8 Cornejo Notes Criminal Law 2

CRIMES AGAINST
NATIONAL SECURITY
Crimes Covered:
1. Treason
2. Conspiracy and Proposal to Commit Treason
3. Misprision of Treason
4. Espionage
5. Inciting to War and Giing Moties for !eprisal
". #iolation of $e%trality
&. Correspondence 'it( )ostile Co%ntry
*. +lig(t to Enemy Co%ntry
,. Piracy and M%tiny
Crimes Against National Securit
1. Treason -.rt. 114/0
2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason
-.rt. 115/0
3. Misprision of treason -.rt. 11"/0 and
4. Espionage -.rt. 11&/.
Crimes Against t!e La" o# Nations
1. Inciting to 'ar or giing moties for reprisals
-.rt. 11*/0
2. #iolation of ne%trality -.rt. 11,/0
3. Corresponding 'it( (ostile co%ntry -.rt.
121/0
4. +lig(t to enemy2s co%ntry -.rt. 121/0
5. Piracy in general and m%tiny on
t(e (ig( seas -.rt. 122/.
Crimes Against National Securit are
Committed $uring a State o# %ar e&ce't
#or:
1. Espionage
2. Inciting to War and Giing Moties
for !eprisal
3. #iolation of $e%trality
4. M%tiny and Piracy
ARTICLE (()
TREASON
+ Committed only in times of 'ar
3. .d(eres to t(e enemies4 giing t(em aid
or comfort 'it(in t(e P(ilippines or
else'(ere
Re*uirements o# leving "ar
1. .ct%al assem5ling of men0
2. To e6ec%te a treasona5le design
5y force0
3. Intent is to delier t(e co%ntry in
'(ole or in part to t(e enemy0 and
4. Colla5oration 'it( foreign enemy
or some foreign soereign
T"o "as o# 'roving treason
1. Testimony of at least t'o 'itnesses to t(e
same oert act0 or
Note: T(e 27'itness r%le is restrictie. T(ey
m%st testify to t(e same oert acts of
treason committed in t(e same place4 time
and occasion.
2. Confession of t(e acc%sed in open co%rt.
ARTICLE ((+
CONS,IRACY AN$ ,RO,OSAL TO COMMIT
TREASON
Elements o# Cons'irac to Commit Treason
1. T(ere is a 'ar in '(ic( t(e P(ilippines is
inoled0
2. .t least t'o persons come to an agreement
to 8
a. ley 'ar against t(e goernment0 or
5. ad(ere to t(e enemies4 giing t(em aid
or comfort0
3. T(ey decide to commit it.
Elements o# ,ro'osal to Commit Treason
inoled0
2. .t least one person decides to 8
.. 9E#: W.! .G.I$;T T)E G<#E!$ME$T0
<!
3. ad(ere to t(e enemies4 giing t(em aid
or comfort0
3. )e proposes its e6ec%tion to some ot(er
persons.
-inds o# Cons'irac
1. Conspiracy as a Crime 8 e6pressly made a
crime %nder !PC.
2. Conspiracy as a Mode of Inc%rring Criminal
9ia5ility 8 not stated in t(e !PC.
E&am'les
A, B and C conspired to kill D but failed to kill D.
A, B and C liable? It is not expressly made a
crime
A proposed to commit treason to B. B refuses, is
A liable? Yes, because it is expressly proposal to
commit treason.
A proposes to C to kill B. C agreed. But C was
te one wo killed, A liable? Yes, because of
conspiracy.
./ %! is t!ere cons'irac0
.. T(e fact t(at (e already accepted t(e
proposal4 t(ere is already an agreement.
./ %!at i# Treason !as alread 1een
committed0
.. It 'ill not fall %nder .rt. 115.
./ Is t!e 23"itness rule a''lica1le in
cons'irac and 'ro'osal to commit
treason0
.. $o. 5eca%se it is a separate crime
$ote= .ny conspiracy conspiracy to oert(ro'
goernment in times of peace re5ellion
.!TIC9E 11"
MI;P!I;I<$ <+ T!E.;<$
+ $ot yet committed
+ Committed 5y a natie or local
+ T(e person is a'are of t(e conspiracy of
treason and does not disclose it to a%t(orities
+.rticle 21 -.ccessories '(o are e6empt from
criminal lia5ility/ does not apply
Elements
Faye Marie C. Martinez Jessica Lopez Chato Cabigas July 2008
Moral Support & ntertain!ent by "yce# $erar%# "riel# Charles & Sas&ia
27
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
>%stice Ma. Cristina Corne?o
1. <ffender o'es allegiance to t(e
goernment4 and not a foreigner0
2. )e (as @no'ledge of conspiracy to
commit treason against t(e goernment0
3. )e conceals or does not disclose and
ma@e @no'n t(e same as soon as possi5le to
t(e goernor or fiscal of t(e proince in
'(ic( (e resides4 or t(e mayor or fiscal of
t(e city in '(ic( (e resides.
./ %!at i# treason is actuall committed/
You learned t!e commission 1ut ou did
not re'ort/ Are ou lia1le0
.. $o. 9ia5le as accessory only.
ARTICLE ((5
ES,IONAGE
Acts 'unis!ed
1. 3y entering4 'it(o%t a%t(ority t(erefore4 a
'ars(ip4 fort or naal or military
esta5lis(ment or reseration to o5tain any
information4 plans4 p(otograp( or ot(er data
of a confidential nat%re relatie to t(e
defense of t(e P(ilippines0
Elements
a. <ffender enters any of t(e places
mentioned0
5. )e (as no a%t(ority t(erefore0
c. )is p%rpose is to o5tain information4
plans4 p(otograp(s or ot(er data of a
confidential nat%re relatie to t(e
defense of t(e P(ilippines.
2. 3y disclosing to t(e representatie of a
foreign nation t(e contents of t(e articles4
data or information referred to in paragrap(
1 of .rticle 11&4 '(ic( (e (ad in (is
possession 5y reason of t(e p%5lic office (e
(olds.
Elements
a. <ffender is a p%5lic officer0
5. )e (as in (is possession t(e articles4 data
or information referred to in paragrap( 1
of .rticle 11&4 5y reason of t(e p%5lic
office (e (olds0
c. )e discloses t(eir contents to a
representatie of a foreign nation.
1 T(is crime is committed in times of 'ar and
peace
./ T!e o##ender goes to Cam' Crame and
gets con#idential in#ormation relative to
national securit/ Is !e lia1le0
.. $o. Crame or P$P is not a military
esta5lis(ment or instit%tion.
6ARTICLE ((7
INCITING TO %AR OR GI4INING MOTI4ES
8OR RE,RISALS
6ARTICLE ((9
4IOLATION O8 NEUTRALITY
6ARTICLE (2:
CORRES,ON$ENCE %IT; ;OSTILE
COUNTRY
ARTICLE (2( 8LIG;T TO ENEMY<S COUNTRY
Elements
inoled0
2. <ffender m%st 5e o'ing allegiance to t(e
goernment0
3. <ffender attempts to flee or go to enemy
co%ntry0
4. Going to t(e enemy co%ntry is pro(i5ited 5y
competent a%t(ority.
ARTICLE (22 = (2>
.mended 5y !... &"5, or )eino%s Crime 9a'
ARTICLE (22
,IRACY IN GENERAL AN$ MUTINY ON T;E
;IG; SEAS OR IN ,;ILI,,INE %ATERS
Acts ,unis!ed as ,irac
1. .ttac@ing or seiAing a essel on t(e (ig( seas
or in P(ilippine 'aters0
2. ;eiAing in t(e essel '(ile on t(e (ig( seas or
in P(ilippine 'aters t(e '(ole or part of its
cargo4 its eB%ipment or personal 5elongings of
its complement or passengers.
Elements o# ,irac
1. T(e essel is on t(e (ig( seas or
P(ilippine 'aters0
2. <ffenders are neit(er mem5ers of its
complement nor passengers of t(e essel0
3. <ffenders eit(er 8
a. attac@ or seiAe a essel on t(e (ig( seas
or in P(ilippine 'aters0 or
5. seiAe in t(e essel '(ile on t(e (ig( seas
or in P(ilippine 'aters t(e '(ole or part
of its cargo4 its eB%ipment or personal
5elongings of its complement or
passengers0
4. T(ere is intent to gain.
<riginally4 t(e crimes of piracy and m%tiny can
only 5e committed in t(e (ig( seas4 t(at is4
o%tside P(ilippine territorial 'aters. 3%t in
.%g%st 1,&44 !residential Decree "o. #$% -T(e
.nti7Piracy and .nti7)ig('ay !o55ery 9a' of
1,&4/ 'as iss%ed4 p%nis(ing piracy4 5%t not
m%tiny4 in P(ilippine territorial 'aters. T(%s
came a5o%t t'o @inds of piracy= -1/ t(at '(ic( is
p%nis(ed %nder t(e !eised Penal Code if
committed in t(e (ig( seas0 and -2/ t(at '(ic( is
p%nis(ed %nder Presidential Cecree $o. 532 if
committed in P(ilippine territorial 'aters.
.mending .rticle 1224 !ep%5lic .ct $o. &"5,
incl%ded t(erein piracy in P(ilippine 'aters4
t(%s4 pro tanto s%perseding Presidential Cecree
$o. 532. .s amended4 t(e article no' p%nis(es
piracy4 as 'ell as m%tiny4 '(et(er committed in
t(e (ig( seas or in P(ilippine territorial 'aters4
and t(e penalty (as 5een increased to recl%sion
perpet%a from recl%sion temporal.
3%t '(ile %nder Presidential Cecree $o. 5324
piracy in P(ilippine 'aters co%ld 5e committed
5y any person4 incl%ding a passenger or mem5er
of t(e complement of a essel4 %nder t(e
amended article4 piracy can only 5e committed
5y a person '(o is not a passenger nor mem5er
28
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
of t(e complement of t(e essel irrespectie of
en%e. ;o if a passenger or complement of t(e
essel commits acts of ro55ery in t(e (ig( seas4
t(e crime is ro55ery4 not piracy.
"ote, owe&er, tat in 'ection ( of !residential
Decree "o. #$%, te act of aiding pirates or
abetting piracy is penali)ed as a crime distinct
from piracy. ;aid section penaliAes any person
'(o @no'ingly and in any manner aids or
protects pirates4 s%c( as giing t(em information
a5o%t t(e moement of t(e police or ot(er peace
officers of t(e goernment4 or acB%ires or
receies property ta@en 5y s%c( pirates4 or in
any manner deries any 5enefit t(erefrom0 or
'(o directly or indirectly a5ets t(e commission
of piracy. .lso4 it is e6pressly proided in t(e
same section t(at t(e offender s(all 5e
considered as an accomplice of t(e principal
offenders and p%nis(ed in accordance 'it( t(e
!eised Penal Code. T(is proision of
Presidential Cecree $o. 532 'it( respect to
piracy in P(ilippine 'ater (as not 5een
incorporated in t(e !eised Penal Code. $eit(er
may it 5e considered repealed 5y !ep%5lic .ct
$o. &"5, since t(ere is not(ing in t(e
amendatory la' is inconsistent 'it( said section.
.pparently4 t(ere is still t(e crime of a5etting
piracy in P(ilippine 'aters %nder Presidential
Cecree $o. 532.
Considering t(at t(e essence of piracy is one of
ro55ery4 any ta@ing in a essel 'it( force %pon
t(ings or 'it( iolence or intimidation against
person is employed 'ill al'ays 5e piracy. It
cannot co7e6ist 'it( t(e crime of ro55ery.
!o55ery4 t(erefore4 cannot 5e committed on
5oard a essel. 3%t if t(e ta@ing is 'it(o%t
iolence or intimidation on persons of force %pon
t(ings4 t(e crime of piracy cannot 5e committed4
5%t only t(eft.
PI!.C: is a crime against (%manity -(ostes
(%manes generis/
Notes:
PC 532 8 offenders are passengers and
committed in territorial 'aters.
#essel 8 incl%des 5ancas4 rafts4 or any 'ater raft
%sed in transporting people '(o comm%te from
one place to anot(er.
Mutin vs/ ,irac
1. Piracy is t(e %nla'f%l ta@ing of personal
property -5asically its ro55ery/ 'it( intent to
gain '(ile m%tiny is t(e raising of commotion to
defy a%t(orities.
2. .s to offenders
M%tiny is committed 5y mem5ers of t(e
complement or t(e passengers of t(e essel.
Piracy is committed 5y persons '(o are not
mem5ers of t(e complement or t(e passengers
of t(e essel. -Comes from o%tside t(e essel/
Note: W(at is important is t(at t(e principal
offender is neit(er a passenger nor a mem5er.
;trengt( of t(e offender is immaterial.
3. .s to criminal intent
In m%tiny4 t(ere is no criminal intent.
In piracy4 t(e criminal intent is for gain.
ARTICLE (2>
.UALI8IE$ ,IRACY
Elements
1. T(e essel is on t(e (ig( seas or
P(ilippine 'aters0
2. <ffenders may or may not 5e mem5ers
of its complement4 or passengers of t(e
essel0
3. <ffenders eit(er 8
a. attac@ or seiAe t(e essel0 or
5. seiAe t(e '(ole or part of t(e cargo4 its
eB%ipment.4 or personal 5elongings of t(e
cre' or passengers0
T(e preceding 'ere committed %nder any of t(e
follo'ing circ%mstances=
a. '(eneer t(ey (ae seiAed a essel 5y
5oarding or firing %pon t(e same0
5. '(eneer t(e pirates (ae a5andoned
t(eir ictims 'it(o%t means of saing
t(emseles0 or
c. '(eneer t(e crime is accompanied 5y
m%rder4 (omicide4 p(ysical in?%ries or
rape
./ %! is it ?*uali#ied@0
.. 3eca%se it (as circ%mstances.
Note: Irrespectie of t(e n%m5er of persons
m%rdered4 in?%red or raped in t(e co%rse of
piracy.
T(ere is only one composite crime of piracy.
CRIMES AGAINST T;E 8UN$AMENTAL LA%S
O8 T;E STATE
Crimes against t!e #undamental la"s o# t!e
State
1. .r5itrary detention -.rt. 124/0
2. Celay in t(e deliery of detained persons to
t(e proper ?%dicial a%t(orities -.rt. 125/0
3. Celaying release -.rt. 12"/0
4. E6p%lsion -.rt. 12&/0
5. #iolation of domicile -.rt. 12*/0
". ;earc( 'arrants malicio%sly o5tained and
a5%se in t(e serice of t(ose legally
o5tained -.rt. 12,/0
&. ;earc(ing domicile 'it(o%t 'itnesses -.rt.
131/0
*. Pro(i5ition4 interr%ption4 and dissol%tion of
peacef%l meetings -.rt. 131/0
,. Interr%ption of religio%s 'ors(ip -.rt. 132/0 11.
<ffending t(e religio%s feelings -.rt. 133/0

ARTICLE (2)
ARAITRARY $ETENTION
Elements
1. <ffender is a p%5lic officer or employee0
2. )e detains a person0
3. T(e detention is 'it(o%t legal gro%nds.
Meaning o# a1sence o# legal grounds
1. $o crime 'as committed 5y t(e detained0
2. T(ere is no iolent insanity of t(e detained
person0 and
3. T(e person detained (as no ailment '(ic(
reB%ires comp%lsory confinement in a
(ospital.
29
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
Notes=
T(e offender is a p%5lic officer or employee
'(o (as t(e a%t(ority to detain a person
Cetention is %nla'f%l from t(e 5eginning
Consider t(e period of detention for p%rposes
of imposing t(e penalty
If detention is 'it( legal gro%nd4 do not
consider t(e period of detention -legal gro%nds
8 commission of a crime4 insanity/
ARTICLE (2+
$ELAY IN T;E $ELI4ERY O8 $ETAINE$
,ERSONS TO T;E ,RO,ER BU$ICIAL
AUT;ORITIES
Elements
2. )e detains a person for some legal
gro%nd0
3. )e fails to delier s%c( person to t(e
proper ?%dicial a%t(orities 'it(in 8
a. 12 (o%rs for lig(t penalties0
5. 1* (o%rs for correctional penalties0
and
c. 3" (o%rs for afflictie or capital
penalties
Notes:
T(e detention is legal in t(e 5eginning 5%t it
5ecomes illegal after t(e lapse of a certain
period of time
.pplies only in cases of 'arrantless arrest -5%t
ta@e note of t(e e6ceptions 8 !<C 8 arrest is
legal een if 'it(o%t 'arrant of arrest/
Sec/ +C Rule ((>C Rules o# Court:
. peace officer or a priate person may
'it(o%t a 'arrant4 arrest a person=
a./ W(en in (is presence4 t(e person to 5e
arrested (as committed4 is act%ally
committing or is attempting to commit an
offense
5./ W(en an offense (as ?%st 5een committed
and (e (as pro5a5le ca%se to 5eliee 5ased
on personal @no'ledge of facts or
circ%mstances t(at t(e person to 5e arrested
(as committed it.
c./ W(en t(e person to 5e arrested is a
prisoner '(o (as escaped from a penal
esta5lis(ment or place '(ere (e is sering
final ?%dgment or is temporarily confined '(ile
(is case is pending or (as escaped '(ile 5eing
transferred from one confinement to anot(er
d./ ;ec. 134 !%le 113 8 If a person la'f%lly
arrested escapes or is resc%ed4 any person
may immediately p%rs%e or reta@e (im 'it(o%t
a 'arrant at any time and in any place 'it(in
t(e P(ilippines.
T(ere is a legal gro%nd for detention
.rrest is legal if it is effected 'it( 'arrant of
arrest
T(e person la'f%lly arrested m%st 5e 5ro%g(t
to t(e fiscal for p%rposes of inB%est
T(e fiscal is not a ?%dicial officer so (e cannot
iss%e a 'arrant of arrest or confinement
./ Arresting o##icer C!arles la"#ull
arrested Ace "it!out a "arrant/ S!e "as
1roug!t to 8iscal SasDia &&& %!at i# 8iscal
SasDia did not act on t!e caseC can t!e
arresting o##icer 1e !eld lia1le #or Art/ (2+0
.. :es. 3eca%se t(e fiscal is not a ?%dicial
a%t(ority.
Note: If fiscal did not act on t(e case4 s%e t(e
(im administratiely
6ARTICLE (2E
$ELAYING RELEASE
ARTICLE (25
EF,ULSION
Elements
2. )e eit(er 8
a. e6pels any person from t(e P(ilippines0
or
5. compels a person to c(ange residence0
3. <ffender is not a%t(oriAed to do so 5y la'.
Note= <nly t(e President can order e6p%lsion
ARTICLE (27
4IOLATION O8 $OMICILE
Elements
2. )e is not a%t(oriAed 5y ?%dicial order to enter
t(e d'elling or to ma@e a searc( t(erein for
papers or ot(er effects.
