphs are different.
b
8 Throwing a normal die; the number that
comes up on a chocolate wheel; Gold Lotto
numbers
Exercise 9.3
1 E(T) 5.27 2 E(X) = 1
3 E(X) = 1.75 4 E(X) = 3.5
5 7
6 a $1.67
b No, you should win in the long run.
c One way would be to win if the total is less
than 5 or greater than 9.
b E(X) 2.1
8 a 0.125 002 8 b $0.53 c 47%
9 3 (2.65)
10 a 0.0775 b 0
11 a $2400 b $1000
12 3 (2.875)
6 a d 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(d)
s 1 2 3 4 5 6
p(s)
7 a x 0 1 2 3 4
p(x)
7 a x 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) 0.015 625 0.281 25 0.281 25 0.421 875
3
25
------
2
5
---
1
6
---
5
18
------
2
9
---
1
6
---
1
9
---
1
18
------
11
36
------
1
4
---
7
36
------
5
36
------
1
12
------
1
36
------
p(d)
0 1 3 4
D
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
2 5
p(s)
1 2 4 5
S
0
0.1
0.2
0.4
3 6
0.3
1
16
------
7
16
------
5
16
------
1
8
---
1
16
------
p(x)
0 1 3 4
X
0
0.1
0.2
0.5
2
0.3
0.4
ANSWERS 491
E(T) 7.75
E(T) 8.5
Exercise 9.4
1 a No b Yes c Yes d No e Yes
2 a 4
b p = 0.17, q = 0.83
c 0.386 d 0.116
3 a n = 4, p = 0.3, q = 0.7
b 0.0081 c 0.265 d 0.760
4 a 0.008 b 0.201 c 0.335 d 0.000 02
5 a 0.016 b 0.054 c 0.193
6 a 0.125 b 0.375 c 0.875
7 a 0.336 b 0.428
8 0.075
9 a 0.813 b 0.570
10 a 0.087 b 0.116 c 0.682 d 0.823
11 a 0.322
b P(1 caused by fatigue) 0.5, so it was
not highly unlikely.
12 a 0.599 b 0.401 c 0.9885
Chapter review
1 The probability of two events occurring
together is the product of the probabilities
of the individual events. This is written as
P(A B) = P(A and B) = P(A) P(B).
2 P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)
3 A Venn diagram shows a sample space as an
enclosing rectangle and events within the
sample space as circles, overlapping where
they have sample points in common.
4 Event A either occurs or it doesnt, so
P(A) + P(A) = 1. To nd the probability that
event A does not occur, subtract P(A) from 1.
5 Fair odds are calculated so that the long-term
return from bets is zero. They are the ratio of
the probability of losing to the probability of
winning.
6 A discrete variable is a numeric variable that
can take only specic values with a value
determined by a random event.
7 0 p(x) 1 and P(X = x) = 1.
13 a t 2 3 4 5 6 7
p(t) 0.0083 0.0333 0.0583 0.0833 0.1083 0.1667
t 8 9 10 11 12
p(t) 0.1583 0.1333 0.1083 0.0833 0.0583
b t 2 3 4 5 6 7
p(t) 0.0025 0.015 0.0375 0.06 0.0825 0.125
t 8 9 10 11 12
p(t) 0.1725 0.15 0.1275 0.105 0.1225
1
6
---
5
6
---
8 A uniform probability distribution has a
constant function.
9 The expected value E(X) of a probability
distribution is the mean of the distribution.
10 Bernoulli trials have only two possible
outcomes, called success and failure; the
probability of success ( p) and the probability
of failure (q) do not change; p + q = 1; the
results of one trial do not affect others.
11 A binomial probability situation consists of
a xed number of Bernoulli trials where the
probability of a particular number of
successes is required, without reference to
order.
12 B 13 0.000 003 7
14 0.784 15 B
16 5:3 17 D
18 a Yes b No c Yes dNo e No
b
c E(D) 1.944
20 3.5 21 E(X) = 4.45
22 a 0.2061 b 0.1443
23 C 24 A
25 a 0.0114 b 0.0004
E(D) 2.526
27 a 0.1074 b 0.2684 c 0.8791
28 a 0.0160 b 0.0219 c 0.1702
29 a 0.0874 b 0.6814 c 0.8227
CHAPTER 10
Exercise 10.1
1 a 313 T b 119 T c 349 T
d 228 T e 093 T f 023 T
g 009 T h 020 T i 191 T
j 219 T
2 a 247 M b 357 M c 161 M
d 071 M e 143 M f 011 M
g 203 M h 004 M i 237 M
j 024 M
19 a d 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(d)
26 d 1 2 3 4
P(D = d) 0.3823 0.2362 0.1459 0.0901
d 5 6 7
P(D = d) 0.0556 0.0344 0.0555
1
6
---
5
18
------
2
9
---
1
6
---
1
9
---
1
18
------
p(d)
0 1 3 4 D
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
2 5
492 NEW QMATHS 12A
3 a 3.69 m b 0.93 m
c 1.88 m d 0.15 m exposed
e 1.65 m f 5.15 m
4 a 147 T b 241 T c 304 T
d 172 T e 044 T
5 a 128 b 015 c 091
d 251 e 316 f 228
g 335 h 015
6 a 223 T b 127 T c 012 T
d 335 T
7 a 208 b 130 c 005
d 352 e 061 f 221
g 034 h 185
8 Rock: 2.44 m at 6 am, 3.44 m at 5 pm;
sandbank: 1.54 m at 6 am, 2.54 m at 5 pm
9 5 h
Exercise 10.2
1 a 3244.6 S, 15214.4 E
b 3242 S, 15220.8 E
c 3239.5 S, 15213.2 E
d 3242 S, 15215.6 E
2 a 3307.5 S, 15158 E
b 3347 S, 15150 E
c 3327 S, 15215 E
d 3259 S, 15223 E
3 a 2313.3 S, 15054.6 E
b 2301.7 S, 15103 E
c 2307.2 S, 15050.5 E
Exercise 10.3
1 a 2249 S, 15012.3 E
b 2244.8 S, 1509.5 E
c 2252 S, 15023.5 E
d 2241.5 S, 15027.6 E
e 2231.2 S, 15011.7 E
2 a 2035 S, 17813 E
b 1740 S, 1764 E
c 1818 S, 17942 E
d 1822 S, 17636 E
e 1753 S, 17942 E
3 a 3956 S, 14843 E
b 4007 S, 14915 E
c 4038 S, 14826 E
d 4050 S, 14926 E
e 4037.5 S, 14824 E
4 a 2111 S, 14945 E
b 2038 S, 14917 E
c 2116 S, 14947 E
d 2030 S, 14932 E
e 2114 S, 14936 E with 2 n.m. error
Exercise 10.4
1 a 2.7 n.m. b 3.1 n.m.
c 4.3 n.m. d 4.3 n.m.
2 a 11.8 n.m. b 19.8 n.m.
c 12.2 n.m. d 14.1 n.m.
3 2238 S, 15010 E 4 4037 S, 14840 E
Exercise 10.5
1 a 6 kn at 166 b 4.3 kn at 272
c 8.3 kn at 072 d 7.2 kn at 237
e 9.7 kn at 076
2 a 290, 9.1 kn, compass heading 275
b 149.5, 7.7 kn, compass heading 160.5
c 146, 2.6 kn, compass heading 140
d 319, 9.2 kn, compass heading 328
e 050, 11.2 kn, compass heading 044
3 a 15 kn at 252, current 4 kn at 293
b 9 kn at 120, current 3 kn at 162
c 9.5 kn at 017, current 3.5 kn at 077
4 142 at 13.1 kn, compass heading 155 for
10 h 41 min
5 009 at 6.7 kn, compass heading 017 for
5 h 4 min
Exercise 10.6
1 1011 S, 13430 W 2 3920 S, 15430 E
3 1215 N, 113E 4 3144 N, 15930 W
5 In navigation on land, you need to consider
the slope of the land, but are never out of
sight of landmarks. There are no currents or
winds to consider. In air navigation, you are
travelling so much faster than in marine
navigation or land navigation that you need to
work out your course before taking off.
Chapter review
1 Variation is the difference between magnetic
north and true north. Deviation is the
difference between magnetic north and the
direction shown by a ships compass.
Deviation normally varies with the direction
(heading) of the ship.
2 The chart datum is the level from which
water depths and heights of exposed objects
are measured. It is normally set at the lowest
possible low tide under normal weather
conditions.
3 The rule of twelfths says that in the 4th hour
after a tide, the water level will change by
(1 + 2 + 3 + 3) = 9 twelfths (= ) of the
difference between the tide levels. So 4 hours
after low tide, the water level will be of the
way to high tide level. The water height over
the sandbar is found by subtracting the height
of the sandbar from the 4-hour water level.
4 If a bearing is taken from point A to point B,
then the back bearing is from B to A. It differs
by 180 from the rst bearing.
3
4
---
3
4
---
ANSWERS 493
5 A cocked hat uses three bearings and shows
the error. A cross bearing uses only two
bearings and does not show the error.
6 In a running x, two bearings are taken while
the boat is moving in a known direction at a
known speed, so that the distance between
the bearings is known. This allows the
position to be determined.
7 Doubling of the bow is a simplied running
x where the boat travels a distance such that
the angle between the heading and the
landmark doubles.
8 For a four-point bearing, the bow angle
doubles from 45 to 90 as the boat passes the
landmark.
9 A transit bearing is the most accurate because
it involves no measurement.
10 An object is dipping the horizon when the
top of the object is just visible at the horizon,
so that as the boat rocks with the waves the
object seems to appear and disappear at the
horizon.
11 When arrows showing the speed through the
water and the current are placed head to tail,
an arrow drawn from the tail of the rst to the
head of the second shows the speed and
course made good.
12 An accurate clock can be set to Greenwich
Mean Time (GMT). Longitude can then be
calculated using the difference in time
between an event (such as noon) at
Greenwich and the same event at the
observers position.
13 The complementary angle to the altitude of
the Sun at noon shows the difference in
latitude between the observer and the latitude
where the Sun is overhead.
14 a 208 T b 353 T
c 358 T d 120 T
15 a 008 M b 130 M
c 079 M d 222 M
16 a 0.15 m b 4.6 m
17 a 3.2 n.m. b 19 n.m.
18 a 11.4 kn at 149 b 7.2 kn at 256
c 12.7 kn at 037
19 a Heading 205, speed made good 11 kn,
compass heading 197
b Heading 349, speed made good 7.7 kn,
compass heading 337
20 3920 N, 17345 W
21 a 127 T b 051 T c 309 T
22 a 086 b 297 c 212 d 266
23 At 6:30 am: rock about 2.6 m, channel about
4.0 m. At 12 noon: rock about 1.6 m, channel
about 3.0 m
24 a 2632 S, 15330 E
b 2647 S, 15326 E
25 a 2735 S, 15341 E
b 2748 S, 15348 E
c 2705 S, 15316 E
26 048
27 27 23 S, 15344 E
28 Speed 11 kn at 040, current 4 kn at 343
CHAPTER 11
Exercise 11.1
1 a 8 km b 210 km c 5 km
d 7 km e 4.5 km
2 a 197.5 km 148.75 km
b 29 378 km
2
c 6
3 a 114.5 km b 42 km c 71.8 km
4 a Geographic or general reference map
b 1 cm:125 km
c 875 km
d 1150 km (Answers will vary depending on
the route takenroads are not straight
lines.)
e Straight line 530 km, road 650 km
f i 28S, 143.8E ii 27.6S, 151.9E
iii 22.5S, 143.1E iv 25.5S, 152.8E
5 a i 82.2 km ii 124.3 km iii 213.4 km
b i 21.7S, 139.5E ii 21.8S, 139.9E
iii 22.5S, 138.8E iv 20.7S, 139.5E
6 a Cannon Hill Anglican College
b C5 c 800 m
d 280 m e 192 000 m
2
(19.2 ha)
7 a Topographic map b 2.8 km
c 700 m d 285569
e 257542 f Ramp
Exercise 11.2
1 a 25 m
b A 125 m, B 37.5 m, C 164 m, D 43.8 m
c i 3.7 km ii 4.7 km iii 3.4 km
d i 0.0236 ii 0.0269 iii 0.0354
2 a 5 m
b i 159 m ii 62 m
iii 77.5 m iv 64 m
c i 2500 m ii 900 m iii 600 m
d i 0.0388 ii 0.0906 iii 0.1583
e i 2.22 ii 5.17 iii 9.00
3 a 5 m b 1250 m c 0.024
4 a 5 m
b i 81 m ii 84 m iii 115 m
iv 84 m v 138 m
c i 7.86 ii 5.49 iii 3.06
iv 12.86 v 3.43
494 NEW QMATHS 12A
Exercise 11.3
1 a 50 m b
2 a 20 m b
3 a 1:25 000 b 20 m c 426164 f
d 425166 e 433158
4 a 1:50 000 b 25 m
c i 797361 ii 791360 iii 858321 iv 837372
d
e
6 a 1:25 000
b
Q
P
m
500
0
400
300
200
100
Scale 1 : 100 000 (half-width)
River
Z
W
Creek
m
200
0
160
120
80
40
Island
Stream Road
River
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
m
X Y
180
Stream
Q P
m
250
0
200
150
100
50
N M
m
250
0
200
150
100
50
m
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
900
P Q Scale 1 : 25 000
5
6
7
8
9
10
5
4
6
6
6
7
7
7
6 7
5
8
8
8
9
9
10
8
10
6
4
6
4
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
N
Heights in metres
Scale 1 : 800 (half-size)
ANSWERS 495
Exercise 11.4
1 a Lots 1, 2, 3 and 4
b Lengths 231 m and 223 m, width 45 m
c 10 215 m
2
, 1.0215 ha
d 35 m 20 m, 700 m
2
e $13 261
2 a 3540 m
2

