ASME Standards

STANDARDS AND WELDING NOTES
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ASME Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers:

ASME/ANSI B31.1 - POWER PIPING
ASME/ANSI B31.3 - PROCESS PIPING
ASME/ANSI B31.9 - BUILDING SERVICES PIPING
ASTM Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ASTM International

ASTM C 581 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSETTING
RESINS USED IN GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED STRUCTURES INTENDED FOR LIQUID SERVICE
ASTM C 582 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED REINFORCED THERMOSETTING
PLASTIC (RTP) LAMINATES FOR CORROSION RESISTANT EQUIPMENT
ASTM D 149 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE AND DIELECTRIC
STRENGTH OF SOLID ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS AT COMMERCIAL POWER FREQUENCIES
ASTM D 257 - TEST METHODS FOR DC RESISTANCE OR CONDUCTANCE OF INSULATING MATERIALS
ASTM D 638 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS
ASTM D 695M - TEST METHOD FOR COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF RIGID PLASTICS (METRIC)
ASTM D 696 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF
PLASTICS BETWEEN - 30 DEGREES C AND 30 DEGREES C WITH A VITREOUS SILICA DILATOMETER
ASTM D 790 - STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF UNREINFORCED AND
REINFORCED PLASTICS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS
ASTM D 792 - TEST METHODS FOR DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (RELATIVE DENSITY) OF PLASTICS BY
DISPLACEMENT
ASTM D 1598 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TIME-TO-FAILURE OF PLASTIC PIPE UNDER CONSTANT
INTERNAL PRESSURE
ASTM D 1599 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RESISTANCE TO SHORT-TIME HYDRAULIC PRESSURE OF
PLASTIC PIPE, TUBING, AND FITTINGS

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ASTM D 2105 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONGITUDINAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND TUBE
ASTM D 2143 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CYCLIC PRESSURE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED,
THERMOSETTING PLASTIC PIPE
ASTM D 2290 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR APPARENT HOOP TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLASTICOR
REINFORCED PLASTIC PIPE BY SPLIT DISK METHOD
ASTM D 2310 - STANDARD CLASSIFICATION FOR MACHINE-MADE "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER
REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 2412 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL LOADING
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC PIPE BY PARALLEL-PLATE LOADING
ASTM D 2444 - TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF THERMOPLASTIC
PIPE AND FITTINGS BY MEANS OF A TUP (FALLING WEIGHT)
ASTM D 2583 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR INDENTATION HARDNESS OF RIGID PLASTICS BY MEANS
OF A BARCOL IMPRESSOR
ASTM D 2584 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR IGNITION LOSS OF CURED REINFORCED RESINS
ASTM D 2924 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE RESISTANCE OF "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 2925 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR BEAM DEFLECTION OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-
REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE UNDER FULL BORE FLOW
ASTM D 2992 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR OBTAINING HYDROSTATIC OR PRESSURE DESIGN BASIS FOR
"FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS
ASTM D 2996 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FILAMENT-WOUND "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-
ASTM D 2997 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CENTRIFUGALLY CAST "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-
ASTM D 3262 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED
THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER PIPE
THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE
ASTM D 3567 - STANDARD PRACTICE FOR DETERMINING DIMENSIONS "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS- FIBER-
REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) PIPE AND FITTINGS

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ASTM D 3615 - CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF THERMOSET MOLDING COMPOUNDS
ASTM D 3681 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-
REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE IN A DEFLECTED CONDITION
THERMOSETTING-RESIN) SEWER AND INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE PIPE
THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE FITTINGS FOR NONPRESSURE APPLICATIONS
ASTM D 4024 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR MACHINE MADE "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER
REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES
THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE JOINTS USING FLEXIBLE ELASTOMERIC SEALS
ASTM D 5365 - STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR LONG-TERM RING-BENDING STRAIN OF "FIBERGLASS"
(GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE
ASTM D 5421 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT MOLDED "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-
REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) FLANGES
ASTM D 5677 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FIBERGLASS (GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED
THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS, ADHESIVE BONDED JOINT TYPE, FOR AVIATION JET
TURBINE FUEL LINES
THERMOSETTING-RESIN) PRESSURE PIPE FITTINGS
ASTM D 6041 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR CONTACT-MOLDED "FIBERGLASS" (GLASS-FIBER-
REINFORCED THERMOSETTING RESIN) CORROSION RESISTANT PIPE AND FITTINGS
ASTM E 228 - LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLID MATERIALS WITH A VITREOUS SILICA
DILATOMETER
ASTM F 1173 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR THERMOSETTING RESIN FIBERGLASS PIPE SYSTEMS TO
BE USED FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS
AWWA Standards
Fiberglass related standards from AWWA - American Water Works Association
AWWA C950-01 - Fiberglass Pressure Pipe
AWWA D120-84 (R89) - Thermosetting Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Tanks