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Entering any d'elling against t(e 'ill of t(e
o'ner t(ereof0
2. ;earc(ing papers or ot(er effects fo%nd
t(erein 'it(o%t t(e preio%s consent of s%c(
o'ner0 or
3. !ef%sing to leae t(e premises4 after (aing
s%rreptitio%sly entered said d'elling and
after (aing 5een reB%ired to leae t(e same
./ %!en it is unla"#ul0
.. Wit(o%t 'ill or consent of t(e occ%pant4
s%rreptitio%sly4 'it( e6press or implied
pro(i5ition
Art/ (27 vs/ Art/ 27:
Art/ (27 Art/ 27:
<ffender is a p%5lic
officer or employee
<ffender is a priate
indiid%al
Notes:
Warrant of arrest ma@es t(e arrest of a person
la'f%l
;earc( 'arrant ma@es t(e entry la'f%l
If 'it( searc( 'arrant 5%t it 'as %sed 'it(
e6cessie a%t(ority or ca%sed %nnecessary
damage or destr%ction4 officers 'ill 5e lia5le
for iolation of domicile
ARTICLE (29
SEARC; %ARRANTS MALICIOUSLY
OATAINE$ AN$ AAUSE IN T;E SER4ICE O8
T;OSE LEGALLY OATAINE$
30
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Proc%ring a searc( 'arrant 'it(o%t ?%st
ca%se0
Elements
a. <ffender is a p%5lic officer or employee0
5. )e proc%res a searc( 'arrant0
c. T(ere is no ?%st ca%se.
2. E6ceeding (is a%t(ority or 5y %sing
%nnecessary seerity in e6ec%ting a searc(
'arrant legally proc%red.
Elements
a. <ffender is a p%5lic officer or employee0
5. )e (as legally proc%red a searc( 'arrant0
c. )e e6ceeds (is a%t(ority or %ses
%nnecessary seerity in e6ec%ting t(e
same.
Notes:
;till lia5le in addition to '(ateer lia5ility
attac(ing to t(e offender for t(e commission
of any ot(er offense
.pplication of searc( 'arrant is made %nder
oat( in t(e co%rt
./ %!at i# t!e 'u1lic o##icer o1tained a
searc! "arrant 1ut made a #alse statement
under oat!C "!at are !is lia1ilities0
.. .rt. 12, D per?%ry -malicio%sly o5tained/
6ARTICLE (>:
SEARC;ING $OMICILE %IT;OUT %ITNESS
6ARTICLES (>(
,RO;IAITIONC INTERRU,TION AN$
$ISSOLUTION O8 ,EACE8UL MEETINGS
6ARTICLE (>2
INTERRU,TION O8 RELIGIOUS %ORS;I,
6ARTICLE (>>
O88EN$ING T;E RELIGIOUS 8EELINGS
CRIMES AGAINST
,UALIC OR$ER
Crimes against 'u1lic order
1. !e5ellion or ins%rrection -.rt. 134/0
2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit re5ellion
-.rt. 13"/0
3. Cisloyalty to p%5lic officers or employees
-.rt. 13&/0
4. Inciting to re5ellion -.rt. 13*/0
5. ;edition -.rt. 13,/0
". Conspiracy to commit sedition -.rt. 141/0
&. Inciting to sedition -.rt. 142/0
*. .cts tending to preent t(e meeting of
Congress and similar 5odies -.rt. 143/0
,. Cist%r5ance of proceedings of Congress or
similar 5odies -.rt. 144/0
11. #iolation of parliamentary imm%nity -.rt.
145/0
11. Illegal assem5lies -.rt. 14"/0
12. Illegal associations -.rt. 14&/0
13. Cirect assa%lts -.rt. 14*/0
14. Indirect assa%lts -.rt. 14,/0
15. Ciso5edience to s%mmons iss%ed 5y
Congress4 its committees4 etc.4 5y t(e
constit%tional commissions4 its committees4
etc. -.rt. 151/0
1". !esistance and diso5edience to a person in
a%t(ority or t(e agents of s%c( person -.rt.
151/0
1&. T%m%lts and ot(er dist%r5ances of p%5lic
order -.rt. 153/0
1*. Enla'f%l %se of means of p%5lication and
%nla'f%l %tterances -.rt. 154/0
1,. .larms and scandals -.rt. 155/0
21. Celiering prisoners from ?ails -.rt. 15"/0
21. Easion of serice of sentence -.rt. 15&/0
22. Easion on occasion of disorders -.rt. 15*/0
23. #iolation of conditional pardon -.rt. 15,/0
24. Commission of anot(er crime d%ring serice
of penalty imposed for anot(er preio%s
offense -.rt. 1"1/.
ARTICLE (>)
REAELLION OR INSURRECTION
,ur'ose: to oert(ro' t(e d%ly constit%ted
goernment
Elements
1. T(ere is a p%5lic %prising and ta@ing arms
against t(e goernment0
2. T(e p%rpose of t(e %prising or moement is
a. to remoe from t(e allegiance to t(e
goernment or its la's P(ilippine
territory or any part t(ereof4 or any 5ody
of land4 naal4 or ot(er armed forces0 or
5. to deprie t(e C(ief E6ec%tie or
Congress4 '(olly or partially4 of any of
t(eir po'ers or prerogaties.
Notes:
.l'ays 'it( p%5lic %prising
If committed for priate p%rpose 'it(o%t any
political reason 8 separate
T(e p%rpose is to oert(ro' t(e goernment
Ciilians 5ac@ed7%p 5y military
Common crimes committed in p%rs%ance of
re5ellion are a5sor5ed in re5ellion -a5sorption
t(eory/. It is a5sor5ed 5eca%se it is part of t(e
commission of re5ellion
Common Crimes "it! Re1ellion:
1. M%rder
2. )omicide
3. P(ysical In?%ries
4. T(eft
illegal possession of firearms 8 if done or %sed
in t(e commission of m%rder or (omicide4 s(all
5e considered as aggraating -it is not treated
separately/ 5%t if %sed in committing anot(er
crime ot(er t(an m%rder or (omicide4
a5sor5ed in re5ellion
;imple illegal possession 8 penalty depending
on t(e cali5er
ARTICLE (>)3A
COU, $< ETAT
Elements
1. <ffender is a person or persons 5elonging to
t(e military or police or (olding any p%5lic
office or employment0
31
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
2. It is committed 5y means of a s'ift attac@
accompanied 5y iolence4 intimidation4
t(reat4 strategy or stealt(0
3. T(e attac@ is directed against t(e d%ly
constit%ted a%t(orities of t(e !ep%5lic of t(e
P(ilippines4 or any military camp or
installation4 comm%nication net'or@s4 p%5lic
%tilities or ot(er facilities needed for t(e
e6ercise and contin%ed possession of po'er0
4. T(e p%rpose of t(e attac@ is to seiAe or
diminis( state po'er.
Re1ellion vs/ Cou' d< etat
Re1ellion Cou' d< etat
1. P%rpose is to
oert(ro' t(e d%ly
constit%ted
goernment
1. P%rpose is not to
oert(ro' 5%t to
diminis( state po'ers
2. .l'ays 'it( p%5lic
%prising
2. 3y iolence4
intimidation or t(reat
3. Persons inoled
are ciilians 5ac@ed
%p 5y military
3. Persons inoled
are military 5ac@ed
%p 5y ciilians
ARTICLE (>E
CONS,IRACY AN$ ,RO,OSAL TO COMMIT
COU, $< ETATC REAELLION OR
INSURRECTION
Conspiracy and proposal to commit re5ellion are
t'o different crimes4 namely=
1. Conspiracy to commit re5ellion0 and
2. Proposal to commit re5ellion.
Cons'irac to commit re1ellion 7 '(en t'o or
more persons come to an agreement to rise
p%5licly and ta@e arms against goernment for
any of t(e p%rposes of re5ellion and decide to
commit it.
6ARTICLE (>5
$ISLOYALTY O8 ,UALIC O88ICERS OR
EM,LOYEES
ARTICLE (>7
INCITING TO REAELLION OR INSURRECTION
Elements
1. <ffender does not ta@e arms or is not in open
(ostility against t(e goernment0
2. )e incites ot(ers to t(e e6ec%tion of any of
t(e acts of re5ellion0
3. T(e inciting is done 5y means of speec(es4
proclamations4 'ritings4 em5lems4 5anners
or ot(er representations tending to t(e same
end.
Inciting 8 %rging t(e people to rise7%p
ARTICLE (>9
SE$ITION
Elements
1. <ffenders rise p%5licly and t%m%lt%o%sly0
2. <ffenders employ force4 intimidation4 or
ot(er means o%tside of legal met(ods0
3. P%rpose is to attain any of t(e follo'ing
o5?ects=
a. To preent t(e prom%lgation or e6ec%tion
of any la' or t(e (olding of any pop%lar
election0
5. To preent t(e national goernment or
any proincial or m%nicipal goernment4
or any p%5lic officer from e6ercising its or
(is f%nctions or preent t(e e6ec%tion of
an administratie order0
c. To inflict any act of (ate or reenge %pon
t(e person or property of any p%5lic
officer or employee0
d. To commit4 for any political or social end4
any act of (ate or reenge against
priate persons or any social classes0
e. To despoil for any political or social end4
any person4 m%nicipality or proince4 or
t(e national goernment of all its
property or any part t(ereof.
Notes:
MemoriAe t(e o5?ects of sedition
;edition 8 creating commotion4 no p%rpose of
oert(ro'ing4 to e6press dissent
May5e for political reasons
P%5lic %prising D o5?ects of sedition F sedition
Common crimes committed are not a5sor5ed
-no a5sorption t(eory/ so t(ey are penaliAed
separately
Re1ellion vs/ Sedition
Re1ellion Sedition
To oert(ro' t(e
goernment G t(ere
m%st 5e ta@ing %p or
arms against t(e
goernment
P%5lic %prising 5%t
not to oert(ro' G
s%fficient t(at t(e
p%5lic %prising 5e
t%m%lt%o%s.
T(e p%rpose is al'ays
political.
P%rpose may 5e
political or social
,ersons lia1le #or sedition under Article
():
1. T(e leader of t(e sedition0 and
2. <t(er person participating in t(e sedition.
ARTICLE ()(
CONS,IRACY TO COMMIT SE$ITION
T(ere m%st 5e an agreement and a decision to
rise p%5licly and t%m%lt%o%sly to attain any of
t(e o5?ects of sedition.
T(ere is no proposal to commit sedition.
ARTICLE ()2
INCITING TO SE$ITION
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Inciting ot(ers to t(e accomplis(ment of any
of t(e acts '(ic( constit%te sedition 5y
means of speec(es4 proclamations4 'ritings4
em5lems4 etc.0
2. Ettering seditio%s 'ords or speec(es '(ic(
tend to dist%r5 t(e p%5lic peace0
3. Writing4 p%5lis(ing4 or circ%lating sc%rrilo%s
li5els against t(e goernment or any of t(e
32
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
d%ly constit%ted a%t(orities t(ereof4 '(ic(
tend to dist%r5 t(e p%5lic peace.
Elements
1. <ffender does not ta@e direct part in
t(e crime of sedition0
2. )e incites ot(ers to t(e
accomplis(ment of any of t(e acts '(ic(
constit%te sedition0
3. Inciting is done 5y means of
speec(es4 proclamations4 'ritings4 em5lems4
cartoons4 5anners4 or ot(er representations
tending to'ards t(e same end.
Rules relative to seditious "ords:
(/ Clear and ,resent $anger Rule 8 t(e
'ords m%st 5e of s%c( nat%re t(at 5y %ttering
t(em t(ere is a danger of a p%5lic %prising and
t(at s%c( danger s(o%ld 5e 5ot( clear and
imminent. T(ere m%st 5e reasona5le gro%nd to
5eliee t(at t(e danger appre(ended is
imminent and t(at t(e eil to 5e preented is a
serio%s one. T(ere m%st 5e pro5a5ility of serio%s
in?%ry to t(e ;tate. Present refers to time
element. T(e danger m%st not only 5e pro5a5le
5%t ery li@ely ineita5le.
2/ $angerous Tendenc Rule 8 if t(e 'ords
%sed tend to create a danger of p%5lic %prising
t(en t(ose 'ords co%ld properly 5e t(e s%5?ect
of a penal cla%se. T(ere is inciting to sedition
'(en t(e 'ords %ttered or p%5lis(ed co%ld easily
prod%ce disaffection among t(e people and a
state of feeling in t(em incompati5le 'it( a
disposition to remain loyal to t(e Goernment
and o5edient to t(e la's.
Note:
!... 1&11 did not repeal all ot(er la's relating to
s%5ersion
6ARTICLE ()>
ACTS TEN$ING TO ,RE4ENT T;E MEETING
O8 T;E CONGRESS O8 T;E ,;ILI,,INES
AN$ SIMILAR AO$IES
6ARTICLE ())
$ISTURAANCE O8 ,ROCEE$INGS
6ARTICLE ()+
4IOLATION O8 ,ARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY
ARTICLE ()E
ILLEGAL ASSEMALIES
Acts 'unis!ed
1. .ny meeting attended 5y armed persons for
t(e p%rpose of committing any of t(e crimes
p%nis(a5le %nder t(e Code0
Elements
a. T(ere is a meeting4 a gat(ering or gro%p
of persons4 '(et(er in fi6ed place or
moing0
5. T(e meeting is attended 5y armed
persons0
c. T(e p%rpose of t(e meeting is to commit
any of t(e crimes p%nis(a5le %nder t(e
Code.
2. .ny meeting in '(ic( t(e a%dience4 '(et(er
armed or not4 is incited to t(e commission of
t(e crime of treason4 re5ellion or
ins%rrection4 sedition4 or assa%lt %pon person
in a%t(ority or (is agents.
Elements
a. T(ere is a meeting4 a gat(ering or gro%p
of persons4 '(et(er in a fi6ed place or
moing0
5. T(e a%dience4 '(et(er armed or not4 is
incited to t(e commission of t(e crime of
treason4 re5ellion or ins%rrection4 sedition
or direct assa%lt.
Notes:
T(ere m%st 5e an assem5ly 8 act%al
assem5lage of persons '(et(er armed or
%narmed
<ffender s(o%ld (ae attended t(e assem5ly
ARTICLE ()5
ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS
Illegal associations
1. .ssociations totally or partially organiAed for
t(e p%rpose of committing any of t(e crimes
p%nis(a5le %nder t(e Code0
2. .ssociations totally or partially organiAed for
some p%rpose contrary to p%5lic morals
,ersons lia1le
1. +o%nders4 directors
and president of t(e association0
2. Mere mem5ers of t(e association.
$ote= It is t(e p%rpose t(at ma@es it illegal
ARTICLE ()7
$IRECT ASSAULT
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Wit(o%t p%5lic %prising4 5y employing force
or intimidation for t(e attainment of any of
t(e p%rposes en%merated in defining t(e
crimes of re5ellion and sedition0
Elements
a. <ffender employs force or intimidation0
5. T(e aim of t(e offender is to attain any of
t(e p%rposes of t(e crime of re5ellion or
any of t(e o5?ects of t(e crime of
sedition0
c. T(ere is no p%5lic %prising.
2. Wit(o%t p%5lic %prising4 5y attac@ing4 5y
employing force or 5y serio%sly intimidating
or 5y serio%sly resisting any person in
a%t(ority or any of (is agents4 '(ile engaged
in t(e performance of official d%ties4 or on
occasion of s%c( performance.
Elements
a. <ffender ma@es an attac@4 employs force4
ma@es a serio%s intimidation4 or ma@es a
serio%s resistance0
5. T(e person assa%lted is a person in
a%t(ority or (is agent0
c. .t t(e time of t(e assa%lt4 t(e person in
a%t(ority or (is agent is engaged in t(e
act%al performance of official d%ties4 or
t(at (e is assa%lted 5y reason of t(e past
performance of official d%ties0
33
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
d. <ffender @no's t(at t(e one (e is
assa%lting is a person in a%t(ority or (is
agent in t(e e6ercise of (is d%ties.
e. T(ere is no p%5lic %prising.
8orms o# $irect Assault:
1. ;(all employ force or intimidation 666
Re1ellion vs/ $irect Assault
Re1ellion $irect Assault
Wit( p%5lic %prising Wit(o%t p%5lic
%prising -1
st
form of
direct assa%lt/
2. ;(all attac@4 employs force4 ma@es a serio%s
intimidation 666
Persons in a%t(ority 8 see .rt. 152
.gent 8 m%st also 5e performing an official
d%ty
Engaged in t(e performance 8 motie is
immaterial so '(ateer is t(e reason of t(e
attac@ or een if it is a priate matter and
not(ing to do 'it( t(e f%nctions of t(e person
<n t(e occasion of s%c( performance or past
performance -m%st proe t(at t(e motie to
assa%lt 'as 5eca%se of past performance/
If not past performance 8 p(ysical in?%ries not
assa%lt
E&am'le
*udge +aye was attacked by an ex,con&ict -.udge
was te one wo sentenced te con&ict/
ARTICLE ()9
IN$IRECT ASSAULT
Elements
1. . person in a%t(ority or (is agent is t(e
ictim of any of t(e forms of direct assa%lt
defined in .rticle 14*0
2. . person comes to t(e aid of s%c(
a%t(ority or (is agent0
3. <ffender ma@es %se of force or
intimidation %pon s%c( person coming to t(e
aid of t(e a%t(ority or (is agent.

Notes:
Can only 5e committed '(en t(ere is direct
assa%lt
T(ere are 3 persons inoled
.gents of persons in a%t(ority 8 '(en t(e
agent is performing (is o'n official d%ty and
not acting as a t(ird person
E&am'le
A teacer -person in autority/ was attacked and
somebody elped te teacer and was also
attacked. "o indirect assault. "ote tat teacers
and professors will apply only to Articles 0(1 and
0#0 only.
6ARTICLE (+:
$ISOAE$IENCE TO SUMMONS ISSUE$ AY
CONGRESSC ITS COMMITTEES OR
SUACOMMITTEESC AY T;E CONSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSIONSC ITS COMMITTEESC
SUACOMMITTEES OR $I4ISIONS
6ARTICLE (+(
RESISTANCE AN$ $ISOAE$IENCE TO A
,ERSON IN AUT;ORITY OR T;E AGENTS O8
SUC; ,ERSON
%!o are deemed 'ersons in aut!orit and
agents o# 'ersons in aut!orit under
Article (+2
Person in a%t(ority 7 one directly ested 'it(
?%risdiction4 t(at is4 t(e po'er and a%t(ority to
goern and e6ec%te t(e la's.
.n agent of a person in a%t(ority is one c(arged
'it(=
-1/ t(e maintenance of p%5lic order and
-2/ t(e protection and sec%rity of life and
property.
E&am'les o# 'ersons in aut!orit
1. M%nicipal mayor0
2. Ciision s%perintendent of
sc(ools0
3. P%5lic and priate sc(ool
teac(ers0
4. Teac(er7n%rse0
5. President of sanitary diision0
". Proincial fiscal0
&. >%stice of t(e Peace0
*. M%nicipal co%ncilor0
,. 3arrio captain and 5arangay
c(airman.