b They are corner blocks and have been
trimmed.
c 12 714 m
2
(1.2714 ha)
3 a 825 m
2
b 2.3 m
c 44 posts, 63 rails, 800 palings; $2938.25
d 6.3 m
3
e $77 900
4 a 20 m and 40 m b 6 m
c 760 m
2
d $6800
5 a 374 m b 3848 m
2

Chapter review
1 A geographic or general reference map
2 a Cadastral map b B
3 Eastings and northings are a system of grid
lines on topographic maps used to locate the
positions of features.
4 When contour lines are close together, the
ground rises steeply.
5 A
6 a i 19.4S, 146.8E ii 14S, 143.2E
iii 18.2S, 142.3E iv 17.7S, 141.1E
b i 438 km ii 763 km iii 900 km
7 a i Allan Border Field and Queensland
Cricket HQ
ii Oriel Park iii Jetty
iv Newstead House and Newstead Park
v Albion Park Raceway
b i G15 ii H20 iii M17
iv H18 v L19
c 1:20 000
d About 800 m from each school centre
e 400 m f 15 600 m
2
(1.56 ha)
8 a i 311509 ii 302485
iii 318496 iv 326477
b 900 m c 1 km d 3.8 km
9 a 362.5 m 190 m
b i 0.05 ii 0.033 iii 0.218
c
F
B A
Scale 1 : 5000 (half-width)
m
76
72
68
64
60
0
40
C
D E
10 a Lawry Ave and Anna Place 12 m,
Landra Road 16 m
b i 624 m
2
ii 707 m
2
iii 712 m
2