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AWWA F101-02 - Contact-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Wash Water Troughs and Launders
AWWA F102-02 - Matched-Die-Molded, Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Weir Plates, Scum Baffles, and
Mounting Brackets
BSi Standards
Fiberglass related standards from BSi - British Standards institute
BS 5480 - Specification for glass reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes, joints and fittings for use for water
supply or sewerage
BS 6464 - Specification for reinforced plastics pipes, fittings and joints for process plants
BS 7159 - Code of practice for design and construction of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping systems
for individual plants or sites
BS 8010-2.5 - Code of practice for pipelines - Pipelines on land: design, construction and installation -
Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics
DIN Standards
Fiberglass related standards from DIN - Deutsches Institut fr Normung
DIN 53393 - Testing of Textile Glass-reinforced Plastics; Behavior to the Effect of Chemicals
DIN 53758 - Testing of plastics articles; determination of the effect of internal pressure on hollow
objects by short-time test
DIN 53768 - Determination by extrapolation of the long-term behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastics
DIN 53769-1 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of the longitudinal shear
strength of type B pipe fittings
DIN 53769-2 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; long-term hydrostatic pressure test
DIN 53769-3 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; determination of initial and long-term ring
stiffness
DIN 53769-6 - Testing of glass fiber reinforced plastics pipes; Testing of pipes and fittings under
pulsating internal pressure
DIN EN 59 - Glass Reinforced Plastics; Measurement of Hardness by Means of a Barcol Impressor
DIN EN 637 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics components - Determination of the
amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method

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DIN EN 705 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings -
Methods for regression analyses and their use
DIN EN 761 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes -
Determination of the creep factor under dry conditions
DIN EN 1393 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes;
Determination of initial longitudinal tensile properties
DIN EN 1447 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes -
Determination of long-term resistance to internal pressure
DIN EN 1448 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) components -
Test methods to prove the design of rigid locked socket- and -spigot joints with elastomeric seals
Test methods to prove the design of a cemented socket- and -spigot joints
Test methods to prove the design of bolted flange joints
ISO Standards
Fiberglass related standards from ISO - International Organization for Standardization
ISO 178 - Plastics - Determination of flexural properties
ISO 527-4 - Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and
orthotropic fiber-reinforced plastic composites
ISO 7370 - Glass fiber reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings; Nominal diameters,
specified diameters and standard lengths
ISO 7510 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) components - Determination of the
amounts of constituents using the gravimetric method
ISO 7684 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Determination
of the creep factor under dry conditions
ISO 10466 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes - Test method
to prove the resistance to initial ring deflection
ISO 10928 - Plastics piping systems - Glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings -
Methods for regression analysis and their use
ISO/TR 10465-1 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes;
part 1: installation procedures

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ISO/TR 10465-2 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes -
Part 2: Comparison of static calculation methods
ISO/TR 10465-3 - Underground installation of flexible glass-reinforced thermosetting resin (GRP) pipes
Part 3: Installation parameters and application limits

ANSI - American National Standards Institute
ANSI provides a forum for development of American national standards
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes and standards
ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
The International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design,
fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during
construction
ASME - Performance Test Codes
The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for conducting and reporting
tests
ASME B31 - Standards of Pressure Piping
A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes - ASME B31, earlier known as ANSI B31
ASME B31.9 - Working Pressure and Temperature Limits
The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 - Building Services Piping
ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings
The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron, cast bronze, wrought copper and steel
ASTM International
ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - is a scientific and technical
organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on the characteristics of material,
products, systems and services
ASTM International - Standards for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings
The ASTM standards cover various types of steel pipes, tubes and fittings for high-temperature service,
ordinary use and special applications such as fire protection use