Note:
T(e t(ird paragrap( is not applica5le to indirect
assa%lt 5eca%se it is only for t(e p%rpose of
.rticles 14* and 151. )ence4 '(en a person
comes to t(e aid of a teac(er t(ere is no indirect
assa%lt.
6ARTICLE (+>
TUMULTS AN$ OT;ER $ISTURACANCES O8
,UALIC OR$ER
6ARTICLE (+)
UNLA%8UL USE O8 MEANS O8
,UALICATION AN$ UNLA%8UL UTTERANCES
ARTICLE (++
ALARMS AN$ SCAN$ALS
Acts ,unis!ed
1. Cisc(arging any firearm4 roc@et4 firecrac@er4
or ot(er e6plosie 'it(in any to'n or p%5lic
place4 calc%lated to ca%se -'(ic( prod%ces/
alarm of danger0
2. Instigating or ta@ing an actie part in any
c(ariari or ot(er disorderly meeting
offensie to anot(er or pre?%dicial to p%5lic
tranB%ility0
3. Cist%r5ing t(e p%5lic peace '(ile 'andering
a5o%t at nig(t or '(ile engaged in any ot(er
noct%rnal am%sements0
4. Ca%sing any dist%r5ance or scandal in p%5lic
places '(ile into6icated or ot(er'ise4
proided .rticle 153 in not applica5le.
%!en a 'erson disc!arges a #irearm in
'u1licC t!e act ma constitute an o# t!e
'ossi1le crimes under t!e Revised ,enal
Code:
34
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
-1/ .larms and
scandals if t(e firearm '(en disc(arged
'as not directed to any partic%lar person0
-2/ Illegal disc(arge of firearm %nder .rticle
254 if t(e firearm is directed or pointed
to a partic%lar person '(en disc(arged
5%t intent to @ill is a5sent0
-3/ .ttempted (omicide4 m%rder4 or parricide
if t(e firearm '(en disc(arged is directed
against a person and intent to @ill is
present.
Notes:
Crime against p%5lic order4 (ence4 offender
cannot aail of pro5ation
$ot aimed at any5ody and disc(arged
If aimed and not disc(arged 8 grae t(reats
If aimed -m%st 5e partic%lar/ at someone and
disc(arged 5%t no intent to @ill 8 .rt. 254
-Cisc(arge of firearm/
If directed at someone 'it( intent to @ill and it
'as disc(arged 8 attempted (omicide or
m%rder
Art/ (++ vs/ Art/ 2+) G$isc!arge o# #irearmH
Art/ (++ Art/ 2+)
P%rpose is to scare P%rpose is to s(oot
anot(er. It is aimed H
disc(arged 5%t 'it(
no intent to @ill.
ARTICLE (+E
$ELI4ERING ,RISONERS 8ROM BAIL
Elements
1. T(ere is a person confined in a ?ail or penal
esta5lis(ment0
2. <ffender remoes t(erefrom s%c( person4 or
(elps t(e escape of s%c( person.
Note:
Preentie imprisonment 8 non75aila5le
offense or 'it( 5ail 5%t t(e person (as no
money to 5ail.
Art/ (+E vs/ Art/ (+5
Art/ (+E Art/ (+5
Wit(o%t final
?%dgment
Wit( final ?%dgment.
Coes not coer
detention period.
ARTICLE (+5
E4ASION O8 SER4ICE O8 SENTENCE
Elements
1. <ffender is a conict 5y final ?%dgment0
2. )e is sering sentence '(ic( consists in
t(e depriation of li5erty0
3. )e eades serice of (is sentence 5y
escaping d%ring t(e term of (is
imprisonment.
Notes:
T(ere m%st 5e final ?%dgment.
Coes not apply to detention prisoners.
6ARTICLE (+7
E4ASION O8 SER4ICE O8 SENTENCE ON T;E
OCCASION O8 $ISOR$ERSC
CON8LAGRATIONSC EART;.UA-ES OR
OT;R CALAMITIES
ARTICLE (+9
OT;ER CASES O8 E4ASION O8 SER4ICE O8
SENTENCE
Elements o# violation o# conditional 'ardon
1. <ffender 'as a conict0
2. )e 'as granted pardon 5y t(e C(ief
E6ec%tie0
3. )e iolated any of t(e conditions of s%c(
pardon.
Notes:
#iolation of conditional pardon
T(ere m%st 5e coniction of a ne' crime
5efore it can 5e applica5le
ARTICLE (E:
COMMISSION O8 ANOT;ER CRIME $URING
SER4ICE O8 ,ENALTY IM,OSE$ 8OR
ANOT;ER ,RE4IOUS O88ENSE
Elements
1. <ffender 'as already conicted 5y final
?%dgment of one offense0
2. )e committed a ne' felony 5efore 5eginning
to sere s%c( sentence or '(ile sering t(e
same.
Notes:
I%asi7recidiism
Person after (aing 5een conicted 5y final
?%dgment s(all commit a ne' felony 5efore
5eginning to sere s%c( sentence or '(ile
sering t(e same
T(e penalty for t(e ne' crime in its ma6im%m4
mitigating circ%mstance 'ill not 5e considered
;econd crime m%st 5e a felony
CRIMES AGAINST ,UALIC INTEREST
Crimes against 'u1lic interest
1. Co%nterfeiting t(e great seal of t(e
Goernment of t(e P(ilippines -.rt. 1"1/0
2. Esing forged signat%re or co%nterfeiting seal
or stamp -.rt. 1"2/0
3. Ma@ing and importing and %ttering false
coins -.rt. 1"3/0
4. M%tilation of coins4 importation and %ttering
of m%tilated coins -.rt. 1"4/0
5. ;elling of false or m%tilated coins4 'it(o%t
conniance -.rt. 1"5/0
". +orging treas%ry or 5an@ notes or ot(er
doc%ments paya5le to 5earer4 importing and
%ttering of s%c( false or forged notes and
doc%ments -.rt. 1""/0
&. Co%nterfeiting4 importing and %ttering
instr%ments not paya5le to 5earer -.rt. 1"&/0
*. Illegal possession and %se of forged treas%ry
or 5an@ notes and ot(er instr%ments of credit
-.rt. 1"*/
,. +alsification of legislatie doc%ments -.rt.
1&1/0
11. +alsification 5y p%5lic officer4 employee or
notary -.rt. 1&1/0
35
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
11. +alsification 5y priate indiid%als and %se of
falsified doc%ments -.rt. 1&2/0
12. +alsification of 'ireless4 ca5le4 telegrap( and
telep(one messages and %se of said falsified
messages -.rt. 1&3/0
13. +alse medical certificates4 false certificates of
merit or serice -.rt. 1&4/0
14. Esing false certificates -.rt. 1&5/0
15. Man%fact%ring and possession of instr%ments
or implements for falsification -.rt. 1&"/0
1". Es%rpation of a%t(ority or official f%nctions
-.rt. 1&&/0
1&. Esing fictitio%s name and concealing tr%e
name -.rt. 1&*/0
1*. Illegal %se of %niforms or insignia -.rt. 1&,/0
1,. +alse testimony against a defendant -.rt.
1*1/0
21. +alse testimony faora5le to t(e defendant
-.rt. 1*1/0
21. +alse testimony in ciil cases -.rt. 1*2/0
22. +alse testimony in ot(er cases and per?%ry
-.rt. 1*3/0
23. <ffering false testimony in eidence -.rt.
1*4/0
24. Mac(inations in p%5lic a%ction -.rt. 1*5/0
25. Monopolies and com5inations in restraint of
trade -.rt. 1*"/0
2". Importation and disposition of falsely mar@ed
articles or merc(andise made of gold4 siler4
or ot(er precio%s metals or t(eir alloys -.rt.
1*&/0
2&. ;%5stit%ting and altering trademar@s and
trade names or serice mar@s -.rt. 1**/0
2*. Enfair competition and fra%d%lent
registration of trademar@ or trade name4 or
serice mar@0 fra%d%lent designation of
origin4 and false description -.rt. 1*,/.
6Article (E(
Counter#eiting t!e Great Seal o# t!e
Government o# t!e ,!ili''ine IslandsC
8orging t!e Signature or Stam' o# t!e
C!ie# E&ecutive
6Article (E2
Using 8orged Signature or Counter#eit Seal
or Stam'
6Article (E>
MaDing and Im'orting and Uttering 8alse
Coins
6Article (E)
Mutilation o# Coins
!ed%cing t(e B%ality of coins. !ed%ction of
content.
6Article (E+
Selling o# 8alse or Mutilated CoinC "it!out
Connivance
6Article (EE
8orging Treasur or AanD Notes or Ot!er
$ocuments ,aa1le to AearerI Im'orting
and Uttering Suc! 8alse or 8orged Notes
and $ocuments
Etterance 8 yo% delier or iss%e
6Article (E5
Counter#eitingC Im'ortingC and Uttering
Instruments Not ,aa1le to Aearer
ARTICLE (E7
ILLEGAL ,OSSESSION AN$ USE O8 8ALSE
TREASURY OR AAN- NOTES AN$ OT;ER
INSTRUMENTS O8 CRE$IT
Elements
1. .ny treas%ry or 5an@ note or certificate or
ot(er o5ligation and sec%rity paya5le to
5earer4 or any instr%ment paya5le to order or
ot(er doc%ment of credit not paya5le to
5earer is forged or falsified 5y anot(er
person0
2. <ffender @no's t(at any of t(ose
instr%ments is forged or falsified0
3. )e eit(er 8
a. %ses any of s%c( forged or falsified
instr%ments0 or
5. possesses 'it( intent to %se any of s%c(
forged or falsified instr%ments
Note:
It is not eno%g( t(at yo% ca%g(t (im in
possession 666 ma@e s%re t(at it is falsified
;o" #orger is committed under Article
(E9
1. 3y giing to a treas%ry or 5an@ note or
any instr%ment paya5le to 5earer or to
order mentioned t(erein4 t(e appearance
of a tr%e and gen%ine doc%ment0
2. 3y erasing4 s%5stit%ting4 co%nterfeiting4
or altering 5y any means t(e fig%res4
letters4 'ords4 or sign contained t(erein.
6Article (5:
8alsi#ication o# Legislative $ocuments
ARTICLE (5(
8ALSI8ICATION AY ,UALIC O88ICERC
EM,LOYEE OR NOTARY OR ECCLESIASTICAL
MINISTER
Elements
1. <ffender is a p%5lic officer4 employee4 or
notary p%5lic0
2. )e ta@es adantage of (is official position0
3. )e falsifies a doc%ment 5y committing any of
t(e follo'ing acts=
a. Co%nterfeiting or imitating any
(and'riting4 signat%re or r%5ric0
5. Ca%sing it to appear t(at persons (ae
participated in any act or proceeding
'(en t(ey did not in fact so participate0
c. .ttri5%ting to persons '(o (ae
participated in an act or proceeding
statements ot(er t(an t(ose in fact made
5y t(em0
d. Ma@ing %ntr%t(f%l statements in a
narration of facts0
e. .ltering tr%e dates0
f. Ma@ing any alteration or intercalation in a
gen%ine doc%ment '(ic( c(anges its
meaning0
g. Iss%ing in an a%t(enticated form a
doc%ment p%rporting to 5e a copy of
an original doc%ment '(en no s%c(
36
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
original e6ists4 or incl%ding in s%c( a copy
a statement contrary to4 or different
from4 t(at of t(e gen%ine original0 or
(. Intercalating any instr%ment or note
relatie to t(e iss%ance t(ereof in a
protocol4 registry4 or official 5oo@.
4. In case t(e offender is an ecclesiastical
minister '(o s(all commit any of t(e
offenses en%merated4 'it( respect to any
record or doc%ment of s%c( c(aracter t(at its
falsification may affect t(e ciil stat%s of
persons.
E&am'le 3 No/ > G1H
Deed of 'ale executed by A and B in fa&or of C.
A and B did not really sell te property.
E&am'le J No/ > GgH
Attesting or certifying to te fact tat te
document is genuine. 2aking a false statement
of a document.
E&am'le J No/ > G!H
3mitting words or inserting words. 4olume $
making it &olume #.
Art/ (5( vs/ Art/ (52
Art/ (5( Art/ (52
3ot( refer to falsification
<ffender is a p%5lic
officer4 employee4
notary p%5lic4
ecclesiastical minister
<ffender is a priate
indiid%al
It coers p%5lic
doc%ments
It coers p%5lic or
priate doc%ments
ARTICLE (52
8ALSI8ICATION AY ,RI4ATE IN$I4I$UAL
AN$ USE O8 8ALSI8IE$ $OCUMENTS
Acts 'unis!ed
1. +alsification of p%5lic4 official or commercial
doc%ment 5y a priate indiid%al0
2. +alsification of priate doc%ment 5y any
person0
3. Ese of falsified doc%ment.
Elements under 'aragra'! (
1. <ffender is a priate indiid%al or p%5lic
officer or employee '(o did not ta@e
adantage of (is official position0
2. )e committed any act of falsification0
3. T(e falsification 'as committed in a
p%5lic4 official4 or commercial doc%ment or
letter of e6c(ange.
Elements under 'aragra'! 2
1. <ffender committed any of t(e acts of
falsification e6cept .rticle 1&1-&/4 t(at is4
iss%ing in an a%t(enticated form a
doc%ment p%rporting to 5e a copy of an
original doc%ment '(en no s%c( original
e6ists4 or incl%ding in s%c( a copy a
statement contrary to4 or different from4
t(at of t(e gen%ine original0
2. +alsification 'as committed in any
priate doc%ment0
3. +alsification ca%ses damage to a t(ird
party or at least t(e falsification 'as
committed 'it( intent to ca%se s%c(
damage.
Note:
Intent to ca%se damage is not an element for a
p%5lic doc%ment
Elements under t!e last 'aragra'!
In introd%cing in a ?%dicial proceeding 8
1. <ffender @ne' t(at t(e doc%ment 'as
falsified 5y anot(er person0
2. T(e false doc%ment is in .rticles 1&1 or
1&2 -1 or 2/0
3. )e introd%ced said doc%ment in eidence
in any ?%dicial proceeding.
Notes:
+or possession4 %se or introd%ction
Esta5lis( first t(at t(e doc%ment is
falsified
Per?%ry also contains false
statements. Per?%ry s(o%ld relate to t(e
s%5?ect matter of t(e litigation '(ile
falsification is ma@ing a false statement
'(et(er or not it is material to t(e
inestigation.
If notariAed and made %nder oat( 8
p%5lic doc%ment
Regular Com'le& Crimes:
1. Compo%nd crime
2. Comple6 crime proper 7 one crime is a
necessary means to commit t(e ot(er
crime.
E&am'le
5stafa tru falsification of public document. You
first commit falsification ten estafa -% crimes/.
Please correct page 2, %nder comple6 crime
proper. T(is s(o%ld 5e t(e e6ample.
./ %! is t!ere no com'le& crime o# esta#a
t!ru #alsi#ication o# 'rivate documents0
.. 3eca%se falsification %nder .rt. 1&2 and
estafa (ae t(e same element '(ic( is intent to
ca%se damage. . single element cannot 5e %sed
for 2 crimes. $ote t(at intent to ca%se damage is
not an element of a p%5lic doc%ment.
6Article (5>
8alsi#ication o# %irelessC Ca1leC Telegra'!
and Tele'!one MessagesC and Use o# Said
8alsi#ied Messages
6Article (5)
8alse Medical Certi#icatesC 8alse
Certi#icates o# Merits or ServiceC Etc/
6Article (5+
Using 8alse Certi#icates
6Article (5E
Manu#acturing and ,ossession o#
Instruments or Im'lements #or 8alsi#ication
ARTICLE (55
USUR,ATION O8 AUT;ORITY OR O88ICIAL
8UNCTIONS
Acts 'unis!ed
37
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
1. Es%rpation of a%t(ority0
Elements
a. <ffender @no'ingly and falsely
represents (imself0
5. .s an officer4 agent or representatie of
any department or agency of t(e
P(ilippine goernment or of any foreign
goernment.
2. Es%rpation of official f%nctions.
Elements
a. <ffender performs any act0
5. Pertaining to any person in a%t(ority or
p%5lic officer of t(e P(ilippine
goernment or any foreign goernment4
or any agency t(ereof0
c. Ender pretense of official position0
d. Wit(o%t 5eing la'f%lly entitled to do so.
2 Crimes:
1. Es%rpation of a%t(ority 8 any person '(o
@no'ingly and falsely represent (imself. W(at is
penaliAed is yo%r false representation.
!epresentation is er5al.
E&am'le
Buksan nyo ito pulis ako6 7en te police
committed robbery. -4erbal false
representation/
2. Es%rpation of official f%nctions 8 yo% perform
an act in pretense of an official f%nction.
E&am'le
Akin na ang lisensya mo6 7itiketan kita6 -but you
a&e no autority/
6Article (57
Using 8ictitious Name and Concealing True
Name
P%rpose= to conceal a crime G eade e6ec%tion of
?%dgment or ca%se damage
6Article (59
Illegal Use o# Uni#orms or Insignia
ARTICLE (7:
8ALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST A $E8EN$ANT
Elements
1. T(ere is a criminal proceeding0
2. <ffender testifies falsely %nder oat( against
t(e defendant t(erein0
3. <ffender '(o gies false testimony @no's
t(at it is false.
4. Cefendant against '(om t(e false testimony
is gien is eit(er acB%itted or conicted in a
final ?%dgment.
T!ree #orms o# #alse testimon
1. +alse testimony in criminal cases %nder
.rticle 1*1 and 1*10
2. +alse testimony in ciil case %nder .rticle
1*20
3. +alse testimony in ot(er cases %nder
.rticle 1*3.
ARTICLE (7(
8ALSE TESTIMONY 8A4ORAALE TO T;E
$E8EN$ANT
Elements
1. . person gies false testimony0
2. In faor of t(e defendant0
3. In a criminal case.
ARTICLE (72
8ALSE TESTIMONY IN CI4IL CASES
Elements
1. Testimony gien in a ciil case0
2. Testimony relates to t(e iss%es presented in
said case0
3. Testimony is false0
4. <ffender @no's t(at testimony is false0
5. Testimony is malicio%s and gien 'it( an
intent to affect t(e iss%es presented in said
case.
ARTICLE (7>
8ALSE TESTIMONY IN OT;ER CASES AN$
,ERBURY IN SOLEMN A88IRMATION
Acts 'unis!ed
1. 3y falsely testifying %nder oat(0
2. 3y ma@ing a false affidait.
Elements o# 'erKur
1. <ffender ma@es a statement %nder oat( or
e6ec%tes an affidait %pon a material matter0
2. T(e statement or affidait is made 5efore a
competent officer4 a%t(oriAed to receie and
administer oat(s0
3. <ffender ma@es a 'illf%l and deli5erate
assertion of a false(ood in t(e statement or
affidait0
4. T(e s'orn statement or affidait containing
t(e falsity is reB%ired 5y la'4 t(at is4 it is
made for a legal p%rpose.
T"o Crimes:
1. 8alse testimon in ot!er cases 8
ma@ing %ntr%t(f%l statements
2. ,erKur in solemn a##irmation 8 false
statement material to t(e s%5?ect matter.