11 a 602 m
2
b 192 m
2
c 69.4 m
CHAPTER 12
Exercise 12.1
1 a 24 b 12
2 a 23 b 7 c 64
d 53 e 130
b 11
b 9
3 Age of car (years)
14 57 811
Holden 400 370 310 1080
Ford 280 360 370 1010
Toyota 180 260 430 870
Mitsubishi 150 220 250 620
1010 1210 1360 3580
5 a Female Male
Garden City 11 7 18
Grifth Uni 8 4 12
19 11 30
6 a Female Male
AFL 8 9 17
Soccer 5 6 11
Rugby 12 20 32
25 35 60
Vehicle preference
Sedan
0
10
20
Stn wagon 4WD
4
40
30
N
u
m
b
e
r
Ute
City
Country
496 NEW QMATHS 12A
b 49 c 61
b 3 (for 25 years)
c In all age groups, there are not many with
more than 3 siblings.
Exercise 12.2
1 a The people interviewed
b The women interviewed
c Those in favour of daylight saving
d Teenagers
e Pet-owners
2 a 30% b 22% c 15%
d 5% e 15%
3 a 27% b 15% c 26%
d 26% e 12%
7 a Republic
Yes
Dont
care
No
Labor 28 4 17 49
Liberal/
National
25 3 27 55
Minor parties 8 7 6 21
61 14 50 125
8 a Age
25 2635 35
0 3 3 1 7
1 3 1 2 6
2 3 4 2 9
3 1 2 1 4
4 2 0 1 3
5 0 1 1 2
6 1 1 0 2
13 12 8 33
4 Oil exploration
support
Yes No
NSW, Queensland 7 13 20
ACT, NT, Victoria, SA 8 21 29
Tasmania, WA 5 9 14
20 43 63
5 Age group
40 40
2 5 8 13
2 5 5 10
2 12 5 17
22 18 40
S
i
b
l
i
n
g
s
T
a
k
e
a
w
a
y
s
Exercise 12.3
b Obese 32%, not obese 6.3%
c Obese people are 5 times more likely to die
of heart attack than non-obese people.
b 98.1% c 0.0053%
a 21% b 4.5%
b 26% c 67%
d Less than 5 e 27
5 a i 33 ii 49 or 50 iii Less than 5
b i 17 ii 19
a Correct b No, 50% c No, 87%
Chapter review
1 A contingency table shows data concerning
two different characteristics of the same
population. The frequencies for one
characteristic are in rows, while the other
characteristic has frequencies in columns.
2 Marginal frequencies of a contingency table
are the totals of rows, placed on the right, and
the totals of columns, placed at the bottom.
3 1
1 a Heart attack
Yes No
Obese 3020 2 820 5 840
Not obese 6380 41 780 48 160
9400 44 600 54 000
2 a HIV
Yes No
Positive 0.095% 4.995% 5.09%
Negative 0.005% 94.905% 94.91%
0.100% 99.90% 100.00%
3 Pregnant
Yes No
Positive 27% 7% 34%
Negative 3% 63% 66%
30% 70% 100%
4 a Paid up In arrears
Married 62% 4% 66%
Single 26% 8% 34%
88% 12% 100%
6 Aust. born Overss born
AFL 27% 4% 31%
Rugby 37% 5% 42%
Soccer 18% 9% 27%
82% 18% 100%
T
e
s
t
T
e
s
t
ANSWERS 497
4 The percentages calculated by row use the
row totals as the denominators, while those
calculated by column use the column totals as
denominators. The percentages are out of
different totals.
5 The rule of 5 ensures that probabilities and
percentages are not taken from too little data
and that expected frequencies are not stated
too accurately.
6 The difference suggests that there is some
relationship between the row and column
characteristics.
7 A false positive is a positive result to the
pathology test although the person does not
have the condition tested.
8 a 330 b 520
10 a The number attending the game
b Teenagers at Kalkadoon SHS
11 a 32% b 15% c 39% d 32% e 17%
b 60
c Very active 17%, sedentary 33%
d Those with sedentary lifestyles were twice
as likely to develop osteoporosis as those
with very active lifestyles.
b No-one spent more than an hour.
c 16% spent less than an hour.
a 84% b 0.008%
9 Caffeine content
None Low Medium High
Herbal 3 4 1 2 10
No herbs 0 4 1 4 9
3 8 2 6 19
12 a Osteoporosis
Yes No
Very active 10 50 60
Sedentary 60 120 180
70 170 240
13 a Homework time (min)
30 3059 6089 90119 119
8 7 9 0 0 0 16
9 2 4 9 2 0 17
10 2 5 3 2 0 12
11 0 5 2 2 7 16
12 1 2 5 3 8 19
12 25 19 9 15 80
14 Blood disorder
Yes No
Positive 0.392% 1.992% 2.384%
Negative 0.008% 97.608% 97.616%
0.400% 99.600% 100.000%
Y
e
a
r
T
e
s
t
a 4.6% b 61% c 5
16 The contingency table with percentages
calculated by table total shows that 4% of the
students were boys who used conditioner and
42% were girls who used conditioner, giving
46% overall who used conditioner.
CHAPTER 13
Exercise 13.1
1 $14 835, $247.25 2 $19 680, $410
3 $2730, $26.25 4 $33.25
5 $114.42
6 a $8526.40 b $4604.26
c $13 130.66 d $364.74
7 a $5411 b $3571.26
c $8982.26 d $187.13
8 a $2482.32 b $1141.87 c $3624.19
d $34.85 e 89 at $35 and 15 at $34
9 a $1922.66 b $937.30
c $2859.96 d $44.00
e 65 payments of $44
10 a $26 582.02 b $29 240.23
c $55 822.25 d $930.37
e 37 at $930 and 23 at $931
Exercise 13.2
1 A costs $9041.76 and B costs $8962.40, so
B is better.
2 A costs $4158.60, B costs $4035.96 and
C costs $4004.52, so C is best.
3 A costs $35 423.50 and B costs $32 473.65,
so B is better.
4 A costs $2953.74 and B costs $2912.76, so
B is better.
5 a $3338.40, 22.33% b $3583.84, 22.28%
c $22 302.80, 9.76% d $3590.08, 22.09%
e $20 088, 18.98%
Exercise 13.3
15 Very tall Not very tall
Girl 1.8% 58.2% 60%
Boy 2.8% 37.2% 40%
4.6% 95.4% 100%
1 a Mth Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 35 000 350 386 34 964
2 34 964 349.64 386 34 927.64
3 34 927.64 349.28 386 34 890.92
4 34 890.92 348.91 386 34 853.83
5 34 853.83 348.54 386 34 816.37
498 NEW QMATHS 12A
b Mth Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 42 000 294 520 41 774
2 41 774 292.42 520 41 546.42
3 41 546.42 290.82 520 41 317.24
4 41 317.24 289.22 520 41 086.46
5 41 086.46 287.61 520 40 854.07
6 40 854.07 285.98 520 40 620.05
c Mth Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 40 000 260 490 39 770
2 39 770 258.51 490 39 538.51
3 39 538.51 257.00 490 39 305.51
4 39 305.51 255.49 490 39 071.00
5 39 071.00 253.96 490 38 834.96
6 38 834.96 252.43 490 38 597.39
d Fnt Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 40 000 120 245 39 875
2 39 875 119.63 245 39 749.63
3 39 749.63 119.25 245 39 623.88