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ASTM International - Volume 01.01 Steel - Piping, Tubing, Fittings
An overview of the ASTM Volume 01.01 standard
BSi - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications
British standards and specifications for pipe, tube and fittings
Bronze Flanges - ASME/ANSI 150 lb
Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast
Bronze Threaded Fittings - 150 lb Bronze flanges with plain faces
Bronze Flanges - ASME/ANSI 300 lb
Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameter of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast
Bronze Threaded Fittings - 300 lb Bronze Flanges with plain faces
CTS CPVC Tube Dimensions
CTS (Copper Tube Size) CPVC tubes according ASTM D 2846
Carbon Steel Flanges - Pressure and Temperature Ratings
Maximum temperature and pressure ratings of flanges conforming dimensions ASME B16.5 and
materials specification ASTM A-105
Carbon Steel Pipes - Comparing American & European Specifications
Comparing standards of carbon steel pipes from USA, Germany, UK and Sweden
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Classification
Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium,
cobalt, columbium (niobium), molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium
Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 150
ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 150 Flanges - outside and inside
diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts

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Carbon and Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange Bores
Flange bores of welding neck flanges according ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
Cast Iron
There are four basic types of cast iron - white iron, gray iron, ductile iron and malleable iron
Cast Iron Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 125
ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 125 Flanges - outside and
inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts

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Comparing American and British Piping Standards
Comparing US American (ASTM) and British (BSi) piping standards - specifications, grades and material
descriptions
Cross Reference of ASTM Material Specifications
Fittings, Flanges, Unions and Cast and Forged Valves
DIN - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications
Deutsches Institut fr Normung - DIN - pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications
Download ANSI, American National Standards Institute, Standards
ANSI is a private, not-for-profit, membership organization that acts not as a standards developer, but as
a standards coordinating and approval body
Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards
Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and their applications
Flanges - API vs. ASME/ANSI
Comparing API and ASME/ANSI flanges
HVAC Abbreviations
Some commonly used standard HVAC abbreviations
ISO - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications
International Organization for Standardization - ISO - pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications
Identifying Colors of Typical Fluids
Identifying colors of typical materials transported in piping systems
JIS - Flanges, Bolts, Nuts, and Gaskets Standards
Japanese industrial flanges, bolts, nuts, and gaskets standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese
Standards Association
JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards
The Japanese Standards Association - JSA


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JIS - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards
Japanese industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese
Standards Association
Mechanical Properties Aluminum Pipes
Aluminum pipes and mechanical properties like tensile strength. yield strength and more
NACE International
The corrosion engineering and science community
NDT - Non Destructive Testing
Non-destructive testing of constructions
Pipe Legends - Identification Scheme for Piping Systems
Color codes - field and legend
Piping Class Ratings - Classes and Pressure Numbers (PN)
Pressure numbers (PN) compared to flange class designations
Piping Codes & Standards
Piping codes and piping standards
Piping and Equipment Identification Labels
Mechanical - Plumbing Piping System Abbreviations and Letter - Tags and Label Coloring
Stainless Steel - Comparing International Standards
Comparing international stainless steel standards from America (US), France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Russia, Spain, Sweden, England (UK) and the European Union
Stainless Steel Pipes - Comparing American and European Standards
Comparing American - US - and European - German, British (UK) and Swedish - stainless steel pipe
standards
Stainless Steels Classifications
Stainless steels are commonly grouped into martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels,
austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels, and precipitation-hardening
stainless steels

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Steel Pipe Standardization Organizations
The most important world wide steel pipe standardization organizations
Steel Pipes Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 40
Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 40 steel
pipes
Steel Pipes Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 80
Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 80 steel
pipes
Steel Tubes BS 1387 (EN 10255)
Dimensions and weights of steel tubes according BSi - BS 1387:1985 (EN 10255) Specification for
screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubular and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for
screwing to BS 21 pipe threads
Threaded & Socket Welded Fittings - Pressure Classes and Schedules
Pressure classes, schedules and weights of pipes for threaded & socket welded fittings