$ot simply pertinent to t(e iss%e.
Material matter 8 s%5?ect of inestigation
or resol%tion of an iss%e
Notes:
.pplies to ot(er cases ot(er t(an ciil and
criminal cases
Competent person 8 typing cler@ not incl%ded
Per?%ry 8 t(ere is an e6ec%tion of a s'orn
statement or affidait '(ic( is %ntr%t(f%l and
material to t(e s%5?ect of t(e inB%iry0
deli5erate assertion of false(ood contained in
a s'orn affidait %pon a material matter
5efore a person a%t(oriAed to administer oat(
Entr%t(f%l statements in doc%ments 8
falsification
./ %!at is t!e e##ect i# ou s"ore a
document 1e#ore a t'ing clerD0 Is it
'erKur0
.. $o. 3eca%se a typing cler@ is not a%t(oriAed to
administer oat(
Su1ornation o# 'erKur 8 '(en yo% ind%ced
some5ody to e6ec%te an affidait containing a
38
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
false statement %pon a material matter
-different from pertinent matter/. T(is is not a
crime 5%t t(e one '(o ind%ced s(all 5e lia5le for
per?%ry as principal 5y ind%cement and t(e one
ind%ced for per?%ry as principal 5y direct
participation. $ote= lia5le only '(en conspiracy
is proen.
./ %!at i# t!e 'erson induced e&ecuted t!e
a##idavit0 Is t!e 'erson "!o induced t!e
ot!er lia1le #or su1ornation0
.. T(e person '(o ind%ced t(e ot(er is not
lia5le. T(ere is no s%5ornation of per?%ry. 3%t (e
'ill 5e lia5le for per?%ry 5y ind%cement 5eca%se
t(ere is conspiracy 5et'een t(em.
./ %!at i# t!e 'erson induced re#used to
e&ecute t!e documentC "ill !e 1e !eld
lia1le0
.. $o.
Art/ (7: vs/ Art/ (7( vs/ Art/ (72 vs/ Art/
(7>
Art/
(7:
Art/
(7(
Art/
(72
Art/ (7>
Crimina
l cases
Criminal
Case
<rdinary
ciil
cases
<t(er cases
ot(er t(an
criminal case
and ordinary
ciil cases E6.
special
proceedings 8
(ospitaliAation
of insane
person
.gainst
t(e
defen7
dant
In faor
of t(e
defen7
dant
6ArtIcle (7)
O##ering 8alse Testimon in Evidence
ARTICLE (7+
MAC;INATIONS IN ,UALIC AUCTIONS
,ur'oses:
1. To ca%se t(e red%ction of t(e price of t(e
t(ing a%ctioned.
2. To preent 5idders to ta@e part in t(e a%ction.
Acts 'unis!a1le:
1. 3y soliciting any gift or promise as a
consideration for refraining from ta@ing part in
any p%5lic a%ction
2. 3y attempting to ca%se 5idders to stay a'ay
from an a%ction 5y t(reats4 gifts4 promises or
any ot(er artifice.
Elements o# soliciting gi#t or 'romise:
1. T(at t(ere 5e a p%5lic a%ction.
2. T(at t(e acc%sed solicited any gift or a
promise from any of t(e 5idders
3. T(at s%c( gift or promise 'as t(e
consideration for (is refraining from ta@ing part
in t(e p%5lic a%ction.
4. T(at t(e acc%sed (ad t(e intent to ca%se t(e
red%ction of t(e price of t(e t(ing a%ctioned.
Elements of attempting to ca%se 5idders to stay
a'ay=
1. T(at t(ere 5e a p%5lic a%ction
2. T(at t(e acc%sed attempted to ca%se t(e
5idders to stay a'ay from t(at p%5lic a%ction
3. T(at it 'as done 5y t(reats4 gifts4 promises or
any ot(er artifice
4. T(at t(e acc%sed (ad t(e intent to ca%se t(e
red%ction of t(e price of t(e t(ing a%ctioned.
E&am'le
7ere is a public auction and you treaten te
oter bidder so e will not participate in te
auction.
ARTICLE (7E
MONO,OLIES AN$ COMAINATIONS IN
RESTRAIN O8 TRA$E
Acts 'unis!ed:
1. Com5ination to preent free competition in
t(e mar@et.
2. Monopoly to restrain free competition in t(e
mar@et.
3. Man%fact%rer4 prod%cer4 or processor or
importer com5ining4 conspiring or agreeing 'it(
any person to ma@e transactions pre?%dicial to
la'f%l commerce or to increase t(e mar@et price
of merc(andise.
Mono'ol 8 controlling one ind%stry in restraint
of trade.
Com1ination 8 ?oin forces to e6cl%de ot(ers in
restraint of trade.
E&am'le
You try to control one business or industry. "ote
tat te mere monopoly is not penali)ed but
tere sould be monopoly in restraint of trade.
6Article (75
Im'ortation and dis'osition o# #alsel
marDed articles or merc!andise made o#
goldC silverC or ot!er 'recious metals or
t!eir allos
6Article (77
Su1stituting and altering trademarDsC
trade names or service marDs/
6Article (79
Un#air com'etitionC #raudulent registration
o# trade nameC trademarD or service marDC
#raudulent designation o# origin and #alse
descri'tion
.rticles 1** and 1*, are coered 5y t(e
Intellect%al Property Code.
Articles (9:C (9(C (92 and (9> "ere
re'ealed 1 R/A/ 9(E+ Dno"n as t!e
Com're!ensive $angerous $rugs Act o#
2::2
CRIMES AGAINST ,UALIC MORALS
1. Gam5ling -.rt. 1,5
2. Importation4 sale and possession of lottery
tic@ets or adertisements -.rt. 1,"/
3. 3etting in sport contests -.rt. 1,&/
39
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
4. Illegal 5etting on (orse races -.rt. 1,*/
5. Illegal coc@fig(ting -.rt. 1,,/
". Grae scandal -.rt. 211/
&. Immoral doctrines4 o5scene p%5lications and
e6(i5itions -.rt. 211/
*. #agrancy and prostit%tion -.rt. 212/
6Note: T!e 'rovisions o# Article (9+3(99 as
"ell as t!ose o# ,$ )7> and ))9C "!ic! are
inconsistent "it! ,$ (E:2 are re'ealed
ARTICLE 2::
GRA4E SCAN$AL
Elements:
1. T(at t(e offender performs an act or acts
2. T(at s%c( act or acts 5e (ig(ly scandalo%s as
offending against decency or good c%stoms
3. T(at t(e (ig(ly scandalo%s cond%ct is not
e6pressly falling 'it(in any ot(er article of t(is
Code.
4. T(at t(e act or acts complained of 5e
committed in a p%5lic place or 'it(in t(e p%5lic
@no'ledge or ie'.
Grave Scandal 8 consists of acts '(ic( are
offensie to decency and good c%stoms '(ic(
(aing 5een committed p%5licly4 (ae gien rise
to p%5lic scandal to persons '(o (ae
accidentally 'itnessed t(e same.
ARTICLE 2:(
IMMORAL $OCTRINESC OASCENE
,UALICATIONS AN$ EF;IAITIONS AN$
IN$ECENT S;O%S
T(is offense in any of t(e forms mentioned in t(e
article is committed only '(en t(ere is p%5licity.
ARTICLE 2:2
4AGRANTS AN$ ,ROSTITUTES
4agrants must 1e eit!er J
1. .n idle or dissol%te person '(o lodges in
(o%ses of ill7fame
2. !%ffian or pimp
3. <ne '(o (a5it%ally associates 'it( prostit%tes
./ %!o are 'rostitutes0
.. . 'oman is a prostit%te '(en=
1. ;(e (a5it%ally ind%lges in
a./ se6%al interco%rse or
5./ lasciio%s cond%ct
2. for money or for profit
CRIMES COMMITTE$ AY
,UALIC O88ICERS
1. Jno'ingly rendering %n?%st ?%dgment -.rt. 214/0
2. >%dgment rendered t(ro%g( negligence -.rt.
215/0
3. En?%st interloc%tory order -.rt. 21"/0
4. Malicio%s delay in t(e administration of ?%stice
-.rt. 21&/0
5. Prosec%tion of offenses0 negligence and
tolerance -.rt. 21*/0
". 3etrayal of tr%st 5y an attorney or solicitor 8
!eelation of secrets -.rt. 21,/0
&. Cirect 5ri5ery -.rt. 211/0
*. Indirect 5ri5ery -.rt. 211/0
,. I%alified 5ri5ery -.rt. 2117./0
11. Corr%ption of p%5lic officials -.rt. 212/0
11. +ra%ds against t(e p%5lic treas%ry and similar
offenses -.rt. 213/0
12. <t(er fra%ds -.rt. 214/0
13. Pro(i5ited transactions -.rt. 215/0
14. Possession of pro(i5ited interest 5y a p%5lic
officer -.rt. 21"/0
15. Malersation of p%5lic f%nds or property 8
Pres%mption of malersation -.rt. 21&/
1". +ail%re of acco%nta5le officer to render acco%nts
-.rt. 21*/0
1&. +ail%re of a responsi5le p%5lic officer to render
acco%nts 5efore leaing t(e co%ntry -.rt. 21,/0
1*. Illegal %se of p%5lic f%nds or property
-.rt. 221/0
1,. +ail%re to ma@e deliery of p%5lic f%nds or
property -.rt. 221/0
21. Conniing 'it( or consenting to easion -.rt.
223/0
21. Easion t(ro%g( negligence -.rt. 224/0
22. Escape of prisoner %nder t(e c%stody of a person
not a p%5lic officer -.rt. 225/0
23. !emoal4 concealment or destr%ction of
doc%ments -.rt. 22"/0
24. <fficer 5rea@ing seal -.rt. 22&/0
25. <pening of closed doc%ments -.rt. 22*/0
2". !eelation of secrets 5y an officer -.rt. 22,/0
2&. P%5lic officer reealing secrets of priate
indiid%al -.rt. 231/0
2*. <pen diso5edience -.rt. 231/0
2,. Ciso5edience to order of s%perior officer '(en
said order 'as s%spended 5y inferior officer -.rt.
232/0
31. !ef%sal of assistance -.rt. 233/0
31. !ef%sal to disc(arge electie office -.rt. 234/0
32. Maltreatment of prisoners -.rt. 235/0
33. .nticipation of d%ties of a p%5lic office -.rt. 23"/0
34. Prolonging performance of d%ties and po'ers
-.rt. 23&/0
35. .5andonment of office or position -.rt. 23*/0
3". Es%rpation of legislatie po'ers -.rt. 23,/0
3&. Es%rpation of e6ec%tie f%nctions -.rt. 241/0
3*. Es%rpation of ?%dicial f%nctions -.rt. 241/0
3,. Ciso5eying reB%est for disB%alification -.rt. 242/0
41. <rders or reB%ests 5y e6ec%tie officers to any
?%dicial a%t(ority -.rt. 243/0
41. Enla'f%l appointments -.rt. 244/0 and
42. .5%ses against c(astity -.rt. 245/.
Re*usites to 1e a 'u1lic o##icer under
Article 2:>
1. Ta@ing part in t(e performance of
p%5lic f%nctions in t(e goernment0
or
Performing in said goernment or in any of
its 5ranc(es p%5lic d%ties as an employee4
agent or s%5ordinate official4 or any ran@ or
class0
2. )is a%t(ority to ta@e part in t(e performance
of p%5lic f%nctions or to perform p%5lic d%ties
m%st 5e 8
a. 3y direct proision of t(e la'0
5. 3y pop%lar election0 or
40
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
c. 3y appointment 5y competent a%t(ority.
ARTICLE 2:)
-NO%INGLY REN$ERING UNBUST
BU$GMENT
Elements
1. <ffender is a ?%dge0
2. )e renders a ?%dgment in a case s%5mitted
to (im for decision0
3. >%dgment is %n?%st0
4. T(e ?%dge @no's t(at (is ?%dgment is %n?%st.
$otes=
.rticles 214 8 21& are committed 5y ?%dges of
trial co%rts and not ?%dges of C.4 ;C and
;andigan5ayan
to correct errors of ?%dgment appeal
simple error in ?%dgment is not penaliAed
5eca%se t(ere is appeal
ARTICLE 2:+
BU$GMENT REN$ERE$ T;ROUG;
NEGLIGENCE
Elements
2. )e renders a ?%dgment in a case s%5mitted
to (im for decision0
3. T(e ?%dgment is manifestly %n?%st0
4. It is d%e to (is ine6c%sa5le negligence or
ignorance.
ARTICLE 2:E
UNBUST INTERLOCUTORY OR$ER
Elements
2. )e performs any of t(e follo'ing acts=
a. Jno'ingly rendering an %n?%st
interloc%tory order or decree0 or
5. !endering a manifestly %n?%st
interloc%tory order or decree t(ro%g(
ine6c%sa5le negligence or ignorance.
Note:
= Interloc%tory order is made d%ring t(e
pendency of action -5%t it is not final/
ARTICLE 2:5
MALICIOUS $ELAY IN A$MINISTRATION O8
BUSTICE
Elements
2. T(ere is a proceeding in (is co%rt0
3. )e delays in t(e administration of ?%stice0
4. T(e delay is malicio%s4 t(at is4 'it(
deli5erate intent to inflict damage on eit(er
party in t(e case.
Note:
E6ceeding ,1 days and it s(o%ld 5e malicio%s
-t(ere s(o%ld 5e malicio%s intent/
6Article 2:7/ ,rosecution o# O##ensesI
Negligence and Tolerance
6Article 2:9/ Aetraal o# Trust 1 An
Attorne or Solicitor J Revelation o#
Secrets
.!TIC9E 211
CI!ECT 3!I3E!:
Acts 'unis!ed
1. .greeing to perform4 or performing4 in
consideration of any offer4 promise4 gift or
present 8 an act constit%ting a crime4 in
connection 'it( t(e performance of (is
official d%ties0
2. .ccepting a gift in consideration of t(e
e6ec%tion of an act '(ic( does not constit%te
a crime4 in connection 'it( t(e performance
of (is official d%ty0
3. .greeing to refrain4 or 5y refraining4 from
doing somet(ing '(ic( it is (is official d%ty
to do4 in consideration of gift or promise.
Elements
1. <ffender is a p%5lic officer 'it(in t(e scope
of .rticle 2130
2. <ffender accepts an offer or a promise or
receies a gift or present 5y (imself or
t(ro%g( anot(er0
3. ;%c( offer or promise 5e accepted4 or gift or
present receied 5y t(e p%5lic officer 8
a. Wit( a ie' to committing some
crime0 or
5. In consideration of t(e e6ec%tion
of an act '(ic( does not constit%te a
crime4 5%t t(e act m%st 5e %n?%st0 or
c. To refrain from doing somet(ing
'(ic( it is (is official d%ty to do.
4. T(e act '(ic( offender agrees to perform or
'(ic( (e e6ec%tes 5e connected 'it( t(e
performance of (is official d%ties.
-inds o# Ari1er:
1. Cirect
2. Indirect
3. I%alified
8orms o# $irect Ari1er
1. In consideration of a price -agrees only or
agrees to perform an act/ 8 accepting
consideration and act%ally performed t(e
d%ty
2. Mere agreement 'it(o%t accepting t(e
consideration
3. .ccepted t(e consideration and (e
refrains from doing (is official d%ty
-5eca%se t(ere is a consideration/
Note:
$o fr%strated 5ri5ery. <nly attempted and
cons%mmated.
ARTICLE 2((
IN$IRECT ARIAERY
Elements
1. <ffender is a p%5lic officer0
2. )e accepts gifts0
3. T(e gifts are offered to (im 5y reason of (is
office.
41
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
Notes:
)e accepts t(e gift offered to (im and (e is
not as@ed to refrain from doing (is official d%ty
In anticipation of f%t%re faors
O T(e offender m%st perform an act to s(o'
t(at (e is t(e o'ner of t(e gift
O T(e p%5lic officer need not do anyt(ing 5%t it
simply gien a gift and accepted it 5y reason of
(is office
MendoLa Case
+acts= T(e teac(er 'as arrested t(ro%g(
entrapment -inaa5ot pa lang y%ng enelope
tapos inaresto/
)eld= T(at is not indirect 5ri5ery 5eca%se t(e
teac(er did not intend to o'n t(e money
^Pag ina5ot tapos nilagay sa 5ag t(en it is
indirect 5ri5ery
ARTICLE 2((3A
.UALI8IE$ ARIAERY
Elements
1. <ffender is a p%5lic officer entr%sted 'it( la'
enforcement0
2. )e refrains from arresting or prosec%ting an
offender '(o (as committed a crime0
3. <ffender (as committed a crime p%nis(a5le
5y recl%sion perpet%a andGor deat(0
4. <ffender refrains from arresting or
prosec%ting in consideration of any offer4
promise4 gift4 or present.
La" En#orcement 8 police officer or fiscal
Notes:
If (e as@s or demands for a gift4 t(e penalty is
deat(
6Article 2(2
Corru'tion o# ,u1lic O##icials
6Article 2(>
8rauds Against t!e ,u1lic Treasur and
Similar O##enses
6Article 2()
Ot!er 8rauds
6Article 2(+
,ro!i1ited Transactions
6Article 2(E
,ossession o# ,ro!i1ited Interest A A
,u1lic O##icer
ARTICLE 2(5
MAL4ERSATION O8 ,UALIC 8UN$S OR
,RO,ERTY J ,RESUM,TION O8
MAL4ERSATION
Acts 'unis!ed
1. .ppropriating p%5lic f%nds or property0
2. Ta@ing or misappropriating t(e same0
3. Consenting4 or t(ro%g( a5andonment or
negligence4 permitting any ot(er person to
ta@e s%c( p%5lic f%nds or property0 and
4. 3eing ot(er'ise g%ilty of t(e
misappropriation or malersation of s%c(
f%nds or property.
Elements common to all acts o#
malversation under Article 2(5
2. )e (ad t(e c%stody or control of f%nds or
property 5y reason of t(e d%ties of (is office0
3. T(ose f%nds or property 'ere p%5lic f%nds or
property for '(ic( (e 'as acco%nta5le0
4. )e appropriated4 too@4 misappropriated or
consented or4 t(ro%g( a5andonment or
negligence4 permitted anot(er person to ta@e
t(em.
Malversation 8 committed 5y p%5lic officer
P%5lic f%nds or properties entr%sted to a p%5lic
<fficer '(o is acco%nta5le for s%c( p%5lic f%nds
and (e %sed it for personal %se
Notes:
In estafa t(ere is a5%se of confidence and it is
5y
means of deceit
Malersation in relation to estafa 8 see .rt.