4 39 623.88 118.87 245 39 497.75
5 39 497.75 118.49 245 39 371.24
6 39 371.24 118.11 245 39 244.35
7 39 244.35 117.73 245 39 117.08
8 39 117.08 117.35 245 38 989.43
9 38 989.43 116.97 245 38 861.40
10 38 861.40 116.58 245 38 732.98
11 38 732.98 116.20 245 38 604.18
12 38 604.18 115.81 245 38 474.99
13 38 474.99 115.42 245 38 345.41
e Fnt Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 25 000 125 175 24 950
2 24 950 124.75 175 24 899.75
3 24 899.75 124.50 175 24 849.25
4 24 849.25 124.25 175 24 798.50
5 24 798.50 123.99 175 24 747.49
6 24 747.49 123.74 175 24 696.23
7 24 696.23 123.48 175 24 644.71
8 24 644.71 123.22 175 24 592.93
9 24 592.93 122.96 175 24 540.89
10 24 540.89 122.70 175 24 488.59
11 24 488.59 122.44 175 24 436.03
12 24 436.03 122.18 175 24 383.21
13 24 383.21 121.92 175 24 330.13
2 a $622 b $343
c $787 d $848
e $798 f $332
g $326.43 h $406.50
3 a $1349.60 b $1437.31
c $663.01 d $1115.14
e $839.44
4 There are 26 fortnights in a year, so this is
effectively the same as making 13 monthly
payments in a year. You can work out the
correct fortnightly rate by multiplying the
monthly payment by
Exercise 13.4
1 $91 000 2 $76 000
3 $112 000 4 $89 000
5 Yes, if they take it over 20 or more years.
Exercise 13.5
1 a $1680.33 b $1684.90
2 a $486.67 b $652.78
3 a $840.33 b $846.29
4 a $1030 b $1050.83
5 a $452 b $458.58 c $460.44
6 The debit card ($4.44 vs $22.56)
f Mth Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 70 000 875 980 69 895
2 69 895 873.69 980 69 788.69
3 69 788.69 872.36 980 69 681.05
4 69 681.05 871.01 980 69 572.06
5 69 572.06 869.65 980 69 461.71
6 69 461.71 868.27 980 69 349.98
g Mth Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 70 000 875 1500 69 375
2 69 375 867.19 1500 68 742.19
3 68 742.19 859.28 1500 68 101.47
4 68 101.47 851.27 1500 67 452.74
5 67 452.74 843.16 1500 66 795.90
6 66 795.90 834.95 1500 66 130.85
h Mth Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 70 000 875 900 69 975
2 69 975 874.69 900 69 949.69
3 69 949.69 874.37 900 69 924.06
4 69 924.06 874.05 900 69 898.11
5 69 898.11 873.73 900 69 871.84
6 69 871.84 873.40 900 69 845.24
6
13
------ .
ANSWERS 499
7 a The $50 annual charge card (by $29.44)
b The $25 annual charge card (by $11.38)
8 a $4.86 b $37.92
c $12.12 d Keep his present card.
Chapter review
1 Calculate the interest using the full amount
borrowed over the period of the loan. Add the
interest to the amount borrowed and divide
the result by the number of months in the
period of the loan.
2 Stamp duty, agents commission and loan
insurance
3 The expression on terms refers to the terms
of the nance and is usually stated as a
payment amount per period along with the
number of periodsfor example, $10/week
for 27 weeks.
4 The interest is calculated using the amount
still owing at the beginning of each
compounding period or rest. As the loan is
paid off, the amount of interest payable in
each period steadily reduces as the loan
balance reduces.
5 Calculate your after-tax monthly income.
Work out a quarter (25%) of this amount and
subtract the monthly value of other loan
repayments from this amount. The remaining
amount is the monthly payment you can
reasonably afford to repay on a mortgage.
6 A credit card transaction involves borrowing
money and interest may need to be paid on
the borrowed amount. A debit card
transaction involves using your own money
and therefore no interest is charged.
7 $4949, $137.47
8 $30.52
9 a $7648 b $4894.72
c $12 542.72 d $261.31
10 A costs $13 725.60, B costs $13 659.50 and C
costs $13 653.36, so C is best.
11 $1300, 20.93%
12 $4258.80, 25.09%
13 Mth Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 19 000 142.50 251 18 891.50
2 18 891.50 141.69 251 18 782.19
3 18 782.19 140.87 251 18 672.06
4 18 672.06 140.04 251 18 561.10
5 18 561.10 139.21 251 18 449.31
6 18 449.31 138.37 251 18 336.68
15 a $461 ($460.95) b $867 ($866.12)
16 $118 000
17 a $917 b $921.48 c $7.42
18 a $622 b 25 September
c $635.16
19 a $3572 b $1535.96 c $5107.96
d $49.12 e 92 at $49 and 12 at $50
20 Yes, if they take the loan out over 25 years
or more.
21 A costs $56.32, B costs $32.82 and C costs
$23.95, so C is best.
CHAPTER 14
Exercise 14.1
1 a
b 20 c 11
2 a
b 25
14 Mth Principal
($)
Interest
($)
Payment
($)
Balance
($)
1 135 000 900 1050 134 850
2 134 850 899 1050 134 699
3 134 699 897.99 1050 134 546.99
4 134 546.99 896.98 1050 134 393.97
5 134 393.97 895.96 1050 134 239.93
6 134 239.93 894.93 1050 134 084.87
7 134 084.87 893.90 1050 133 928.77
8 133 928.77 892.86 1050 133 771.63
9 133 771.63 891.81 1050 133 613.44
10 133 613.44 890.76 1050 133 454.20
11 133 454.20 889.69 1050 133 293.89
12 133 293.89 888.63 1050 133 132.52
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
39.5 79.5
Mass (kg)
89.5
0.03
0.035
49.5 59.5 69.5 99.5
Masses of 17-year-olds
109.5
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
10.5 18.5
Time (s)
20.5
0.12
0.14
12.5 14.5 16.5 22.5
Times of students for 100 m
24.5
500 NEW QMATHS 12A
3 a 0.075 = 7.5% b 13 c 47
4 a
b 0.25 = 25% c 20
5 a
b 0.167 = 16.7% c 8 times
Exercise 14.2
1 a Yes b No c No d Yes
e Yes f Yes, but not well
2 a
b About 51% c About 74%
3 a i 42 kg ii 62 kg iii 76.4 kg
b i 75 cm ii 127.5 cm iii 190 cm
4 a, b
c About 7 d About 21
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
10 30 40
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
20
Flies caught
Distance (cm)
Time waiting for bus
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
10 30
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
20
Time (min)
0.04
40 80
60
40
20
0
Mathematics A (%)
S
t
u
d
y