Valves

Gate Valve

Globe Valve

Swing Check Valve

Ball Valve

Plug Valve

Butterfly Valve

Forged Gate Valve

321PC BALL
VALVE


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Flanges

Flange

Flange

Flange

WN Flange

WN Flange

SO Flange

PL Flange

BL Flange

SW Flange

Forged Socket Weld Fittings

90 Degree Elbow (SW) 45 Degree Elbow (SW) Tee (SW) Lateral (SW)

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Cross (SW) Coupling (SW) Pipe Cap (SW) Union (SW
Forged Threaded Fittings

90 Degree Elbow (TH) 45 Degree Elbow (TH) Tee (TH) Lateral (TH)

Cross (TH) Coupling (TH) Pipe Cap (TH) Threaded Street Elbow

Hexagon Plug Square Head Plug Round Head Plug Hexagon Bushing

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Flush Bushing Union (TH) Threaded Nipple Hexagon Nipple
Owlets

Weldolet Thredolet Sockolet Latrolet

Elbolet Sweepolet Brazolet Nipolet


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Pipe Fittings

901.5D Elbow

180Return Elbow

Reducer

Reducing Tee

Cap

Welding Symbols

Basic Weld Symbols


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Weld Symbols

Butt Weld
Standards
TheBritishStandardforweldsymbolsisBSEN22553.Whenidentificationoftheweldprocessisrequiredas
partoftheweldsymboltherelevantweldprocesscodeislistedinBSENISO4063.
BasicWeldSymbol
Theweldsymbolalwaysincludes
1. Anarrowline
2. Areferenceline
3. Adashedline
4. Asymbol

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Note: Weld symbols on the full reference line relates to welds on the near side of
the plate being welded. Weld symbols on the dashed line relates to weld on the
far side of the plate. If the welds are symmetrical on both sides of the plate the
dashed line is omitted. If the dashed line is above the full line then the symbol for
the nearside weld is drawn below the reference line and the symbol for the far side
weld is above the dashed line. For example see sketch below Supplementary
symbols below.
MoreDetailedSymbolicRepresentationofWeld
Welding.....Weldprocessnumbers.

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TableofWeldSymbols
SupplementarySymbols
Theweldsymbolsbelowareusedinadditiontotheprimaryweldsymbolsasshownabove.Theyarenotusedon
theirown.
Belowisanexampleoftheapplicationofoneofthesesymbolillustratingtheidentificationofthelocationofthe
weldrelativetothesymbol.

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ComplementaryIndication
DimensioningWelds

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Elements of A Welding Symbol:

A welding symbol may include the following elements:
Reference Line
Arrow
Basic Weld Symbol
Dimensions & Other Data
Supplementary Symbols

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Finish Symbols
Tail
Specifications, Process, Or Other References
Reference Line:
A reference line is a horizontal line with all the other required information drawn on or around it. It
must be placed on the drawing near the joint it describes.
Arrow:
The arrow is the other required part of a welding symbol and is placed at one or the other end of the
reference line and connects the reference line to the joint that is to be welded.
Quite often, there are two sides to the joint to which the arrow points, and therefore two potential
places for a weld. For example, when two steel plates are joined together into a T shape, welding may
be done on either side of the stem of the T.

The weld symbol distinguishes between the two sides of a joint by using the arrow and the spaces above
and below the reference line. The side of the joint to which the arrow points is known as the arrow side,
and its weld is made according to the instructions given below the reference line. The other side of the
joint is known as the other side, and its weld is made according to the instructions given above the
reference line. The below and above rules apply regardless of the arrow's direction.

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Basic Symbols:

Each type of weld has its own basic symbol, which is typically placed near the center of the reference
line (and above or below it, depending on which side of the joint it's on). The symbol is a small drawing
that can usually be interpreted as a simplified cross-section of the weld. In the descriptions below, the
symbol is shown in both its arrow-side and other-side positions.


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Fillet
Weld
Groove Welds
Plug
Weld

Weld All Around & Field Weld:
There are two other elements that may be seen on the reference line that provide information about
the weld. One is a circle around the place where the leader line connects to the reference line and
indicates the weld is all around. This means the weld extends all the way around the joint the arrow is
pointing at.

The all around element is only used when it is possible to weld all the way around a single surface (see
below).

The other element seen on the reference line resembles a flag and is located where the leader line joins
the reference line. This element is called a "field weld" and means the weld will be done in another
location. For instance, this weld may be applied at the job site not in the shop. Sometimes clarification
will be given in the welding symbol tail or as a specification on the print.