315
paragrap( 1 -somet(ing is gien in tr%st to
some5ody/
.5%se of tr%st and confidence are 5ot(
present in
malersation and estafa
.rts. 21& and 315 8 no transfer of o'ners(ip
-only p(ysical and ?%ridical possession/
Circ%mstantial Eidence 8 if (e cannot ret%rn
or t(e f%nd entr%sted %pon demand4 t(e
pres%mption is t(at it 'as for personal
p%rposeGs. T(e pres%mption arises '(en t(ere is
no do%5t at all t(at t(e f%nd or property s(o%ld
5e in t(e possession of t(e p%5lic officer and
t(at said f%nd 'as not %tiliAed 5y t(e
goernment for any ot(er p%rpose. W(en t(ere
is a need to a%dit4 t(e pres%mption 'ill arise
once t(e a%dit is complete. It m%st 5e t(oro%g(.

Malversation vs/ Esta#a
M 8 p%5lic officer is acco%nta5le
E 8 offender is a priate indiid%al
./ Can a 'rivate individual commit
malversation0 Solel0
.. :es. 3%t not solely
If (e acted in conspiracy 'it( a p%5lic officer
in
t(e misappropriation of p%5lic f%nds -.rt. 222/
5%t priate indiid%al cannot 5e (eld lia5le alone
3enefited from t(e misappropriation
Malersation may 5e committed 5y a priate
person '(o 'as constit%ted a c%stodian of
property placed %nder c%todia legis '(ic( gies
it t(e c(aracter if p%5lic property acco%nta5ility
of t(e goernment.
6Article 2(7
8ailure o# Accounta1le O##icer to Render
Accounts
6Article 2(9
42
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
8ailure o# A Res'onsi1le ,u1lic O##icer to
Render Accounts 1e#ore Leaving t!e
Countr
ARTICLE 22:
ILLEGAL USE O8 ,UALIC 8UN$S OR
,RO,ERTY
Elements
2. T(ere are p%5lic f%nds or property %nder (is
administration0
3. ;%c( f%nd or property 'ere appropriated 5y
la' or ordinance0
4. )e applies s%c( p%5lic f%nd or property to
any p%5lic %se ot(er t(an for '(ic( it 'as
appropriated for.
Conce't: In malersation t(e p%5lic officer
5enefits 5y misappropriating t(e p%5lic f%nds
5%t in tec(nical malersation t(e p%5lic officer
does not 5enefit. .ny p%5lic officer '(o s(all
apply any p%5lic f%nds or property %nder (is
administration to any p%5lic %se ot(er t(an t(at
for '(ic( s%c( f%nds or property 'ere
appropriated 5y la's or ordinances.
Notes:
O T(is article is also @no'n as tec(nical
malersation
O $o personal 5enefit on t(e part of t(e p%5lic
officer
O Camage is not an element
O If f%nds 'ere not yet appropriated 5y la' or
ordinance 7 'as applied to a p%5lic p%rpose 5y
t(e c%stodian4 t(e crime is plain and simple
malersation4 not tec(nical malersation.
O If t(e f%nds (ad 5een appropriated for a
partic%lar p%5lic p%rpose4 5%t t(e same 'as
applied to priate p%rpose4 t(e crime committed
is simple malersation only
O In tec(nical malersation t(e f%nd or property
is allotted 5y specific la'
E&am'le
A fund according to a law or ordinance was
allotted to a 8D9 pro.ect but te public officer
used it for 859 pro.ect.
./ Ma tec!nical malversation 1e
committed 1 a 'rivate individual0
.. :es
ARTICLE 22>
CONNI4ING %IT; OR CONSENTING TO
E4ASION
Elements
2. )e (ad in (is c%stody or c(arge a
prisoner4 eit(er detention prisoner or
prisoner 5y final ?%dgment0
3. ;%c( prisoner escaped from (is
c%stody0
4. )e 'as in conniance 'it( t(e
prisoner in t(e latterKs escape.
Notes
- Es%ally committed 5y t(e ?ail 'arden
- T(is is 5etrayal of o5ligation
ARTICLE 22)
E4ASION T;ROUG; NEGLIGENCE
Elements
2. )e is c(arged 'it( t(e coneyance or
c%stody of a prisoner or prisoner 5y final
?%dgment0
3. ;%c( prisoner escapes t(ro%g(
negligence.
Notes
Es%ally committed 5y a ?ail 'arden
In t(is article t(e prisoner escapes 5%t it is
not 'it(in t(e @no'ledge or consent of t(e
p%5lic officer
$egligence m%st 5e proed. T(ere m%st 5e
total lac@ of performance of (is o5ligation
E&am'le
:erard -a prisoner/ asked te permission of
.ail warden ;ristoff tat e will go to te
comfort room. *ail warden ;ristoff
accompanied :erard and cecked te
former cecked te comfort room if tere
are possible exit points and waited outside.
After few minutes ;ristoff found out tat
:erard escaped. *ail <arden ;ristoff cannot
be eld liable under Article %%( because
tere was no negligence on is part.
6Article 22+
Esca'e o# ,risoner under t!e Custod o# a
,erson not a ,u1lic O##icer
6Article 22E
RemovalC ConcealmentC or $estruction o#
$ocuments
6Article 225
O##icer AreaDing Seal
6Article 227
O'ening o# Closed $ocuments
6Article 229
Revelation o# Secrets 1 An O##icer
6Article 2>:
,u1lic O##icer Revealing Secrets o# ,rivate
individual
6Article 2>(
O'en $iso1edience
6Article 2>2
$iso1edience to Order o# Su'erior O##icer
%!en Said Order %as Sus'ended 1
In#erior O##icer
6Article 2>>
Re#usal o# Assistance
6Article 2>)
Re#usal to $isc!arge Elective O##ice
43
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
ARTICLE 2>+
M.9T!E.TME$T <+ P!I;<$E!;
Elements
2. )e (as %nder (is c(arge a prisoner or
detention prisoner0
3. )e maltreats s%c( prisoner in eit(er of t(e
follo'ing manners=
a. 3y oerdoing (imself in t(e correction or
(andling of a prisoner or detention
prisoner %nder (is c(arge eit(er 8
-1/ 3y t(e imposition of p%nis(ment not
a%t(oriAed 5y t(e reg%lations0
-2/ 3y inflicting s%c( p%nis(ments -t(ose
a%t(oriAed/ in a cr%el and (%miliating
manner0 or
5. 3y maltreating s%c( prisoners to e6tort a
confession or to o5tain some information
from t(e prisoner.
Notes:
+ T(is is in addition to (is lia5ility for t(e
p(ysical in?%ries or damage ca%sed. LIn additionM
means t(at (e 'ill 5e lia5le for anot(er crime
connected to .rt. 235.
E&am'le
=e burned te tings of te prisoners Art. %$#
> Arson
+ W(at is penaliAed is t(e cond%ct of t(e p%5lic
officer in (andling t(e prisoners.
E&am'le
?sing &iolence to correct te bea&ior of te
prisoner
./ %!at i# t!e 'risoner is unrulC so t!e
'u1lic o##icer s!ot t!e 'risoner 1ecause !e
cannot !andle t!e 'risoner/ T!e 'risoner
died/ Is t!e 'u1lic o##icer lia1le #or Art/
2>+0
.. $o. T(e p%5lic officer 'ill 5e lia5le for m%rder
or (omicide 5eca%se intent to @ill is not an
element of .rt. 235
6Article 2>E
Antici'ation o# $uties o# A ,u1lic O##ice
6Article 2>5
,rolonging ,er#ormance o# $uties and
,o"ers
6Article 2>7
A1andonment o# O##ice or ,osition
6Article 2>9
Usur'ation o# Legislative ,o"ers
6Article 2):
Usur'ation o# E&ecutive 8unctions
6Article 2)(
Usur'ation o# Budicial 8unctions
6Article 2)2
$iso1eing Re*uest #or $is*uali#ication
6Article 2)>
Orders or Re*uest 1 E&ecutive O##icers to
An Budicial Aut!orit
6Article 2))
Unla"#ul A''ointments
ARTICLE 2)+
AAUSES AGAINST C;ASTITY
Acts 'unis!ed
1. ;oliciting or ma@ing immoral or indecent
adances to a 'oman interested in matters
pending 5efore t(e offending officer for
decision4 or 'it( respect to '(ic( (e is
reB%ired to s%5mit a report to or cons%lt 'it(
a s%perior officer0
adances to a 'oman %nder t(e offenderKs
c%stody0
adances to t(e 'ife4 da%g(ter4 sister or
relatie 'it(in t(e same degree 5y affinity of
any person in t(e c%stody of t(e offending
'arden or officer.
Elements:
2. )e solicits or ma@es immoral or indecent
adances to a 'oman0
3. ;%c( 'oman is 8
a. interested in matters pending 5efore t(e
offender for decision4 or 'it( respect to
'(ic( (e is reB%ired to s%5mit a report to
or cons%lt 'it( a s%perior officer0 or
5. %nder t(e c%stody of t(e offender '(o is
a 'arden or ot(er p%5lic officer directly
c(arged 'it( t(e care and c%stody of
prisoners or persons %nder arrest0 or
c. t(e 'ife4 da%g(ter4 sister or relatie
'it(in t(e same degree 5y affinity of t(e
person in t(e c%stody of t(e offender.
Notes:
In relation to ;e6%al )arassment .ct 8 'or@
area G sc(ool.
<ffender ta@es adantage of (is position in
order to solicit or ma@e immoral or indecent
adances
Mere solicitation cons%mmates t(e act
CRIMES AGAINST ,ERSONS
1. Parricide -.rt. 24"/0
2. M%rder -.rt. 24*/0
3. )omicide -.rt. 24,/0
4. Ceat( ca%sed in a t%m%lt%o%s affray -.rt.
251/0
5. P(ysical in?%ries inflicted in a t%m%lt%o%s
affray -.rt. 252/0
". Giing assistance to s%icide -.rt. 253/0
&. Cisc(arge of firearms -.rt. 254/0
*. Infanticide -.rt. 255/0
,. Intentional a5ortion -.rt. 25"/0
11. Enintentional a5ortion -.rt. 25&/0
11. .5ortion practiced 5y t(e 'oman (erself or
5y (er parents -.rt. 25*/0
44
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
12. .5ortion practiced 5y a p(ysician or mid'ife
and dispensing of a5orties -.rt. 25,/0
13. C%el -.rt. 2"1/0
14. C(allenging to a d%el -.rt. 2"1/0
15. M%tilation -.rt. 2"2/0
1". ;erio%s p(ysical in?%ries -.rt. 2"3/0
1&. .dministering in?%rio%s s%5stances or
5eerages -.rt. 2"4/0
1*. 9ess serio%s p(ysical in?%ries -.rt. 2"5/0
1,. ;lig(t p(ysical in?%ries and maltreatment
-.rt. 2""/0 and
21. !ape -.rt. 2""7./.
ARTICLE 2)E
,ARRICI$E
Elements
1. . person is @illed0
2. T(e deceased is @illed 5y t(e acc%sed0
3. T(e deceased is t(e fat(er4 mot(er4 or c(ild4
'(et(er legitimate or illegitimate4 or a
legitimate ot(er ascendant or ot(er
descendant4 or t(e legitimate spo%se4 of t(e
acc%sed.
Notes:
q +at(er G mot(er G c(ild 8 legitimate or
illegitimate
q .scendants G descendants G spo%se 7
legitimate
q If t(e ascendants4 descendants or spo%se is
illegitimate 8 (omicide or m%rder
q 9egitimacy of marriage is determined if it is
%nder t(e Ciil 9a' or Code of M%slim and
Personal 9a's for M%slims
./ ;o" a1out a Muslim J muslims are
allo"ed to !ave #our "ivesC i# t!e Muslim
Dills !is #irst "i#e0
.. Parricide
./ %!at i# t!e Muslim contracts marriages
under t!e Code o# Muslim and ,ersonal
La"s and Dills !is 2
nd
to )
t!
"i#e0
.. 4 co%nts of parricide. -Please c(ec@ 8 5eca%se
t(e ;%preme Co%rt r%led t(at M%slim (%s5ands
'it( seeral 'ies can 5e conicted of parricide
only in case t(e first 'ife is @illed. T(ere is no
parricide if t(e ot(er 'ies are @illed alt(o%g(
t(eir marriage is recogniAed as alid. T(is is so
5eca%se a Cat(olic man can commit t(e crime
only once. If a M%slim (%s5and co%ld commit
t(is crime more t(an once4 in effect4 (e is 5eing
p%nis(ed for t(e marriage '(ic( t(e la' itself
a%t(oriAed (im to contract/
ARTICLE 2)5
$EAT; OR ,;YSICAL INBURIES IN8LICTE$
UN$ER EFCE,TIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Elements
1. . legally married person4 or a parent4
s%rprises (is spo%se or (is da%g(ter4 t(e
latter %nder 1* years of age and liing 'it(
(im4 in t(e act of committing se6%al
interco%rse 'it( anot(er person0
2. )e or s(e @ills any or 5ot( of t(em4 or inflicts
%pon any or 5ot( of t(em any serio%s
p(ysical in?%ry in t(e act or immediately
t(ereafter0
3. )e (as not promoted or facilitated t(e
prostit%tion of (is 'ife or da%g(ter4 or t(at
(e or s(e (as not consented to t(e infidelity
of t(e ot(er spo%se.
T"o stages contem'lated 1e#ore t!e article
"ill a''l:
-1/ W(en t(e offender s%rprised t(e ot(er
spo%se 'it( a paramo%r or mistress. T(e
attac@ m%st ta@e place '(ile t(e se6%al
interco%rse is going on. If t(e s%rprise
'as 5efore or after t(e interco%rse4 no
matter (o' immediate it may 5e4 .rticle
24& does not apply. T(e offender in t(is
sit%ation only gets t(e 5enefit of a
mitigating circ%mstance4 t(at is4
s%fficient proocation immediately
preceding t(e act.
-2/ W(en t(e offender @ills or inflicts serio%s
p(ysical in?%ry %pon t(e ot(er spo%se
andGor paramo%r '(ile in t(e act of
interco%rse4 or immediately t(ereafter4
t(at is4 after s%rprising.
Notes:
9egally married 8 legitimate spo%se
Penalty= destiero only 5eca%se of t(e
circ%mstance of act%al se6%al interco%rse
Jill t(em '(ile t(ey are doing it or @ill t(em
immediately t(ereafter
Een if (e @illed (is first spo%se after 1 (o%r.
T(e interal of time is allo'ed for as long as it
can 5e proed t(at t(e p(ysical in?%ries or @illing
is t(e 5y 7 prod%ct or res%lt of t(e o%trage felt 5y
t(e spo%se in discoering t(e infidelity of t(e
ot(er spo%se.
.rt. 24& is not a license to commit any ot(er
crime ot(er t(an t(ose contemplated in .rt. 24&.
./ M #inds !is "i#e !aving se&ual
intercourse "it! F/ M 1urned t!e !ouse o#
F/ Can M invoDe Art/ 2)50
.. $o. 5eca%se '(at is contemplated in .rt. 24&
is m%rder or p(ysical in?%ries and not arson.
./ B sa" !is "i#e !aving se&ual intercourse
"it! R 1ut B<s "i#e is struggling
?'uma'alag@/ B Dilled !is "i#e/ Can B invoDe
Art/ 2)50
.. $o. 5eca%se %nder .rt. 24& t(e se6%al
interco%rse s(o%ld 5e consens%al. > committed
parricide.
./ %!at i# B Dilled R insteadC can B invoDe
Art/ 2)50
.. $o. It may 5e treated as a ?%stifying
circ%mstance 8 defense of relaties or defense of
stranger if common la' spo%se.
.!TIC9E 24*
ME!CE!
Elements
. person 'as @illed0
.cc%sed @illed (im0
45
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
T(e @illing 'as attended 5y any of t(e follo'ing
B%alifying circ%mstances 8
Wit( treac(ery4 ta@ing adantage of s%perior
strengt(4 'it( t(e aid or armed men4 or
employing means to 'a@en t(e defense4 or of
means or persons to ins%re or afford imp%nity0
5. In consideration of a price4 re'ard or
promise0
c. 3y means of in%ndation4 fire4 poison4
e6plosion4 s(ip'rec@4 stranding of a
essel4 derailment or assa%lt %pon a
railroad4 fall of an airs(ip4 5y means of
motor e(icles4 or 'it( t(e %se of any
ot(er means inoling great 'aste and
r%in0
d. <n occasion of any of t(e calamities
en%merated in t(e preceding paragrap(4
or of an eart(B%a@e4 er%ption of a
olcano4 destr%ctie cyclone4 epidemic4
or any ot(er p%5lic calamity0
e. Wit( eident premeditation0
f. Wit( cr%elty4 5y deli5erately and
in(%manly a%gmenting t(e s%ffering of
t(e ictim4 or o%traging or scoffing at (is
person or corpse.
4. T(e @illing is not parricide or infanticide.
$otes=
.5%se of s%perior strengt( 8 3 offenders
against 1 ictim does not necessarily mean t(ere
is a5%se of s%perior strengt(. It does not refer to
s%periority in n%m5ers 5%t in notorio%s
ineB%ality of force.
Premeditation 8 st%dy t(e elements= T...;.
Cr%elty 8 t(e n%m5er of 'o%nds inflicted on
t(e ictim does not necessarily determine
cr%elty. It is (o' t(e infliction of 'o%nds adds to
t(e p(ysical s%ffering. T(ere m%st 5e clear
eidence t(at t(e ictim is still alie '(en
cr%elty is inflicted. ;%ccessie sta55ing does not
necessarily mean t(ere is cr%elty.
Ignominy 8 moral s%ffering 8 not B%alifying
.5sence of any B%alifying circ%mstance 8 only
.rt. 24,
E%t(anasia 8 m%rder if t(e ictim does not
'ant to die. In .rt. 2534 t(e ictim 'ants to die
ARTICLE 2)9
;OMICI$E
Elements
1. . person 'as @illed0
2. <ffender @illed (im 'it(o%t any ?%stifying
circ%mstances0
3. <ffender (ad t(e intention to @ill4 '(ic( is
pres%med0
4. T(e @illing 'as not attended 5y any of t(e
B%alifying circ%mstances of m%rder4 or 5y
t(at of parricide or infanticide
Notes:
= Wit( intent to @ill
= +r%strated 8 mortal 'o%nd 'as inflicted
./ %!at i# t!e victim survived and t!ere
"as intent to Dill0
.. .ttempted or fr%strated (omicide.
./ %!at i# t!ere is no intent to Dill0
.. P(ysical in?%ries
ARTICLE 2+(
$EAT; CAUSE$ IN A TUMULTUOUS A88RAY
Elements
1. T(ere are seeral persons0
2. T(ey do not compose gro%ps organiAed for
t(e common p%rpose of assa%lting and
attac@ing eac( ot(er reciprocally0
3. T(ese seeral persons B%arreled and
assa%lted one anot(er in a conf%sed and
t%m%lt%o%s manner0
4. ;omeone 'as @illed in t(e co%rse of t(e
affray0
5. It can not 5e ascertained '(o act%ally @illed
t(e deceased0
". T(e person or persons '(o inflicted serio%s
p(ysical in?%ries or '(o %sed iolence can 5e
identified.