o
f

S
o
c
i
e
t
y

(
%
)
Mid-semester tests
80
100
20 60 100
190 210
15
10
5
0
Height (cm)
R
e
b
o
u
n
d
s
/
g
a
m
e
Average rebounds
20
180 200
5 a, b
c About 45% d About 5%
e It is too far outside the data range.
6 a a = 3.625t 1.0625
b About 97 c About 122
d No, it is too far outside the data range
they might cook!
7 a p = 0.225y 430.913
b About 23.6 million c About 15.3 million
d No, it is too far outside the data range.
Conditions have changed too much
(e.g. immigration after World War II).
Exercise 14.3
1 a
c
2 a About 8.6 cm b After 1.3 days
3 a About 10.1 cm
2
b About 6 cm
2

c If the trend continued it would be negative,
and this is silly for area.
4 a, b
c About 1 s d About 81 dB
40 80
90
60
30
0
Hours studying
E
x
a
m

m
a
r
k
s

(
%
)
Results of DEET exam
20 60 110 30 50 70 90 100
40
50
70
80
b
Reflexes with background noise
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110120
Noise level (dB)
R
e
f
l
e
x

t
i
m
e

(
s
)
ANSWERS 501
5 a, b
c About 53% d About 15 ppm
e No, the concentration would be so high that
the insecticide would probably be
dangerous to humans.
Chapter review
1 The column heights in a probability
histogram depend on the class width so that
the probability is calculated for a width of 1.
2 The rule of 5 means that conclusions should
be based on a reasonable amount of
information. A frequency of 5 is considered
the minimum reasonable amount.
3 To work out expected frequency, multiply the
probability by the total number.
4 The area of the histogram for the range of
values is worked out to nd the probability.
5 A positive relationship has an upward trend
and a negative relationship a downward trend.
6 A line of prediction passes through the central
point as close as possible to all points. It
shows the expected values of the second
variable from values of the rst variable.
7 Interpolation is the prediction of values
within the range of real data.
8 Extrapolation is the prediction of values
outside the range of real data.
9 The means of the points above and below the
middle of the data for the rst variable are
calculated. A line is drawn through these two
points and its equation is worked out.
10 A curved line of prediction is drawn when the
points on a scatterplot do not form a straight
line, but do show a relationship.
11 a No b Yes c Yes, but not well
d Yes e Yes f Yes
12 a
Cockroaches killed by insecticide
10 20
100
50
0
Insecticide concentration (ppm)
C
o
c
k
r
o
a
c
h
e
s

l
e
f
t
5 15
160 170
170
160
150
0
Husbands height (cm)
W
i
f
e
s

h
e
i
g
h
t

(
c
m
)
Heights of married couples
180
150 180 190
b About 157 cm
13 a 4200 kg b 27 h c No
14 a
b
15 a About 13.8C b About 16C
c No, the pool would be far too big.
16 a
b 51
17 a, b
c m = 0.741e + 14.43
d About 63% from the graph
18 a, b
c About $5.30/kg d About 6
Masses of watermelons
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.45
Mass (kg)
0.3
0.35
1.45 2.45 3.45 4.45 5.45 6.95
Mid-semester assessment
70
E
n
g
l
i
s
h

(
%
)
Modern History (%)
30
0
50
60
80
40 50 60 70 80 90
40
Mullet prices and ratings
7
W
h
o
l
e
s
a
l
e