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Field Weld Symbol
Fillet Weld:

The fillet weld (pronounced "fill-it") is used to make lap joints, corner joints, and T joints. As its symbol
suggests, the fillet weld is roughly triangular in cross-section, although its shape is not always a right
triangle or an isosceles triangle. Weld metal is deposited in a corner formed by the fit-up of the two
members and penetrates and fuses with the base metal to form the joint. (Note: for the sake of
graphical clarity, the drawings below do not show the penetration of the weld metal. Recognize,
however, that the degree of penetration is important in determining the quality of the weld.)

The perpendicular (straight up and down) leg of the triangle is always drawn on the left side of the
symbol, regardless of the orientation of the weld itself. The leg size is written to the left of the weld
symbol. If the two legs of the weld are to be the same size, only one dimension is given; if the weld is to
have unequal legs (much less common than the equal-legged weld), both dimensions are given and
there is an indication on the drawing as to which leg is longer.
The welding symbol above shows that the weld is to be done on the other side and the thickness of the
weld is 5/16.

The length of the weld is given to the right of the symbol.

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If no length is given, then the weld is to be placed between specified dimension lines (if given) or
between those points where an abrupt change in the weld direction would occur (like at the end of the
plates in the example above).
The Length & Pitch of Intermittent Welds:
An intermittent weld is one that is not continuous across the joint, but rather is a given length of weld
separated by a given space between them. This method of welding may be used to control heat
distortion or where the joint strength requirements allow. Intermittent welding can save time and
money if a long weld is not necessary.
Used more frequently than the length alone, the length and pitch (length first, spacing second) are two
numbers located at the right of the fillet weld symbol.
The length appears first as before followed by a hyphen then the pitch is shown.
The pitch refers to a dimension from the center of one weld to the center of the next weld.

The pitch is not the space between welds but a measurement from center to center of the welds. To get
the spacing for layout subtract the length of one weld from the pitch.
The intermittent welds may be chain intermittent or staggered intermittent. Chain intermittent the
welds on both sides of the joint are opposite each other and resemble a chain. Staggered intermittent

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the welds on the opposite side are usually started in the gap between the welds on the first side. The
welds then appear staggered.
If the welds are staggered the fillet weld symbol will be staggered on the reference line.

Contours:
Some welding symbols may show a contour finish that details how the fillet weld shape must be finished
after welding. The contour may be flat or convex (having a surface that is curved or rounded outward)
and the element to describe this is placed above the slope on the fillet weld symbol. A letter to indicate
the method of finish may be given above the finish element.


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Groove Welds:

The groove weld is commonly used to make edge-to-edge joints, although it is also often used in corner
joints, T joints, and joints between curved and flat pieces. As suggested by the variety of groove weld
symbols, there are many ways to make a groove weld, the differences depending primarily on the
geometry of the parts to be joined and the preparation of their edges. Weld metal is deposited within
the groove and penetrates and fuses with the base metal to form the joint. (Note: for the sake of
graphical clarity, the drawings below generally do not show the penetration of the weld metal.
Recognize, however, that the degree of penetration is important in determining the quality of the weld.
Groove Weld Size - The groove weld size is given in two dimensions and like the fillet weld it is placed to
the left of the weld symbol. The first size given is the depth of the groove and is the dimension used to
prepare the edge preparation. The depth of groove is measured from the surface of the joint to the
bottom of the preparation.

The depth of groove does not include weld reinforcement or root penetration.
The second size given is the actual weld size and is enclosed in parentheses to distinguish it from the
groove size, or depth of groove.
The actual weld size is again measured from the surface of the groove through the bottom of the groove
but now includes the expected penetration of the weld. On a square groove only the weld size is given.
The weld size does not include face reinforcement or root reinforcement.

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Groove Opening & Angle - Two other important elements for preparing and welding the groove are the
root opening and the groove angle. The root opening, when used, dimensions the space between the
joint to be welded and is placed inside the weld symbol. The groove angle is also placed inside the weld
symbol and is given in degrees.
The groove angle for a V groove is given as the included angle so that means the edge bevel or chamfer
for each piece is 1/2 of the degrees given.
For example; A 45 degree included angle means bevel each member at 22 1/2 degrees. J grooves angles
may be detailed elsewhere on the drawing. The root opening and groove angle are separate elements
and may or may not appear together depending on the joint requirements.
On some drawings the root opening or groove angle will be covered in a note or specification on the
drawing for all similar symbols, and does not appear on the symbol.
The Welder must always read all information given on a drawing.