$otes=
3asta ?oin forces not necessarily gang
T%m%lt%o%s 8 armed or e6erted iolence
6Article 2+2
,!sical InKuries In#licted in A Tumultuous
A##ra
ARTICLE 2+>
GI4ING ASSISTANCE TO SUICI$E
Acts 'unis!ed
1. .ssisting anot(er to commit s%icide4 '(et(er
t(e s%icide is cons%mmated or not0
2. 9ending (is assistance to anot(er to commit
s%icide to t(e e6tent of doing t(e @illing
(imself.
./ %!at is t!e crime committed i# t!e
'atient is su##ering 1ut t!e 'atient does
not "ant to die 1ut ou 'ulled o## !is li#e
saving device0
.. M%rder.
./ %!at i# ou 'ulled o## !is li#e saving
device "it! !is consent0
.. .rt. 253
6Article 2+)
$isc!arge o# 8irearms
ARTICLE 2++
IN8ANTICI$E
Elements
1. . c(ild 'as @illed 5y t(e acc%sed0
2. T(e deceased c(ild 'as less t(an &2
(o%rs old.
Note:
4 T(e c(ild is less t(an 3 days of age
ARTICLE 2+E
INTENTIONAL AAORTION
46
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Esing any iolence %pon t(e person of t(e
pregnant 'oman0
2. .cting4 5%t 'it(o%t %sing iolence4 'it(o%t
t(e consent of t(e 'oman. -3y
administering dr%gs or 5eerages %pon s%c(
pregnant 'oman 'it(o%t (er consent./
3. .cting -5y administering dr%gs or
5eerages/4 'it( t(e consent of t(e pregnant
'oman.
Elements
1. T(ere is a pregnant 'oman0
2. #iolence is e6erted4 or dr%gs or 5eerages
administered4 or t(at t(e acc%sed ot(er'ise
acts %pon s%c( pregnant 'oman0
3. .s a res%lt of t(e %se of iolence or dr%gs or
5eerages %pon (er4 or any ot(er act of t(e
acc%sed4 t(e fet%s dies4 eit(er in t(e 'om5
or after (aing 5een e6pelled t(erefrom0
4. T(e a5ortion is intended.
Intentional 8 e6erted iolence on t(e pregnant
'oman and t(e person '(o e6erted iolence
@ne' of t(e pregnancy and t(e e6ertion of
iolence 'as to ca%se a5ortion.
Unintentional 8 '(at is intended is t(e e6ertion
of iolence 5%t a5ortion is not intended
ARTICLE 2+5
UNINTENTIONAL AAORTION
Elements
1. T(ere is a pregnant 'oman0
2. #iolence is %sed %pon s%c( pregnant 'oman
'it(o%t intending an a5ortion0
3. T(e iolence is intentionally e6erted0
4. .s a res%lt of t(e iolence4 t(e fet%s dies4
eit(er in t(e 'om5 or after (aing 5een
e6pelled t(erefrom.
6Article 2+7
A1ortion ,racticed 1 t!e %oman ;ersel#
or 1 ;er ,arents
6Article 2+9
A1ortion ,racticed 1 A ,!sician or
Mid"i#e and $is'ensing o# A1ortives
6Article 2E:
Res'onsi1ilit o# ,artici'ants in A $uel
ARTICLE 2E(
C;ALLENGING TO A $UEL
Acts 'unis!ed
1. C(allenging anot(er to a d%el0
2. Inciting anot(er to gie or accept a c(allenge
to a d%el0
3. ;coffing at or decrying anot(er p%5licly for
(aing ref%sed to accept a c(allenge to fig(t
a d%el.
Note:
4 Pari delicto not applica5le
ARTICLE 2E2
MUTILATION
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Intentionally m%tilating anot(er 5y depriing
(im4 eit(er totally or partially4 of some
essential organ for reprod%ction0
Elements
a. T(ere 5e a castration4 t(at is4 m%tilation
of organs necessary for generation4 s%c(
as t(e penis or oari%m0
5. T(e m%tilation is ca%sed p%rposely and
deli5erately4 t(at is4 to deprie t(e
offended party of some essential organ
for reprod%ction
2. Intentionally ma@ing ot(er m%tilation4 t(at is4
5y lopping or clipping off any part of t(e
5ody of t(e offended party4 ot(er t(an t(e
essential organ for reprod%ction4 to deprie
(im of t(at part of (is 5ody.
Mutilation 7 is t(e lopping or clipping off of
some part of t(e 5ody.
./ Is esterectom 'er#ormed 1 doctors
considered mutilation0
.. $o. 5eca%se t(ere is no lopping off. T(ere is
remoal and t(ere is consent.
6Article 2E>
Serious ,!sical InKuries
6Article 2E)
Administering InKurious Su1stances or
Aeverages
ARTICLE 2E+
LESS SERIOUS ,;YSICAL INBURIES
Matters to 1e noted in t!is crime
1. <ffended party is incapacitated for la5or for
11 days or more -5%t not more t(an 31
days/4 or needs medical attendance for t(e
same period of time0
2. T(e p(ysical in?%ries m%st not 5e t(ose
descri5ed in t(e preceding articles.
.uali#ied as to 'enalt
1. . fine not e6ceeding P 511.114 in addition to
arresto mayor4 s(all 5e imposed for less
serio%s p(ysical in?%ries '(en 8
a. T(ere is a manifest intent to ins%lt or
offend t(e in?%red person0 or
5. T(ere are circ%mstances adding ignominy
to t(e offense.
2. . (ig(er penalty is imposed '(en t(e ictim
is eit(er 8
a. T(e offenderKs parents4 ascendants4
g%ardians4 c%rators or teac(ers0 or
5. Persons of ran@ or person in a%t(ority4
proided t(e crime is not direct assa%lt.
6Article 2EE
Slig!t ,!sical InKuries and Maltreatment
ARTICLE 2EE J A
RA,EC %;EN AN$ ;O% COMMITTE$
Elements under 'aragra'! (
1. <ffender is a man0
47
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
2. <ffender (ad carnal @no'ledge of a 'oman0
3. ;%c( act is accomplis(ed %nder any of t(e
follo'ing circ%mstances=
a. 3y %sing force or intimidation0
5. W(en t(e 'oman is depried of reason or
ot(er'ise %nconscio%s0
c. 3y means of fra%d%lent mac(ination or
grae a5%se of a%t(ority0 or
d. W(en t(e 'oman is %nder 12 years of
age or demented.
Elements under 'aragra'! 2
1. <ffender commits an act of se6%al assa%lt0
2. T(e act of se6%al assa%lt is committed 5y
any of t(e follo'ing means=
a. 3y inserting (is penis into anot(er
person2s mo%t( or anal orifice0 or
5. 3y inserting any instr%ment or o5?ect into
t(e genital or anal orifice of anot(er
person0
3. T(e act of se6%al assa%lt is accomplis(ed
%nder any of t(e follo'ing circ%mstances=
a. 3y %sing force or intimidation0 or
5. W(en t(e 'oman is depried of reason or
ot(er'ise %nconscio%s0 or
c. 3y means of fra%d%lent mac(ination or
grae a5%se of a%t(ority0 or
d. W(en t(e 'oman is %nder 12 years of
age or demented.
-inds o# Ra'e:
1. <rdinary !ape 8 se6%al interco%rse
2. <5?ect !ape 7 ;e6%al .ssa%lt as a form of rape
(/ Ordinar Ra'e
+ Een a prostit%te may 5e a ictim of ordinary
rape as long as t(e se6%al interco%rse 'as 'it(
force or intimidation
%!en t!e "oman is de'rived o# reason or
ot!er"ise unconscious
E6ample 8 '(en t(e offended party is gien
dr%gs
%!en t!e "oman is under (2 ears o# age
or demented
+ T(is is also @no'n as stat%tory rape
+ Irrespectie of '(et(er or not t(e c(ild
consented
2/ O1Kect Ra'e
+ Irrespectie of eit(er se6
+ Insertion of a part of (%man 5ody is
considered rape -5efore !... *353 it is not rape/
Notes:
+ $o more fr%strated rape. <nly cons%mmated
and attempted rape.
+ Cons%mmated 8 slig(test penetration
+ .ttempted 8 'it( intent to rape or 'it( intent
to (ae carnal @no'ledge
Ra'e vs/ Acts o# Lasciviousness
3et'een !ape and .cts of 9asciio%sness t(e
difference lies in t(e intent of t(e perpetrator
ded%ci5le from (is e6ternal acts. W(en t(e
to%c(ing of t(e agina 5y t(e offenderKs penis is
co%pled 'it( t(e intent to penetrate4 attempted
rape is committed4 ot(er'ise it is acts of
lasciio%sness. -People s. Collado4 2111/
ARTICLE 2EE J A
,ENALTIES
.uali#ied Ra'e J Circumstances GMemoriLeH
!ape is B%alified 5y t(e presence of t(e follo'ing
circ%mstances=
1. Wit( t(e %se of a deadly 'eapon or 5y 2 or
more persons0
2. T(e ictim 5ecomes insane on t(e occasion or
5y reason of t(e rape0
3. T(e rape is attempted and a (omicide is
committed 5y reason or on t(e occasion of0
<r '(en any of t(e 11 B%alifying circ%mstances
attended t(e rape=
-1/W(ere t(e ictim is %nder 1* years of age
and t(e offender is (er ascendant4
stepfat(er4 g%ardian4 or relatie 5y
affinity or consang%inity 'it(in t(e 3rd
ciil degree4 or t(e common la' (%s5and
of t(e ictimKs mot(er0 or
-2/ W(ere t(e ictim 'as %nder t(e c%stody
of t(e police or military a%t(orities4 or
ot(er la' enforcement agency0
-3/ W(ere t(e rape is committed in f%ll ie'
of t(e ictimKs (%s5and4 t(e parents4 any
of t(e c(ildren or relaties 5y
consang%inity 'it(in t(e 3rd ciil degree0
-4/ W(ere t(e ictim is a religio%s4 t(at is4 a
mem5er of a legitimate religio%s ocation
and t(e offender @no's t(e ictim as
s%c( 5efore or at t(e time of t(e
commission of t(e offense0
-5/ W(ere t(e ictim is a c(ild %nder & yrs of
age0
-"/ W(ere t(e offender is afflicted 'it( .IC;
or ot(er se6%ally transmissi5le diseases4
and (e is a'are t(ereof '(en (e
committed t(e rape4 and t(e disease 'as
transmitted0
-&/ W(ere t(e offender is a mem5er of t(e
.+P4 its paramilitary arm4 t(e P$P4 or any
la' enforcement agency and t(e offender
too@ adantage of (is position0
-*/ W(ere t(e ictim (as s%ffered permanent
p(ysical m%tilation0
-,/ W(ere t(e pregnancy of t(e offended
party is @no'n to t(e rapist at t(e time of
t(e rape0 or
-11/ W(ere t(e rapist is a'are of t(e ictimKs
mental disa5ility4 emotional dist%r5ance
or p(ysical (andicap.
Note: T(e penalty is still recl%sion perpet%a 'it(
t(e adent of !... ,34". T(e crime (o'eer
remains (eino%s.
ARTICLE 2EE J C
E88ECT O8 ,AR$ON
1. T(e s%5seB%ent alid marriage 5et'een t(e
offender and t(e offended party s(all e6ting%is(
t(e criminal action or t(e penalty imposed0
2. In case it is t(e legal (%s5and '(o is t(e
offender4 t(e s%5seB%ent forgieness 5y t(e 'ife
as t(e offended party s(all e6ting%is( t(e
48
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
criminal action or penalty= Proided t(at t(e
crime s(all not 5e e6ting%is(ed or t(e penalty
s(all not 5e a5ated if t(e penalty is oid a5
initio.
Notes:
Marriage 5et'een t(e offender and t(e
offended party 8 'ill only faor t(e principal
;%5seB%ent forgieness of t(e 'ife 8 note t(at
t(e 'ife 'as raped. It s(o%ld 5e legal marriage.
ARTICLE 2EE J $
,RESUM,TIONS
.ny p(ysical oert act manifesting resistance
against t(e act of rape in any degree from t(e
offended party4 or '(en t(e offended party is so
sit%ated as to render (imG(er incapa5le of giing
alid consent4 may 5e accepted as eidence in
t(e prosec%tion of t(e acts p%nis(ed %nder .rt.
2""7..
Note:
.ny degree of resistance or any form
E&am'le
Basta sabiin nyang 8=uwag wag69@ ;ait indi
sya binugbog, basta may resistance.
CRIMES AGAINST ,ERSONAL
LIAERTY AN$ SECURITY
Crimes against li1ert
1. Jidnapping and serio%s illegal detention -.rt.
2"&/0
2. ;lig(t illegal detention -.rt. 2"*/0
3. Enla'f%l arrest -.rt. 2",/0
4. Jidnapping and fail%re to ret%rn a minor -.rt.
2&1/0
5. Ind%cing a minor to a5andon (is (ome -.rt.
2&1/0
". ;laery -.rt. 2&2/0
&. E6ploitation of c(ild la5or -.rt. 2&3/0
*. ;erices rendered %nder comp%lsion in
payment of de5ts -.rt. 2&4/.
Crimes against securit
1. .5andonment of persons in danger and
a5andonment of one2s o'n ictim -.rt. 2&5/0
2. .5andoning a minor -.rt. 2&"/0
3. .5andonment of minor 5y person entr%sted
'it( (is c%stody0 indifference of parents -.rt.
2&&/0
4. E6ploitation of minors -.rt. 2&*/0
5. Trespass to d'elling -.rt. 2*1/0
". <t(er forms of trespass -.rt. 2*1/0
&. Grae t(reats -.rt. 2*2/0
*. 9ig(t t(reats -.rt. 2*3/0
,. <t(er lig(t t(reats -.rt. 2*5/0
11. Grae coercions -.rt. 2*"/0
11. 9ig(t coercions -.rt. 2*&/0
12. <t(er similar coercions -.rt. 2**/0
13. +ormation4 maintenance and pro(i5ition of
com5ination of capital or la5or t(ro%g( iolence
or t(reats -.rt. 2*,/0
14. Ciscoering secrets t(ro%g( seiA%re of
correspondence -.rt. 2,1/0
15. !eealing secrets 'it( a5%s of office -.rt.
2,1/0
1". !eealing of ind%strial secrets -.rt. 2,2/.
ARTICLE 2E5
-I$NA,,ING AN$ SERIOUS ILLEGAL
$ETENTION
Elements
1. <ffender is a priate indiid%al0
2. )e @idnaps or detains anot(er4 or in any
ot(er manner depries t(e latter of (is
li5erty0
3. T(e act of detention or @idnapping m%st 5e
illegal0
4. In t(e commission of t(e offense4 any of t(e
follo'ing circ%mstances is present=
a. T(e @idnapping lasts for more t(an 3
days0
5. It is committed sim%lating p%5lic
a%t(ority0
c. .ny serio%s p(ysical in?%ries are inflicted
%pon t(e person @idnapped or detained
or t(reats to @ill (im are made0 or
d. T(e person @idnapped or detained is a
minor4 female4 or a p%5lic officer.
Art/ 2E5 vs/ Art/ 25:
.rt. 2"& 8 any @idnapping of a minor -offender 8
any priate indiid%al.
.rt. 2&1 8 any person '(o 5eing entr%sted 'it(
t(e c%stody of a minor person
Notes:
# Ransom 8 any consideration gien for t(e
release of a person.
.C I# t!ere is a demand #or ransom 1ut t!e
ransom demanded !as not 1een given or
'aid/ Is it Didna''ing #or ransom0
.. :es. T(e mere demand for ransom constit%tes
@idnapping for ransom.
# Wit( depriation of li5erty
E&am'le
If a person was kidnapped but e is free to
roam, tere is no illegal detention
# 9ast paragrap( 8 special comple6 crime of
@idnapping 'it( m%rder or 'it( rape as t(e case
may 5e.
E&am'le
<en te rape &ictim died A special complex
crime
6Article 2E7
Slig!t Illegal $etention
ARTICLE 2E9
UNLA%8UL ARREST
Elements
1. <ffender arrests or detains anot(er person0
2. T(e p%rpose of t(e offender is to delier (im
to t(e proper a%t(orities0
3. T(e arrest or detention is not a%t(oriAed 5y
la' or t(ere is no reasona5le gro%nd
t(erefore.
Note:
= T(e p%rpose is to delier t(e offended party to
t(e proper a%t(ority0 If not4 t(en t(at is
@idnapping.
49
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
./ %!at i# !e arrested a 'erson "it!out a
legal ground and a#ter t!e arrest !e did not
deliver !im to 'ro'er aut!oritiesC unla"#ul
arrest0
.. $o. Illegal detention.
6Article 25:
-idna''ing and 8ailure to Return A Minor
6Article 25(
Inducing A Minor to A1andon ;is ;ome
6Article 252
Slaver
ARTICLE 25>
EF,LOITATION O8 C;IL$ LAAOR
Elements
1. <ffender retains a minor in (is serices0
2. It is against t(e 'ill of t(e minor0
3. It is %nder t(e prete6t of reim5%rsing (imself
of a de5t inc%rred 5y an ascendant4 g%ardian
or person entr%sted 'it( t(e c%stody of s%c(
minor.
Note:
!elate t(is article to !ep%5lic .ct $o. &"11
-;pecial Protection of C(ildren against C(ild
.5%se4 E6ploitation and Ciscrimination .ct/
6Article 25)
Services Rendered under Com'ulsion in
,ament o# $e1t
6Article 25+
A1andonment o# ,ersons in $anger and
A1andonment o# One<s O"n 4ictim
6Article 25E
A1andoning A Minor
6Article 255
A1andonment o# Minor 1 ,erson
Entrusted "it! ;is CustodI Indi##erence o#
,arents
6Article 257
E&'loitation o# Minors
6Article 259
Additional ,enalties #or ot!er O##enses
ARTICLE 27:
.UALI8IE$ TRES,ASS TO $%ELLING
Elements
1. <ffender is a priate person0
2. )e enters t(e d'elling of anot(er0
3. ;%c( entrance is against t(e latterKs 'ill.
Notes:
+ T(e offender is a priate person. . priate
indiid%al enters t(e d'elling of anot(er
+ P%5lic officer 'it(o%t a searc( 'arrant or 'it(
oid searc( 'arrant enters t(e d'elling of
anot(er 7 iolation of domicile
6Article 27(
Ot!er #orms o# tres'ass
ARTICLE 272
GRA4E T;REATS
Acts 'unis!ed:
1. T(reatening anot(er 'it( t(e infliction %pon
(is person4 (onor or property or t(at of t(is
family of any 'rong amo%nting to a crime
and demanding money or imposing any
ot(er condition4 een t(o%g( not %nla'f%l4
and t(e offender attained (is p%rpose0
2. Ma@ing s%c( t(reat 'it(o%t t(e offender
attaining (is p%rpose0
3. T(reatening anot(er 'it( t(e infliction %pon
(is person4 (onor or property or t(at of (is
family of any 'rong amo%nting to a crime4
t(e t(reat not 5eing s%5?ect to a condition.