p
r
i
c
e

(
$
/
k
g
)
Rating
1
0
3
5
2 3 7 9 10
1
4 5 6 8
2
4
6
502 NEW QMATHS 12A
CHAPTER 15
Exercise 15.1
1 a $101.25 b $374.40 c $1212.75
d $275.00 e $1189.00
2 a $6.14 b $423 c $54
d $300.93 e $2306.10
3 $37.45
4 $13.71 (November minimum = $2666.85)
b $6.02
Exercise 15.2
1 a 12.24% b 8.18%
2 a 16.13% b 2.20%
3 a 5.88% b 3.51%
4 a 9.42% b 4.60%
5 a 10.27% b 5.18%
Exercise 15.3
1 a Fosters Group b Freedom and Futuris
c Funtastic (2.67%) d Freedom (1.54%)
e Futuris (96.30%)
2 a 20.0% b 4.17% c 12.0
3 a 12.0% b 7.06% c 11.3
4 a $7.75 b 62 cents
c 31% d 6.9
5 a Shares $13 500, brokerage $202.50, total
cost $13 702.50
b $170.90
6 a Shares $77 400, brokerage $774, total
cost $78 174
b $689.63
7 Brokerage $55, amount received $2020
8 a $55 b $4515 c $55
d $4645 e $130 prot
9 C is best with 11.11% dividend yield.
10 The dividend yield (5.29%) is better than the
credit union interest.
11 a $3210 b $5105
c $1895 prot
5 a Date Deposit Withdrawal Balance
1 Apr $1391.57
8 Apr $2245.80 $3637.37
17 Apr $550.00 $3087.37
27 Apr $1278.30 $1809.07
6 May $2245.80 $4054.87
8 May $2137.20 $1917.67
25 May $1687.45 $230.22
3 Jun $2245.80 $2476.02
12 Jun $1109.28 $1366.74
29 Jun $1287.56 $79.18
Exercise 15.4
1 9.2%, which is better than the bank.
2 Painting is 10.3%, sculpture is 11.3%, so
sculpture is better.
3 8.16%, which is reasonable.
4 Land is 6.06%, which is about the same as
the shares.
5 A is 13.41%, B is 8.24%, C is 3.23%, so the
painting is best.
6 A is 9.86%, B is 8.05%, C is 15.26%, so the
didgeridoo is best.
7 a 5.38% b 1.89%
c Yes, the bank is better.
8 a Bank 3.52% (after tax), shares 2.34%
(after tax)
b After capital gain, shares grow by 11.74%
including dividends, so Pauls decision
was wrong.
Chapter 15 review
1 Because lower return investments usually
involve lower risk as well.
2 Capital growth and rental income
3 A share in the prots and a say in how the
company is run
4 A share of the companys prots paid for
each share held
5 The par or face value is the price at which the
shares are initially released (oated) on the
market. The market price is the price at which
the shares are currently traded.
6 Capital growth (growth in the share price)
and dividends
7 A fee paid to a stockbroker for completing a
share transaction
8 Calculate the compound growth rate for each
using the compound interest formula.
9 a $206.25 b $166.67 c $3984.90
10 $43.89
b $12.81
11 a Date Deposit Withdrawal Balance
1 Mar $2134.58
8 Mar $1567.80 $3702.38
11 Mar $750.00 $2952.38
21 Mar $225.00 $2727.38
22 Mar $1567.80 $650.00 $3645.18
3 Apr $1050.25 $2594.93
5 Apr $1567.80 $4162.73
14 Apr $1389.75 $2772.98
19 Apr $1567.80 $4340.78
30 Apr $1067.50 $3273.28
ANSWERS 503
12 a 15.69% b 12.24%
13 a 5.70% b 3.24%
14 a 9% b 6.62% c 11.3
15 Shares $13 050, brokerage $195.75,
total cost $13 245.75
16 a Brokerage $55, amount received $3645
b $38.70
17 Sell the shares (only returning 3.33%
dividend yield)
18 A is 5.62%, B is 6.14%, so art collection
is better.
19 a Bank interest growth rate is 4.52%, share
dividend growth rate is 3.60%, so the term
deposit was the right decision.
b Share growth rate including capital gain is
8.66%, so shares would have been better.
CHAPTER 16
Exercise 16.1
For graphs of feasible regions, students should
draw full-page graphs and label the lines.
1 a
b
c
1 2
6
8
2
4
y
4
x
2
2
y 5x + 3
3
1 2 3 4 5 x
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3x 2y 15
y
1 2
2
1
y
x
y < 2x 3
1
2
3 2
4
3
d
e
2 Variables:
Number of short ads = s
Number of long ads = l
Parameters:
Studio time for short ads = 2 h
Studio time for long ads = 5 h
Technical time for short ads = 5 h
Technical time for long ads = 8 h
Studio time available = 20 h
Technical time available = 40 h
Constraints: s 0, l 0
2s + 5l 20
5s + 8l 40
3 Variables:
Number of bread-and-butter plates = b
Number of dinner plates = d
Parameters:
Time for bread-and-butter plates = 20 min
Time for dinner plates = 30 min
Time available = 1800 min
Minimum number of plates = 75
Constraints: 20b + 30d 1800
b + d 75
1 2
3
4
1
2
y
2
x
1
4x + 3y > 18
5
6
3 4 5
2 4 6 8 10
4
5
2
1
1
x + 3y 12
y
3
12 x
l
s
6
4
2
0
2 4 6 8 10
100
80
60
40
20
0
d
b 100 80 60 40 20
75
75
504 NEW QMATHS 12A
4 Variables:
Bags of cheap mixture = c
Bags of expensive mixture = e
Parameters:
Peanuts in cheap mixture = 400 g
Peanuts in expensive mixture = 250 g
Walnuts in cheap mixture = 100 g
Walnuts in expensive mixture = 250 g
Peanuts available = 900 kg
Walnuts available = 600 kg
Minimum cheap mixture = 400 bags
Minimum expensive mixture = 200 bags
Constraints: c 400, e 200
0.4c + 0.25e 900
0.1c + 0.25e 600
5 Variables:
Lots from Jones mill = j
Lots from Holdgood mill = h
Parameters:
Framing in Jones lot = 15 packs
Dress quality in Jones lot = 5 packs
Framing in Holdgood lot = 10 packs
Dress quality in Holdgood lot = 10 packs
Minimum framing = 100 packs
Minimum dress quality = 60 packs
Constraints: 15j + 10h 100
5j + 10h 60
Exercise 16.2
1 a Number of Possum chairs = p,
Bentwood = b, Fireside = f
b S = 180p + 310b + 220f
c Maximised
2 a Hectares of wheat planted = w, barley = b
b P = 200w + 240b c Maximised
3 a Number of milk bottles = m,
juice bottles = j
b P = 2m + j c Maximised
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
e
c 6000 4000 2000
3600
2400
200
2250
400
h
j
6
4
2
0
2 4 6 8 10
8
10
12
12 14
6.7
4 a Number of mountain lions = m, tigers = t
b C = 20m + 32t
c Minimised
5 a Number of apples = a, oranges = c
b F = 20a + 15c
c Maximised
Exercise 16.3
1 a Variables:
number of pony shoes = p,
number of draughthorse shoes = d
Parameters:
Times taken to make each, minimum and
maximum times available, maximum
numbers sold, prots made on each type
Constraints:
p 50, d 40, 15p + 20d 360,
15p + 20d 1200
b
c P = 4p + 6d
d Maximised
e 26 pony and 40 draughthorse to make $344
prot in 1190 min
f 3 pony and 40 draughthorse to make $252
prot in 845 min
2 a Variables:
Amount of bulk drink = b,
amount of retail drink = r
Parameters:
Amounts of concentrate used to make
each, production rate of each, price of
each, cost of concentrate, running cost
of factory, time the factory runs
Constraints:
b 0, r 0, + 480
b
c P = b +
r = 1.19b + 1.6r
d Maximised
40
0
d
p 80 60 40 20
80
24
20
60
18
b
20
------
r
10
------
2000
0
r
b 8000 6000 4000 2000
4000
1000
3000
5000
10 000
9600
4800
2 8 0.07
5
20
------ ( )
2.50 8 0.05
5
10
---- ( )
ANSWERS 505
e 9600 L of bulk and no retail for $11 424
per day prot
3 a Variables:
Number of romance magazines = r,
number of comics = c
Parameters:
Editing and artwork times for each,
editorial and artists times available,
cost of idle time for each, contracted
minimums for each
Constraints:
r 1, c 2, 8r + 4c 40, 2r + 6c 20
b
c T = 30 (40 8r 4c) + 40 (20 2r 6c)
= 2000 320r 360c
d Minimised
e 4 romance and 2 comics for no idle time
4 a Variables:
Hectares of sorghum planted = s,
hectares of peanuts planted = p
Parameters:
Planting costs of each, time needed for
harvesting each, yield of each, minimum
amounts of each needed, prot on each,
money available, time available, land
available
Constraints:
4s 20, 1.5p 12,
400s + 1200p 30 000, 0.5s + 3p 60,
s + p 50
b
c P = 35 (4s 20) + 200 1.5p
= 140s 700 + 300p
d Maximised
e 37 ha of sorghum and 12 ha of peanuts for
$8080 prot
5 a Variables:
Packs from South Coast = s,
packs from Darling Downs = d
5
0
c
r 5
10
10
3.3
60
20
0
p
s 100 80 60 40 20
40
120
5 75
10
30
50
8
25
Parameters:
Bales of hay in each pack from each
supplier, bales of straw from each,
minimum numbers of hay and straw
required, costs from each supplier,
minimum and maximum amounts of hay
and straw, prices of bales of hay and
straw
Constraints:
d 0, s 0, 2s + 6d 500,
8s + 4d 400, 2s + 6d 600,
8s + 4d 800
b
c P = s (8 3 + 2 8 25) +