Contour & Finishing - The same contour symbols that apply to fillet welds may be used with groove
welding and are placed above the weld symbol.

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Square Groove - The square groove weld, in which the "groove" is created by either a tight fit or a slight
separation of the edges. The amount of separation, if any, is given on the weld symbol.

V-Groove - The V-groove weld, in which the edges of both pieces are chamfered, either singly or doubly,
to create the groove. The angle of the V is given on the weld symbol, as is the separation at the root (if
any).

If the depth of the V is not the full thickness--or half the thickness in the case of a double V--the depth is
given to the left of the weld symbol.

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If the penetration of the weld is to be greater than the depth of the groove, the depth of the effective
throat is given in parentheses after the depth of the V.

Bevel Groove - The bevel groove weld, in which the edge of one of the pieces is chamfered and the
other is left square. The bevel symbol's perpendicular line is always drawn on the left side, regardless of
the orientation of the weld itself. The arrow points toward the piece that is to be chamfered. This extra
significance is emphasized by a break in the arrow line. (The break is not necessary if the designer has no
preference as to which piece gets the edge treatment or if the piece to receive the treatment should be
obvious to a qualified welder.) Angle and depth of edge treatment, effective throat, and separation at
the root are described using the methods discussed in the V-groove section above.


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U-Groove - The U-groove weld, in which the edges of both pieces are given a concave treatment. Depth
of edge treatment, effective throat, and separation at the root are described using the methods
discussed in the V-groove section.

J-Groove - The J-groove weld, in which the edge of one of the pieces is given a concave treatment and
the other is left square. It is to the U-groove weld what the bevel groove weld is to the V-groove weld.
As with the bevel, the perpendicular line is always drawn on the left side and the arrow (with a break, if
necessary) points to the piece that receives the edge treatment. Depth of edge treatment, effective
throat, and separation at the root are described using the methods discussed in the V-groove section.

Flare V Groove - The flare-V groove weld, commonly used to join two round or curved parts. The
intended depth of the weld itself is given to the left of the symbol, with the weld depth shown in
parentheses.

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Flare Bevel Groove - The flare bevel groove weld, commonly used to join a round or curved piece to a
flat piece. As with the flare-V, the depth of the groove formed by the two curved surfaces and the
intended depth of the weld itself are given to the left of the symbol, with the weld depth shown in
parentheses. The symbol's perpendicular line is always drawn on the left side, regardless of the
orientation of the weld itself.

Common supplementary symbols used with groove welds are the melt-thru and backing bar symbols.
Both symbols indicate that complete joint penetration is to be made with a single-sided groove weld. In
the case of melt-thru, the root is to be reinforced with weld metal on the back side of the joint. The
height of the reinforcement, if critical, is indicated to the left of the melt-thru symbol, which is placed
across the reference line from the basic weld symbol.


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When a backing bar is used to achieve complete joint penetration, its symbol is placed across the
reference line from the basic weld symbol. If the bar is to be removed after the weld is complete, an "R"
is placed within the backing bar symbol. The backing bar symbol has the same shape as the plug or slot
weld symbol, but context should always make the symbol's intention clear.


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Plug & Slot Welds:

Plug welds and slot welds are used join overlapping members, one of which has holes (round for plug
welds, elongated for slot welds) in it. Weld metal is deposited in the holes and penetrates and fuses with
the base metal of the two members to form the joint. (Note: for the sake of graphical clarity, the
drawings below do not show the penetration of the weld metal. Recognize, however, that the degree of
penetration is important in determining the quality of the weld.)
For plug welds, the diameter of each plug are given to the left of the symbol and the plug-to-plug
spacing (pitch) is given to the right. For slot welds, the width of each slot is given to the left of the
symbol, the length and pitch (separated by a dash) are given to the right of the symbol, and a detail
drawing is referenced in the tail. The number of plugs or slots is given in parentheses above or below the
weld symbol. The arrow-side and other-side designations indicate which piece contains the hole(s). If
the hole is not to be completely filled with weld metal, the depth to which it is to be filled is given within
the weld symbol.

ASME Standards

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STANDARDS AND WELDING NOTES

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STANDARDS AND WELDING NOTES

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