Notes
< Een if t(e t(reat is so serio%s for as long as
t(e person ma@ing t(e t(reat s%5seB%ently did
not do anyt(ing to s(o' t(at (e is not persisting
(is idea4 t(is 'ill res%lt to lig(t t(reats only.
ARTICLE 27>
LIG;T T;REATS
Elements
1. <ffender ma@es a t(reat to commit a 'rong0
2. T(e 'rong does not constit%te a crime0
3. T(ere is a demand for money or t(at ot(er
condition is imposed4 een t(o%g( not
%nla'f%l0
4. <ffender (as attained (is p%rpose or4 t(at (e
(as not attained (is p%rpose
N.rticle 2*4
3ond for Good 3e(aior
6Article 27+
Ot!er Lig!t T!reats
ARTICLE 27E
GRA4E COERCIONS
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Preenting anot(er4 5y means of iolence4
t(reats or intimidation4 from doing somet(ing
not pro(i5ited 5y la'0
2. Compelling anot(er4 5y means of iolence4
t(reats or intimidation4 to do somet(ing
against (is 'ill4 '(et(er it 5e rig(t or 'rong.
Elements
1. . person preented anot(er from doing
somet(ing not pro(i5ited 5y la'4 or t(at (e
compelled (im to do somet(ing against (is
'ill0 5e it rig(t or 'rong0
2. T(e preention or comp%lsion 5e effected 5y
iolence4 t(reats or intimidation0 and
3. T(e person t(at restrained t(e 'ill and
li5erty of anot(er (ad not t(e a%t(ority of
la' or t(e rig(t to do so4 or in ot(er 'ords4
t(at t(e restraint s(all not 5e made %nder
a%t(ority of la' or in t(e e6ercise of any
la'f%l rig(t.
50
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
Coercion 8 means comp%lsion or preention
Grave Coercion 8 at t(e time -at t(e ery
moment/ t(e comp%lsion is made4 t(ere m%st
(ae 5een iolence4 force4 intimidation or t(reat.
#iolence e6erted from t(e 5eginning at t(e time
of t(e comp%lsion.
Note:
$o iolence 8 %n?%st e6ation only
ARTICLE 275
LIG;T COERCIONS
Elements
1. <ffender m%st 5e a creditor0
2. )e seiAes anyt(ing 5elonging to (is de5tor=
3. T(e seiA%re of t(e t(ing 5e accomplis(ed 5y
means of iolence or a display of material
force prod%cing intimidation0
4. T(e p%rpose of t(e offender is to apply t(e
same to t(e payment of t(e de5t.
Note:
Par. 2 8 t(e e6ertion of iolence or
intimidation or force 'as after t(e comp%lsion or
preention
6Article 277
Ot!er Similar Coercions
6Article 279
8ormationC MaintenanceC and ,ro!i1ition o#
Com1ination o# Ca'ital or La1or t!roug!
4iolence or T!reats
6Article 29:
$iscovering Secrets t!roug! SeiLure o#
Corres'ondence
6Article 29(
Revealing Secrets "it! A1use o# O##ice
6Article 292
Revelation o# Industrial Secrets

CRIMES AGAINST ,RO,ERTY
1. !o55ery 'it( iolence against or intimidation
of persons -.rt. 2,4/0
2. .ttempted and fr%strated ro55ery committed
%nder certain circ%mstances -.rt. 2,&/0
3. E6ec%tion of deeds 5y means of iolence or
intimidation -.rt. 2,*/0
4. !o55ery in an in(a5ited (o%se or p%5lic
5%ilding or edifice deoted to 'ors(ip -.rt. 2,,/0
5. !o55ery in an in(a5ited place or in a priate
5%ilding -.rt. 312/0
". Possession of pic@loc@s or similar tools -.rt.
314/0
&. 3rigandage -.rt. 31"/0
*. .iding and a5etting a 5and of 5rigands -.rt.
31&/0
,. T(eft -.rt. 31*/0
11. I%alified t(eft -.rt. 311/0
11. T(eft of t(e property of t(e $ational 9i5rary
and $ational M%se%m -.rt. 311/0
12. <cc%pation of real property or %s%rpation of
real rig(ts in property -.rt. 312/0
13. .ltering 5o%ndaries or landmar@s -.rt. 313/0
14. +ra%d%lent insolency -.rt. 314/0
15. ;'indling -.rt. 315/0
1". <t(er forms of s'indling -.rt. 31"/0
1&. ;'indling a minor -.rt. 31&/0
1*. <t(er deceits -.rt. 31*/0
1,. !emoal4 sale or pledge of mortgaged
property -.rt. 31,/0
21. Cestr%ctie arson -.rt. 321/0
21. <t(er forms of arson -.rt. 321/0
22. .rson of property of small al%e -.rt. 323/0
23. Crimes inoling destr%ction -.rt. 324/0
24. 3%rning oneKs o'n property as means to
commit arson -.rt. 325/0
25. ;etting fire to property e6cl%siely o'ned 5y
t(e offender -.rt. 32"/0
2". Malicio%s misc(ief -.rt. 32&/0
2&. ;pecial case of malicio%s misc(ief -.rt. 32*/0
2*. Camage and o5str%ction to means of
comm%nication -.rt. 331/0
2,. Cestroying or damaging stat%es4 p%5lic
mon%ments or paintings -.rt. 331/.
6Article 29>
%!o Are Guilt o# Ro11er
ARTICLE 29)
ROAAERY %IT; 4IOLENCE AGAINST OR
INTIMI$ATION O8 ,ERSONS
Acts 'unis!ed
1. W(en 5y reason or on occasion of t(e ro55ery
-ta@ing of personal property 5elonging to
anot(er 'it( intent to gain/4 t(e crime of
(omicide is committed0
2. W(en t(e ro55ery is accompanied 5y rape or
intentional m%tilation or arson0
3. W(en 5y reason of on occasion of s%c(
ro55ery4 any of t(e p(ysical in?%ries res%lting in
insanity4 im5ecility4 impotency or 5lindness is
inflicted0
4. W(en 5y reason or on occasion of ro55ery4
any of t(e p(ysical in?%ries res%lting in t(e loss
of t(e %se of speec( or t(e po'er to (ear or to
smell4 or t(e loss of an eye4 a (and4 a foot4 an
arm4 or a leg or t(e loss of t(e %se of any s%c(
mem5er or incapacity for t(e 'or@ in '(ic( t(e
in?%red person is t(eretofore (a5it%ally engaged
is inflicted0
5. If t(e iolence or intimidation employed in t(e
commission of t(e ro55ery is carried to a degree
%nnecessary for t(e commission of t(e crime0
". W(en in t(e co%rse of its e6ec%tion4 t(e
offender s(all (ae inflicted %pon any person not
responsi5le for t(e commission of t(e ro55ery
any of t(e p(ysical in?%ries in conseB%ence of
'(ic( t(e person in?%red 5ecomes deformed or
loses any ot(er mem5er of (is 5ody or loses t(e
s%e t(ereof or 5ecomes ill or incapacitated for
t(e performance of t(e 'or@ in '(ic( (e is
(a5it%ally engaged for more t(an ,1 days or t(e
person in?%red 5ecomes ill or incapacitated for
la5or for more t(an 31 days0
&. If t(e iolence employed 5y t(e offender does
not ca%se any of t(e serio%s p(ysical in?%ries
51
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
defined in .rticle 2"34 or if t(e offender employs
intimidation only.
Notes:
;imilarity of ro55ery and t(eft 8 t(ere is
ta@ing of personal property 'it( intent to gain
and no consent from t(e ictim
Cifference 8 in ro55ery4 t(e ta@ing is 'it( t(e
attendance of force %pon t(ings or iolence
against t(e person
;pecial comple6 crime
It is still a crime against property een if 'it(
(omicide rape or spl 8 t(e original plan is to ro5
and in t(e co%rse of or 5y reason of ro55ery -in
t(e occasion of/ some5ody is @illed or raped or
'o%nded4 ot(er'ise4 lia5le only for t(e res%lted
crime4 een if deat( s%perened 5y accident
If t(ere is a conspiracy to ro5 and one is left
as loo@ o%t 8 still incl%ded to t(e special comple6
crime for as long as t(e loo@7o%t did not preent
it 5%t if it 'as preented only ro55ery
ARTICLE 29+
ROAAERY %IT; ,;YSICAL INBURIES
COMMITTE$ IN AN UNIN;AAITE$ ,LACE
AN$ AY A AAN$
Ro11er "it! violence against or
intimidation o# 'erson *uali#ied is *uali#ied
i# it is committed
1. In an %nin(a5ited place0
2. 3y a 5and0
3. 3y attac@ing a moing train4 street car4
motor e(icle4 or airs(ip0
4. 3y entering t(e passengersK compartments
in a train4 or in any manner ta@ing t(e
passengers t(ereof 5y s%rprise in t(e
respectie coneyances0 or
5. <n a street4 road4 (ig('ay or alley4 and t(e
intimidation is made 'it( t(e %se of firearms4
t(e offender s(all 5e p%nis(ed 5y t(e
ma6im%m periods of t(e proper penalties
prescri5ed in .rticle 2,4.
Notes:
O .ll m%st 5e armed
O 9ast paragrap( 8 Las principalM 7 5eca%se of
conspiracy
ARTICLE 29E
$E8INITION O8 A AAN$ AN$ ,ENALTY
INCURRE$ AY T;E MEMAERS T;EREO8
Re*uisites #or lia1ilit #or t!e acts o# t!e
ot!er mem1ers o# t!e 1and
1. )e 'as a mem5er of t(e 5and0
2. )e 'as present at t(e commission of a
ro55ery 5y t(at 5and0
3. T(e ot(er mem5ers of t(e 5and committed
an assa%lt0
4. )e did not attempt to preent t(e assa%lt.
Aand 7 '(en at least fo%r armed malefactors
ta@e part in t(e commission of a ro55ery.
2
nd
,ar 8 any mem5er of a 5and '(o is present
at t(e commission of a ro55ery 5y t(e 5and4
s(all 5e p%nis(ed as principal of any of t(e
assa%lts committed 5y t(e 5and4 %nless it 5e
s(o'n t(at (e attempted to preent t(e same.
6Article 295
Attem'ted and #rustrated ro11er
committed under certain circumstances
ARTICLE 297
EFECUTION O8 $EE$S AY MEANS O8
4IOLENCE OR INTIMI$ATION
Elements
1. <ffender (as intent to defra%d anot(er0
2. <ffender compels (im to sign4 e6ec%te4 or
delier any p%5lic instr%ment or doc%ment.
3. T(e comp%lsion is 5y means of iolence or
intimidation.
E&am'le
Blank deed and somebody is forcing you to sign
it
Note:
4 If not 'it( iolence 8 estafa 5eca%se of t(e
intent to defra%d
Art/ 297 vs/ Esta#a
Art/ 297 8 'it( iolence or intimidation
Esta#a 8 'it(o%t iolence or intimidation
ARTICLE 299
ROAAERY IN AN IN;AAITE$ ;OUSE OR
,UALIC AUIL$ING OR E$I8ICE $E4OTE$ TO
%ORS;I,
Elements under su1division GaH
1. <ffender entered an in(a5ited (o%se4 p%5lic
5%ilding
2. T(e entrance 'as effected 5y any of t(e
follo'ing means=
a. T(ro%g( an opening not intended for
entrance or egress0
5. 3y 5rea@ing any 'all4 roof or floor4 or
5rea@ing any door or 'indo'0
c. 3y %sing false @eys4 pic@loc@s or similar
tools0 or
d. 3y %sing any fictitio%s name or
pretending t(e e6ercise of p%5lic
a%t(ority.
3. <nce inside t(e 5%ilding4 offender too@
personal property 5elonging to anot(er 'it(
intent to gain.
Elements under su1division G1H:
1. <ffender is inside a d'elling (o%se4 p%5lic
5%ilding4 or edifice deoted to religio%s
'ors(ip4 regardless of t(e circ%mstances
%nder '(ic( (e entered it0
2. <ffender ta@es personal property 5elonging
to anot(er4 'it( intent to gain4 %nder any of
t(e follo'ing circ%mstances=
a. 3y t(e 5rea@ing of doors4 'ardro5es4
c(ests4 or any ot(er @ind of loc@ed or
sealed f%rnit%re or receptacle0 or
5. 3y ta@ing s%c( f%rnit%re or o5?ects a'ay
to 5e 5ro@en or forced open o%tside t(e
place of t(e ro55ery.
52
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
./ I# ou 1reaD or o'en t!e "indo" and ou
scoo' "it! our !ands ant!ing ou can
getC is t!at ro11er0
.. $o. T(e '(ole 5ody m%st 5e inside ot(er'ise4
t(eft.
6Article >::
Ro11er in an unin!a1ited 'lace and 1 a
1and
6Article >:(
%!at is an in!a1ited !ouseC 'u1lic
1uildingC or 1uilding dedicated to religious
"ors!i' and t!eir de'endencies
6Article >:2
Ro11er in An Unin!a1ited ,lace or in A
,rivate Auilding
6Article >:>
Ro11er o# cerealsC #ruitsC or #ire"ood in an
unin!a1ited 'lace or 'rivate 1uilding
6Article >:)
,ossession o# ,icDlocD or Similar Tools
6Article >:+
8alse Des
ARTICLE >:E
%;O ARE ARIGAN$S
Elements o# 1rigandage
1. T(ere are least fo%r armed persons0
2. T(ey formed a 5and of ro55ers0
2. T(e p%rpose is any of t(e follo'ing=
a. To commit ro55ery in t(e (ig('ay0
5. To @idnap persons for t(e p%rpose of
e6tortion or to o5tain ransom0 or
c. To attain 5y means of force and iolence
any ot(er p%rpose.
Arigandage under t!e Revised ,enal Code
vsC !ig!"a ro11erM1rigandage
under ,residential $ecree No/ +>2:
Art/ >:E ,/$/ +>2
To commit a
specific ro55ery
on t(e (ig('ay
-planned/
To commit
indiscriminately4
yo%r ictim is
anyone
+ormation of a
5and of ro55ers
5y more t(an
t(ree armed
persons for t(e
p%rpose of
committing
ro55ery in t(e
(ig('ay4
@idnapping for
p%rposes of
e6tortion or
ransom4 or for
any ot(er
p%rpose to 5e
attained 5y
force and
iolence.
Mere forming of
a 5and4
-reB%ires at
least fo%r
armed persons4
if for any of t(e
criminal
p%rposes stated
in .rticle 31"/
gies rise to
5rigandage
;eiA%re of any person
for ransom4 e6tortion
or for any ot(er la'f%l
p%rposes4 or t(e
ta@ing a'ay of t(e
property of anot(er
5y means of iolence
against or
intimidation of
persons or force %pon
t(ings or ot(er
%nla'f%l means
committed 5y any
person on any
P(ilippine (ig('ay.
Arigandage 8 (ig('ay ro55ery
,/$/ No/ +>2 7 refers to t(e act%al commission
of t(e ro55ery on t(e (ig('ay and can 5e
committed 5y one person alone
6Article >:5
Aiding and A1etting A Aand o# Arigands
6Article >:7
%!o Are Lia1le #or T!e#t
6Article >:9
,enalties
ARTICLE >(:
.UALI8IE$ T;E8T
T!e#t is *uali#ied i#
1. Committed 5y a domestic serant0
2. Committed 'it( grae a5%se of confidence0
3. T(e property stolen is a motor e(icle4 mail
matter4 or large cattle0
4. T(e property stolen consists of cocon%ts
ta@en from t(e premises of a plantation0
5. T(e property stolen is fis( ta@en from a
fis(pond or fis(ery0 or
". If property is ta@en on t(e occasion of fire4
eart(B%a@e4 typ(oon4 olcanic er%ption4 or
any ot(er calamity4 e(ic%lar accident4 or
ciil dist%r5ance.
Notes
53
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
Committed 5y domestic serant
E&am'le
!inakain mo na tapos ninakawan ka pa
1./ T(eft of a motor e(icle 8 B%alified t(eft
2./ T(eft of a motor e(icle 8 Carnapping 8 no
element of transfer of possession from t(e
o'ner
$i##erence 1et"een ( and 2
E&am'le
Inutusan mo yung dri&er mo magpa,gas tapos
indi na nya binalik A teft -tere sould be
temporary possession/
!agnaka,park lang at ninakaw , carnapping
6Article >((
T!e#t o# t!e ,ro'ert o# t!e National
Li1rar or National Museum
ARTICLE >(2
OCCU,ATION O8 REAL ,RO,ERTY OR
USUR,ATION O8 REAL RIG;TS IN
,RO,ERTY
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Ta@ing possession of any real property
5elonging to anot(er 5y means of iolence
against or intimidation of persons0
2. Es%rping any real rig(ts in property
5elonging to anot(er 5y means of iolence
against or intimidation of persons.
Elements
1. <ffender ta@es possession of any real
property or %s%rps any real rig(ts in
property0
2. T(e real property or real rig(ts 5elong to
anot(er0
3. #iolence against or intimidation of persons is
%sed 5y t(e offender in occ%pying real
property or %s%rping real rig(ts in property0
4. T(ere is intent to gain.
Ro11er vs/ Art/ >(2
!o55ery 8 personal property
.rt. 312 8 real property
S*uatting vs/ Usur'ation
; 8 $o intention to o'n t(e property
E 8 <ffender intends to o'n t(e real property
6Article >(>
Altering Aoundaries or LandmarDs
6ARTICLE >()
8RAU$ULENT INSOL4ENCY
Elements
1. <ffender is a de5tor4 t(at is4 (e (as
o5ligations d%e and paya5le0
2. )e a5sconds 'it( (is property0
3. T(ere is pre?%dice to (is creditors.
Note
.rt. 314 8 Pretending to 5e insolent 5y simply
@eeping t(e property
ARTICLE >(+
S%IN$LING GESTA8AH
Elements in general
1. .cc%sed defra%ded anot(er 5y a5%se of
confidence or 5y means of deceit0 and
T(is coers t(e t(ree different 'ays of
committing estafa %nder .rticle 3150 t(%s4
estafa is committed 8
a. Wit( %nfait(f%lness or a5%se of
confidence0
5. 3y means of false pretenses or
fra%d%lents acts0 or
c. T(ro%g( fra%d%lent means.
Elements o# esta#a "it! un#ait!#ulness o#
a1use o# con#idence under Article >(+ G(H
Under 'aragra'! GaH
1. <ffender (as an onero%s o5ligation to
delier somet(ing of al%e0
2. )e alters its s%5stance4 B%antity4 or
B%ality0
3. Camage or pre?%dice is ca%sed to
anot(er.
Under 'aragra'! G1H
1. Money4 goods4 or ot(er personal property is
receied 5y t(e offender is tr%st4 or on
commission4 or for administration4 or %nder
any ot(er o5ligation inoling t(e d%ty to
ma@e deliery of4 or to ret%rn4 t(e same0
2. T(ere is misappropriation or conersion of
s%c( money or property 5y t(e offender4 or
denial on (is part of s%c( receipt0
3. ;%c( misappropriation or conersion or
denial is to t(e pre?%dice of anot(er0 and
T(ere is a demand made 5y t(e offended
party to t(e offender.