d (4 3 + 6 8 40) = 15s + 20d
d Maximised
e 60 lots of 10 from South Coast and 80 lots
from Darling Downs for $2500 prot and
$4700 costs
f C = 25s + 40d
g Minimised
h 10 lots of 10 from South Coast and 80 lots
from Darling Downs for $3450 costs and
$1750 prot
Exercise 16.4
1 a Variables:
Number of short boards = s,
number of long boards = l
Parameters:
Numbers of short and long moulds, resin
required for each, minimum and
maximum numbers of short and long
boards, amount of resin available, prot
on each board
Constraints:
s 50, l 20, s 70, l 40,
8s + 10l 900
b
100
50
0
d
s 250 200 150 100 50
83.3
300
200
150
100
80
60
40
20
0
l
s 120 100 80 60 40 20
112.5
506 NEW QMATHS 12A
c P = 150s + 120l
d Maximised
e 70 short and 34 long boards, making
$14 580 prot
f Changes the maximum numbers of boards;
s 90, l 60
g
h 87 short and 20 long boards, making
$15 450 prot
2 a Variables:
Number of bread baskets = b,
number of fruit baskets = f
Parameters:
Time taken to make each, minimum
number required, time available to make
them, prot from each
Constraints:
b 0, f 0, b + f 80,
10b + 15f 16 60
b
c P = 3b + 5f d Maximised
e 48 bread baskets and 32 fruit baskets,
making $304 prot
f Changes the time available;
10b + 15f 25 60
g
h 100 fruit baskets (no bread baskets),
making $500 prot
i Changes the time available;
10b + 15f 55 60
Changes the objective function for prot
to P = 3b + 5f 105
100
80
60
40
20
0
l
s 120 100 80 60 40 20
112.5
100
80
60
40
20
0
f
b 100 80 60 40 20
96
64
200
160
120
80
40
0
f
b 200 160 120 80 40
150
j
k 220 fruit baskets (no bread baskets),
making $995 prot
3 a Variables:
Number of short ads = s,
number of long ads = l
Parameters:
Studio and technical times of each type
of ad, studio and technical costs of each,
studio and technical times available,
minimum and maximum numbers of ads,
price of each type of ad
Constraints:
s 0, l 0, 2s + 5l 20, 5s + 8l 40,
s + l 5, s + l 10
b
c P = s (1200 2 80 5 50) +
l (2400 5 80 8 50)
= 790s + 1600l
d Maximised
e 2 short and 3 long ads to make $6380 prot
at a cost of $3220
f C = s (2 80 + 5 50) +
l (5 80 + 8 50) = 410s + 800l
g Minimised
h 5 short ads (no long ads) to make $3950
prot at a cost of $2050
i Changes time available for both types of
work;
2s + 5l 35, 5s + 8l 60
Changes both functions;
P = 700s + 1420l, C = 500s + 980l
Removes s + l 10 constraint.
j
250
200
150
100
50
0
f
b 250 200 150 100 50 300 350
330
220
80
80
6
0
l
s 6
10
10
2
4
8
2 4 8
6
0
l
s 6
10
10
2
4
8
2 4 8 12 14 16 18
7.5
17.5
ANSWERS 507
k 7 long ads (no short ads) to make $9940
l 5 short ads (no long ads) to make $3500
Chapter review
1 Draw the corresponding straight line, dashed
for or , solid for or , and shade the
appropriate side of the line.
2 A variable in a problem is a quantity that can
take different values.
3 A parameter in a problem is a xed quantity.
4 A constraint is an inequality that limits the
solutions of the problem.
5 The feasible region is the area where the
constraints overlap and shows the possible
solutions of the problem.
6 The objective function is an expression for
the quantity that must be optimised in a
problem.
7 Evaluate the values of the objective function
at the corners of the feasible region to nd the
optimum value.
8 Find the objective function for integer values
inside the feasible region near the value
found.
9 It may change the solution because it can
affect the constraints and objective function.
10 a
b
c
4
2
1
y 3x + 1
y
3
5
1 2 x
1
2 3
2 4 6 8 x
5
10
5
10
15
20
5x 2y 40
y
2 4 6 8 x
8
4
2
2
3.5x 2.5y 21
y
6
10
11 a Number of AAs = a, Cs = c, Ds = d,
9 Vs = v
b G = 0.8a + 0.95c + 1.1d + 2.3v
c Maximised
12 a Number sent by road = r, by rail = t
b C = 200r + 150t c Minimised
13 a Number of Barbies = b, Kens = k
b G = 12b + 10k c Maximised
14 a Number of Premium mattresses = p
Number of Economy mattresses = e
b Pocket springs for Premium = 140
Pocket springs for Economy = 100
Padding for Premium = 10 kg
Padding for Economy = 12 kg
Pocket springs available = 5600
Padding available = 360 kg
Minimum Premium = 15
Minimum Economy = 10
c p 15, e 10
140p + 100e 5600
10p + 12e 360
d
15 a Additional bakery staff = b
Additional checkout staff = c
b Maximum number of extra staff = 14
Customers served by bakery staff = 60/day
Customers served by checkout
staff = 100/day
Maximum extra customers = 1000/day
c b 0, c 0
b + c 14
60b + 100c 1000
d
16 a Number of small counters = s
Number of large counters = l
b Plastic needed for small = kg
Plastic needed for large = kg
Plastic available = 200 kg
Minimum run = 2 h
Production time = 12 h
Small production rate = 25 000/h
Large production rate = 20 000/h
Minimum small = 80 000
e
p
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40
40
50
60
36
56
15
5
0
c
b 20 15 10 5
10
14
14 16.7
1
2500
------------
1
1000
------------
508 NEW QMATHS 12A
Minimum large = 80 000
c s 80 000, l 80 000
+
+ 200
d
17 a Variables:
Number of standard sets = s, deluxe = d
Parameters:
Set squares, protractors and compasses
in each set; set squares, compasses and
protractors available; minimum numbers
of each set; prot on each set
Constraints:
s 50, d 20, d 200, s + 2d 700,
s + d 300
b
c P = 1.5s + 2d
d Maximised
e 100 standard and 200 deluxe sets to make
$550 prot
18 a Variables:
Cartons of neoprene tubes = n,
cartons of rubber tubes = r
Parameters:
Carton size of each type, cost of each
type, selling prices, maximum sales
Constraints:
n 0, r 0, 50n + 70r 180
b
c C = 120n + 147r
d Minimised
s
25 000 2
-------------------------
l
20 000 2
-------------------------
12
2
------
s
2500
------------
l
1000
------------
l
s
150
100
50
0
100 200 300 400
200
250
300
80
80
500
240
( 1000)
700
d
s
150
100
50
0
100 200 300 400
200
250
300
500 600
350
400
20
r
n
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4
4
2.6
3.6
e Buy none to make costs $0 and prot $0
f P = 105n + 168r g Maximised
h 2 cartons of neoprene and 1 carton of
rubber costing $387 to make $378 prot
19 a Variables:
Batches of small rolls = s,
batches of large rolls = l
Parameters:
Times taken to make each, batch size of
each, regular (minimum) orders of each,
prot on each, work time available
Constraints:
s 4, l 5, 30s + 45l 8 60
b
c P = s 2500 2 + l 2000 2.5
= 5000s + 5000l
d Maximised
e 7 small-roll and 6 large-roll batches to
make $65 000 prot; or 8 small-roll and
5 large-roll batches for same prot
20 a Variables:
Batches of sticky toffees = s,
batches of crunchy toffees = c
Parameters:
Times taken to make each, batch sizes,
cost of each batch, production time
available, prices of each box, minimum
and maximum sales of each
Constraints:
s 0, c 0, 10s + 10c 500,
10s + 10c 1000,
15s + 20c 6 5 60
b
c P = s (10 3.2 18) + c (10 3.5 20)
= 14s + 15c
d Maximised
e 40 sticky and 60 crunchy batches costing
$1920 to make $1460 prot
f C = 18s + 20c g Minimised
h 50 sticky and no crunchy batches costing
l
s
6
4
2
0
4 8 12 16
8
10
12
5
10.7
c
s
60
40
20
0
20 40 60 80 100
80
100
120
120 140
ANSWERS 509
i P = 17s + 22c; C is unchanged.
j 40 sticky and 60 crunchy batches costing
k 50 sticky and no crunchy batches costing
l Sales increase;
10s + 10c 1500, 10s + 10c 2000
Production time available increases;
15s + 20c 9 5 60
Objective functions not changed
m
n 180 sticky and no crunchy batches costing
o 150 sticky and no crunchy batches costing
CHAPTER 17
Exercise 17.1
Other tables are possible for questions 1 and 2.
1 Code Activity
Time
(days)
Prereq.
A Calculate quantities 1 None
B Order materials 1 A
C Build retaining walls 5 A
D Remove or turn old lawn 2 A
E Fill walls with good loam 1 B, C, D
F Install sprinkler system 2 E
2 Code Activity
Time
(days)
Prereq.
A Decide numbers 1 None
B Distribute music 3 A
C Rehearse, rehearse,
rehearse
30
B
D Distribute invitations 2 A
E Sell tickets 15 D
F Set up stage 2 C
G Hold concert 1 E, F
H Remove gear and strike
stage
1
G
c
s
120
80
40
0
40 80 120 160 200
160
200
240
240
150
135
150
3 In minutes, AOA:
or AON:
4 In days, AOA:
or AON:
5 In days, AOA:
or AON:
Exercise 17.2
1 a ADEKMNO = 29 b AEFGHLO = 28
2 a AHDIKLMP = 43 b ADFKLNOQS = 44
3 a ABENO or ABENP or ABENQ = 28 days
b 10 days delay c No change
d A new critical path CDENO or CDENP or
CDENQ and 4 days delay
4 a ABCJKL or ABEFJKL = 35 weeks
b Critical path ABEFJKL only and 3 weeks
delay
c No change d 3 weeks delay
3
1
2
1 1 2
15
Start
Finish
A B C I J
1
E
5
D
2
H
F
G
3
1
2
1
5
2
1 2 1
15
Start
Finish B
F
H
A
E
D
C I J
G
2 5 1 1
3
Start Finish
1
2
1
2
A
B
C
D E F G H
1
2 5
1
1 1
3
Start Finish D A
C
E F H
B
1
2
G
1
2
5 10 3 5
30
Start Finish
A
D
C
B I J K M
1
2 10
E
3 F
2
G
1
H
2
0
L
5
5
10
3
5
30
Start Finish I
1
2 10
B
3
2
1
2
J
D
5
A L
M
H
C
K
E
F
G
510 NEW QMATHS 12A
5 a ABCJ = 22 weeks b 3 weeks delay
c A new critical path ABCEFG and 2 weeks
delay
d No change
Exercise 17.3
1 a 0 b 2 c 0 d2 e 1
2 a 8 b 7 c 0 d9 e 0
3 a In minutes, AOA:
or AON:
b i 1 min ii 0 min
iii 19 min iv 48 min
Exercise 17.4
1 Station to station. First is single line, random
arrival and random single service. Then
multiple line, fairly constant multiple service.
Finally, single line, constant single service.
2 Single line of machines, random arrival,
random single service
3 From the point of view of the taxis, it is
single line, random arrival and random
service. From the point of view of the
customers, it is constant arrival, random
multiple service (because the taxis return).
4 Single line, random arrival, random multiple
service
5 Single line, random arrival, constant multiple
service
Exercise 17.5
1 a 9.7 b 8.3 min c 0%
d The queue stabilises at 10 people.
2 a 0.57 b 4.53 min c 25%
d The queue decreases to 0, with hairdresser
idle every now and then for 24 minutes.
3 a 3.2 b 68 s c 0%
d The queue decreases to none.
e 8:29 am
4 a 4.9 b 2.9 min c 15%
d The queue decreases to none.
e 12:20 pm
5
20
15
3
Start Finish
10
6
10 20 2 15
B
C D E
F
G H I
J
K
5
A
5
5
20
15
3
Start Finish D E G K
F
H I
10
C
A
B
6
10 20 2 15
J
5 a About 4 b 6.6 min c 4.4%
d The queue gradually decreases after the
5th operator starts.
Exercise 17.6
1 a 5 cranes are okay most of the time, but
there are 4 hours where there are far
too many trucks waiting, so 6 would be
better.
b 7 cranes would be okay most of the time,
but there would be 3 hours with the queue
too long, so 8 would be better.
2 a 9 b 12
Answers to questions 35 can vary considerably
from those given.
3 a 20 b 37
c 0 h d 5 days
4 a 12 b 3 c 15 min
d 1 min e 15%
5 a 6.1 b 14
c 2.1 h d 4.7 h
e A boat would have to wait only 16% of the
time.
Chapter review
1 An activity table shows the order, estimated
completion time and prerequisites of each
activity required to complete a project.
2 AOA and AON networks both show the order,
prerequisites and timing of activities needed
to complete a project. The AOA network
shows them on the arrows while the AON
network shows them on the nodes.
3 The critical path is the longest path from the
start to the nish of an activity network and
shows the minimum completion time.
4 If a critical step is delayed, the whole project
is delayed by the same amount.
5 A forward scan for AOA networks shows the
earliest starting time for an activity, while a
backward scan shows its latest starting time.
For AON networks, it is the nishing times of
the activity that are found. The difference
between the earliest and latest times for an
activity is the possible delay of this activity
that will not change the completion time of
the project. This is the slack time.
6 Constant arrivals and service are the same for
each time unit, while random arrivals and
service vary (although the average may be
known).
7 Multiple server queues have more than one
server, while single server queues must all be
served by one server.
1
2
---
ANSWERS 511
8 The server idle time is the time that a server
spends waiting when the queue for service is
empty.
9 For random arrivals, the maximum queue
length can be quite different from the average
length because you can sometimes get an
unusually large number of arrivals in a short
time.
10 A Monte Carlo method is a method for
simulating random arrivals or service using
dice, random numbers, computers or
calculators.
11 a FGMNOPQE = 32
b GHIUVWXYZ or GHIUVWEF = 33
c ADCKLFJ = 22
d CBHIGM = 20
12 a 7, 5 b 5, 0, 5
c 2, 4, 0 d 1, 0, 4
13 a Plumbing: Random arrival and service,
single line with multiple servers
Tools: Random arrival and service, single
line with single server
Paint: Random arrival and service, single
line with multiple servers
b A customer going to all three is following
a station-to-station queuing situation.
14 Other tables are possible.
15 a In days, AOA:
Code Activity
Time
(days)
Prereq.
A Arrange team photos 5 None
B Gather photos from
year
10 None
C Obtain class reports 15 None
D Get principals report 5 None
E Get team reports 15 None
F Design cover 10 None
G Get reports from year 30 None
H Type articles 15 C, D, E, G
I Design layout 10 A, B, H
J Layout pages and
cover
5 F, I
K Have printing done 10 J
L Distribute 2 K
3 3
Start Finish
5 1 1
5 10
1
3
10
3
2
A
B C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K L
0
0
or AON:
b It is a critical step, so it will delay the
parade.
c A delay of up to 12 days has no effect.
16 a In weeks, AOA:
or AON:
ABCDEKL = 51 days
b 5 days
17 a 2.83 b 3.5 min c 0%
d The queue gradually decreases (to only 2
at 6:15 am).
18 3 operators, since a 4th would be mostly idle
19 Answers can vary considerably from the ones
given.
a NS 30, EW 8 b NS 7, EW 2
c Perhaps a little more green to the NS
direction
CHAPTER 18
Exercise 18.1
1 a Possibly b Not likely c Possibly
2 Yes 3 No
4 Not likely
Exercise 18.2
1 a 0.4861 b 0.5239 c 0.6776
2 a 0.4918 b 0.2580 c 0.4265
d 0.4107 e 0.1579
3 a 0.2417 b 0.4052 c 0.4671
d 0.5138 e 0.9904
3 3
Start Finish C F L
5 1 1
K B
A
I
D
E
G
J
H
5 10 1
3 10
3
2
8
12
2
6
Start Finish
12
6
12 3 2 10
3
12
A B C D E F
G
H
I
J
K
L
0
8
12
2
6
Start Finish C D
H
F
12
A
6
12 3 2 10
3
12
B
G
J
L E
I
K
512 NEW QMATHS 12A
4 a 0.0242 b 0.0923 c 0.0929
d 0.5376 e 0.9488
5 a 2.4 b 2.49 c 0.92
6 a 3.2 b 0.45 c 1.38
d 1.03 e 1.578 f 0.273
7 a 0.6625 b 0.3734 c 0.6525
d 0.9032 e 0.3692
8 a 0.7359 b 0.4795 c 1.3633
d 1.0826 e 0.8491 f 1.4728
9 a 0.3333 b 0 c 1
d 1.1333 e 1.4667 f 0.2
g 0.4 h 0.8333 i 1.2267
j 1.56
10 a 1.2 b 0.4 c 1.4
d 1.84 e 4.76 f 2.04
g 1.44 h 3.32 i 2.04
j 0
11 Z(Maths) 0.4667, Z(Art History) 0.75.
She did better in Art History.
12 Z(105 kg) = 1.5 and Z(190 cm) = 2, so a
height of 190 cm is more unusual.
Exercise 18.3
1 a 0.4744 b 0.4744
c 0.0256 d 0.0256
2 a 35.8, 22.2 b 1.9861
3 a 0.3235 b 0.0303
c 0.1056 d 0.2328
4 a 0.4522 b 0.0478
5 In Weldon. It has a 2% chance and Betterdon
has a 0.3% chance.
6 0.5%
7 2 years 11 months
Chapter review
1 It is a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical
about the mean.
2 Find the mean and standard deviation, draw
the probability histogram and compare some
probabilities of intervals from the histogram
with the standard normal distribution.
3 The mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.
4 The Z-score of a random normal variable X is
calculated using the formula Z =
5 You can use Z-scores to compare values in
different distributions.
6 Values from the standard normal table are the
areas under the standard normal curve and
represent probabilities.
7 D 8 C
9 E 10 0.6430
11 1.332 12 B
13 Yes
14 A diameter of 10 cm
15 0.0548 16 $1.36
x x
------------.

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