Under 'aragra'! GcH
1. T(e paper 'it( t(e signat%re of t(e offended
party is in 5lan@0
2. <ffended party deliered it to t(e offender0
3. .5oe t(e signat%re of t(e offended party4 a
doc%ment is 'ritten 5y t(e offender 'it(o%t
a%t(ority to do so0
4. T(e doc%ment so 'ritten creates a lia5ility
of4 or ca%ses damage to4 t(e offended party or
any t(ird person.
Elements o# esta#a 1 means o# #alse
'retenses or #raudulent acts under Article
>(+ G2H
Acts 'unis!ed under 'aragra'! GaH
1. Esing fictitio%s name0
2. +alsely pretending to possess po'er4
infl%ence4 B%alifications4 property4 credit4
agency4 5%siness or imaginary transactions0 or
3. 3y means of ot(er similar deceits.
Under 'aragra'! G1H
.ltering t(e B%ality4 fineness4 or 'eig(t of
anyt(ing pertaining to (is art or 5%siness.
Under 'aragra'! GcH
Pretending to (ae 5ri5ed any goernment
employee4 'it(o%t pre?%dice to t(e action for
cal%mny '(ic( t(e offended party may deem
proper to 5ring against t(e offender.
54
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
Under 'aragra'! GdH
1. <ffender postdated a c(ec@4 or iss%ed a c(ec@
in payment of an o5ligation0
2. ;%c( postdating or iss%ing a c(ec@ 'as done
'(en t(e offender (ad no f%nds in t(e 5an@4 or
(is f%nds deposited t(erein 'ere not s%fficient to
coer t(e amo%nt of t(e c(ec@.
Note t!at t!is onl a''lies i# J
-1/ T(e o5ligation is not pre7e6isting0
-2/ T(e c(ec@ is dra'n to enter into an
o5ligation0
-!emem5er t(at it is t(e c(ec@ t(at is s%pposed
to 5e t(e sole consideration for t(e ot(er party
to (ae entered into t(e o5ligation. +or
e6ample4 !ose 'ants to p%rc(ase a 5racelet and
dra's a c(ec@ 'it(o%t ins%fficient f%nds. T(e
?e'eler sells (er t(e 5racelet solely 5eca%se of
t(e consideration in t(e c(ec@./
-3/ It does not coer c(ec@s '(ere t(e p%rpose
of dra'ing t(e c(ec@ is to g%arantee a loan as
t(is is not an o5ligation contemplated in t(is
paragrap(
2 %as
1. .5%se of confidence -tr%st/
2. 3y means of deceit
E&am'les
You bougt a ring for !%#,BBB but te ring is
only wort !01,BBB A abuse of confidence
In entrusting -not ownersip/ your property, te
&ery same sall be returned to you. If e did not
gi&e it back or cannot explain wy e cannot
gi&e it back A abuse of trust
If you transfer te ownersip 8I gi&e it to you9 A
tis is not estafa. But tere may be ci&il
obligation
8A9 sold pieces of .ewelry to 8B9 on installment
but te latter did not pay. A asked B to return it
A as long as tere is transfer of ownersip e&en
if it is not paid it is not estafa.
Esta#a 1 means o# deceit 7 fra%d%lent
manifestation.
E&am'le
You were able to get money because of false
pretense. In illegal recruitment te offender, by
&irtue of false pretenses was able to obtain
money.
Art/ >(+ G2H GdH 1 'ost dating a c!ecD or
issuing a c!ecD in 'ament o# an o1ligation
&&& vs/ A/,/ 22
7iss%ance of a c(ec@ 'it( a representation t(at it
is f%nded
Art/ >(+ G2H GdH A/,/ 22
C(ec@ 'as iss%ed at
t(e time t(e
o5ligation 'as
contracted.
$ote= If t(e c(ec@ 'as
iss%ed after or a(ead
of '(en t(e
o5ligation 'as
contracted or
Mere fact of iss%ance
of a c(ec@ '(ic( is
not f%lly f%nded.
T(ere is a
pres%mption t(at t(e
offender (ad
@no'ledge t(at (is
c(ec@ (ad no f%nds 8
if t(e c(ec@ 5o%nced
payment of a pre7
e6isting o5ligation 8
not estafa 5%t t(ere is
ciil o5ligation
'it(in a period of ,1
days
Crime against
property
Crime against p%5lic
interest
T(e graamen of t(e
offense is t(e deceit
employed
T(e graamen of t(e
offense is t(e
iss%ance of t(e c(ec@
Ceceit and damage
are material
Ceceit and damage
are immaterial
Jno'ledge 5y t(e
dra'er of ins%fficient
f%nds is not reB%ired
Jno'ledge 5y t(e
dra'er of ins%fficient
f%nds is reB%ired
T(ere is criminal lia5ility if t(e c(ec@ is dra'n
for non7pre7e6isting o5ligation
./ I# t!e c!ecD 1ounced a#ter 9: dasC is
t!ere A, 220
.. :es. ,1 days is only a pres%mption and it does
not affect criminal lia5ility. T(e pres%mption 'ill
not apply if (e pays t(e al%e of t(e c(ec@ or
ma@e arrangements 'it( t(e 5an@ -from t(e
time t(e dra'er receie t(e notice of dis(onor/
for t(e payment of t(e c(ec@ 'it(in 5 5an@ing
days -)ence4 not lia5le for 3P 22/
Notes:
If after 31 days not yet paid 8 3P 22
In 3P 224 t(ere m%st 5e proof t(at t(e dra'er
receied t(e notice of dis(onor. If t(e addressee
ref%sed to accept4 t(e sender s(o%ld e6ec%te an
affidait t(at t(e addressee ref%sed to accept
t(e notice.
T(e same c(ec@ can 5e t(e 5asis of 2
prosec%tions and yet not do%5le ?eopardy
5eca%se estafa is %nder !PC and 3P 22 is a
special penal la'.
6Article >(E
Ot!er 8orms o# S"indling
6Article >(5
S"indling A Minor
ARTICLE >(7
OT;ER $ECEITS
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Cefra%ding or damaging anot(er 5y any
ot(er deceit not mentioned in t(e preceding
articles0
2. Interpreting dreams4 5y ma@ing forecasts4 5y
telling fort%nes4 or 5y ta@ing adantage of
t(e cred%lity of t(e p%5lic in any ot(er similar
manner4 for profit or gain.
Note:
.ny conceia5le deceit
E&am'le 8 2adam Auring
6Article >(9
RemovalC Sale or ,ledge o# Mortgaged
,ro'ert
ARTICLE >2:
$ESTRUCTI4E ARSON
55
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
Notes:
- Malicio%s 5%rning of property of ot(er persons
./ I# ou 1urn our o"n 'ro'ertC are ou
lia1le #or arson0
.. It does not follo' t(at yo% are lia5le for arson.
3%t if t(e property is sit%ated in a ast tract of
land4 it is not arson. 3%t if yo% 5%rn yo%r
property located in a congested area4 it is arson
5eca%se it endangers t(e lies of ot(ers.
./ %!at i# ou 1urn our 'ro'ert and
some1od "as DilledC "!at "as t!e crime
committed0
.. .rson only. $o comple6 crime of arson.
)omicide is a5sor5ed in t(e crime of arson.
6Article >2(
Ot!er 8orms o# Arson
6Article >22
Cases o# arson not included in t!e
'receding articles
6Article >2>
Arson o# 'ro'ert o# small value
6Article >2)
Crimes involving destruction
6Article >2+
Aurning one<s o"n 'ro'ert as means to
commit arson
6Article >2E
Setting #ire to 'ro'ert e&clusivel o"ned
1 t!e o##ender
6Article >2E J A
In cases "!ere deat! resulted as a
conse*uence o# arson
6Article >2E J A
,rima #acie evidence o# arson
ARTICLE >25
%;O ARE LIAALE 8OR MALICIOUS MISC;IE8
Elements
1. <ffender deli5erately ca%sed damage to t(e
property of anot(er0
2. ;%c( act does not constit%te arson or ot(er
crimes inoling destr%ction0
3. T(e act of damaging anot(erKs property 'as
committed merely for t(e sa@e of damaging
it0
Notes
* Malicio%s misc(ief 8 if deli5erately ca%sed
damage and motiated 5y (ate4 reenge or
resentment
* Malicio%s 8 ca%se damage deli5erately
* Ca%sed damage 5%t 'it( no intent to damage
8 criminal negligence .rt. 3"5
* Ca%ses damage %nder circ%mstances of
accident and performed 'it( diligence -reB%ired/
8 .rt. 12 par. 4
Article >27/ S'ecial Case o# Malicious
Misc!ie#

6Article >29
Ot!er Misc!ie#s
6Article >>:
$amage and O1struction to Means o#
Communication
6Article >>(
$estroing or $amaging StatuesC ,u1lic
MonumentsC or ,aintings
6Article >>2
,ersons E&em't #rom Criminal Lia1ilit
CRIMES AGAINST C;ASTITY
1. .d%ltery -.rt. 333/0
2. Conc%5inage -.rt. 334/0
3. .cts of lasciio%sness -.rt. 33"/0
4. I%alified sed%ction -.rt. 33&/0
5. ;imple sed%ction -.rt. 33*/0
". .cts of lasciio%sness 'it( t(e consent of t(e
offended party -.rt. 33,/0
&. Corr%ption of minors -.rt. 341/0
*. W(ite slae trade -.rt. 34/0
,. +orci5le a5d%ction -.rt. 342/0
11. Consented a5d%ction -.rt. 343/.
Crimes against c!astit 8 t(e crime cannot 5e
prosec%ted de officio. T(e offender cannot 5e
prosec%ted e6cept %pon complaint of t(e
offended party.
E&am'le
Adultery A complaint of te usband
Concubinage A complaint of te wife
ARTICLE >>>
%;O ARE GUILTY O8 A$ULTERY
Elements
1. T(e 'oman is married0
2. ;(e (as se6%al interco%rse 'it( a man not
(er (%s5and0
3. .s regards t(e man 'it( '(om s(e (as
se6%al interco%rse4 (e m%st @no' (er to 5e
married
$otes=
+ Een if t(e marriage 5e s%5seB%ently declared
oid 8 pres%med alid marriage
+ .s long as at t(e time t(e se6%al interco%rse
'as committed -ot(er t(an (is (%s5and/ 8 s(e is
married
+ L+or eac( se6%al interco%rse4 one co%nt of
ad%lteryM 8 t(is s(o%ld 5e rationaliAed4 it s(o%ld
not 5e ta@en literally
+ T(e married 'oman and t(e loer 8 5ot(
g%ilty
+ T(e pardon m%st 5e e6tended to 5ot(
offenders to e6ting%is( criminal lia5ility
ARTICLE >>)
CONCUAINAGE
Acts 'unis!ed
1. Jeeping a mistress in t(e con?%gal d'elling0
56
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
2. )aing se6%al interco%rse4 %nder scandalo%s
circ%mstances0
3. Co(a5iting 'it( (er in any ot(er place.
Elements
1. T(e man is married0
2. )e is eit(er 8
a. Jeeping a mistress in t(e con?%gal
d'elling0
5. )aing se6%al interco%rse %nder
scandalo%s circ%mstances 'it( a 'oman
'(o is not (is 'ife0 or
c. Co(a5iting 'it( a 'oman '(o is not (is
'ife in any ot(er place0
3. .s regards t(e 'oman4 s(e @no's t(at t(e
man is married.
> %as o# committing concu1inage Geit!er
o# t!e #ollo"ing circumstancesH
1. Jeeping a mistress in t(e con?%gal d'elling
2. )aing se6%al interco%rse %nder scandalo%s
circ%mstances 'it( a 'oman not (is 'ife
3. Co(a5iting 'it( (er in any ot(er place
ConKugal d"elling 8 is meant t(e (o%se of t(e
(%s5and and 'ife een if 'ife (appens to 5e
temporarily a5sent on any acco%nt.
7(o%se constr%cted from t(e proceeds of t(e sale
of con?%gal property of t(e spo%ses especially
'(ere t(ey (ad intended it to 5e so is a con?%gal
d'elling and t(e fact t(at t(e 'ife neer (ad a
c(ance to reside t(erein and t(at t(e (%s5and
%sed it 'it( (is mistress instead4 does not
detract from its nat%re.
Co!a1it 8 married man is liing 'it( t(e 'oman
%nder t(e same roof and t(ey are liing toget(er
as (%s5and and 'ife.
Scandalous 8 (o' it is perceied 5y t(e people
Notes:
T(is does not mean t(at t(ey do it in p%5lic
Pardon for ad%ltery after t(e act 8 to
e6ting%is( criminal lia5ility it m%st 5e e6tended
to 5ot( offenders
If t(ere is a prior agreement to separate s%c(
agreement is n%ll and oid 5%t it can 5e %sed as
a defense 5%t cannot 5e %sed as an enforcea5le
agreement.
6Article >>+
Ra'e
!epealed 5y !ep%5lic .ct $o. *353 or t(e .nti7
!ape 9a' of 1,,&.
ARTICLE >>E
ACTS O8 LASCI4IOUSNESS
Elements
1. <ffender commits any act of lasciio%sness
or le'dness0
2. It is done %nder any of t(e follo'ing
circ%mstances=
a. 3y %sing force or intimidation0
5. W(en t(e offended party is depried or
reason of ot(er'ise %nconscio%s0 or
c. W(en t(e offended party is anot(er
person of eit(er se6.
T"o Dinds o# acts o# lasciviousness under
t!e Revised ,enal Code:
-1/ .rticle 33"
-2/ .rticle 33,.
Article >>E/ Acts o# Lasciviousness 7 T(e
offended party may 5e a man or a 'oman.
W(en t(e act performed 'it( le'd design 'as
perpetrated %nder circ%mstances '(ic( 'o%ld
(ae 5ro%g(t a5o%t t(e crime of rape if se6%al
interco%rse 'as effected4 is acts of
lasciio%sness %nder t(is article. T(e offended
party is eit(er 8
1. Ender 12 years of age0 or
2. 3eing oer 12 years of age4 t(e lasciio%s acts
'ere committed on (im or (er t(ro%g( iolence
or intimidation4 or '(ile t(e offender party 'as
depried of reason4 or ot(er'ise %nconscio%s.
Article >>9/ Acts o# Lasciviousness "it!
t!e Consent o# t!e O##ended ,art 7T(e
ictim is limited only to a 'oman. T(e
circ%mstances %nder '(ic( t(e lasciio%s acts
'ere committed m%st 5e t(at of B%alified
sed%ction or simple sed%ction4 t(at is4 t(e
offender too@ adantage of (is position of
ascendancy oer t(e offender 'oman eit(er
5eca%se (e is a person in a%t(ority4 a domestic4
a (o%se(elp4 a priest4 a teac(er or a g%ardian4 or
t(ere 'as a deceitf%l promise of marriage '(ic(
neer 'o%ld really 5e f%lfilled.
Ra'e vs/ Acts o# Lasciviousness G1ot! "it!
#orceH
R 8 may 5e committed 'it( se6%al interco%rse
AL 8 'it(o%t se6%al interco%rse
ARTICLE >>5
.UALI8IE$ SE$UCTION
Acts 'unis!ed
1. ;ed%ction of a irgin oer 12 years and
%nder 1* years of age 5y certain persons4
s%c( as a person in a%t(ority4 priest4 teac(er0
and
Elements
a. <ffended party is a irgin4 '(ic( is
pres%med if s(e is %nmarried and of good
rep%tation0
5. ;(e is oer 12 and %nder 1* years of age0
c. <ffender (as se6%al interco%rse 'it( (er0
d. T(ere is a5%se of a%t(ority4 confidence or
relations(ip on t(e part of t(e offender.
2. ;ed%ction of a sister 5y (er 5rot(er4 or
descendant 5y (er ascendant4 regardless of
(er age or rep%tation.
,ersons lia1le
1. T(ose '(o a5%sed t(eir a%t(ority
a. Person in p%5lic a%t(ority0
5. G%ardian0
c. Teac(er0
d. Person '(o4 in any capacity4 is entr%sted
'it( t(e ed%cation or c%stody of t(e
'oman sed%ced0
2. T(ose '(o a5%sed confidence reposed in
t(em
a. Priest0
5. )o%se serant0
57
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
c. Comestic0
3. T(ose '(o a5%sed t(eir relations(ip
a. 3rot(er '(o sed%ced (is sister0
5. .scendant '(o sed%ced (is descendant
ARTICLE >>7
SIM,LE SE$UCTION
Elements
1. <ffender party is oer 12 and %nder 1* years
of age0
2. ;(e is of good rep%tation4 single or 'ido'0
3. <ffender (as se6%al interco%rse 'it( (er0
4. It is committed 5y means of deceit.
Art/ >>5 vs/ Art/ >>7 vs/ Art/ >>9
Art/ >>5
.uali#ied
Seduction
Art/ >>7
Sim'le
Seduction
Art/ >>9
Consented
Acts o#
Lasciviousne
ss
Wit( se6%al
interco%rse
Wit( se6%al
interco%rse
$o se6%al
interco%rse
5%t only
lasciio%s acts.
.5%se of
a%t(ority4
relations(ip
or moral
ascendancy
T(ro%g(
deceit in t(e
form of
promise of
marriage
Wit( consent
of t(e
offended
party. Wit(
a5%se of
a%t(ority4
relations(ip or
moral
ascendancy.
T(ro%g(
deceit.
Notes:
f If married man ma@es a promise of marriage
and t(e minor @no's (e is married 8 t(at is not
deceit
f In rape and sed%ction 8 t(e offspring is
entitled to s%pport
6Article >):
Corru'tion o# Minors
!elate to !... &"11
6Article >)(
%!ite Slave Trade
ARTICLE >)2
8ORCIALE AA$UCTION
Elements
1. T(e person a5d%cted is any 'oman4
regardless or (er age4 ciil stat%s4 or
rep%tation0
2. T(e a5d%ction is against (er 'ill0
3. T(e a5d%ction is 'it( le'd designs.
Notes:
W(et(er forci5le or consented 8 no se6%al
interco%rse
Consented 8 .rt. 343 8 %nder 1* years old
It is a crime against c(astity 5eca%se t(e
ta@ing a'ay is 'it( le'd design. If no le'd
design 8 @idnapping
E&am'le 8 2aggie dela Ci&a case A forcible
abduction wit rape
If 'oman 'as ta@en 'it( le'd design and 'as
raped 8 forci5le a5d%ction 'it( rape. ;%5seB%ent
rapes are considered as separate @inds of rape
-People s. 3%laong4 1,&2/
A virtue o# R/A/ 7>+> T!e #ollo"ing crimes
cannot 1e 'rosecuted de o##icio GCASA$AH
2. .d%ltery
3. ;ed%ction
4. .5d%ction
5. Cefamation G ;lander
". .cts of 9asciio%sness
N.rticle 343
Consented .5d%ction
N.rticle 344
Prosec%tion of t(e crimes of ad%ltery4
conc%5inage4 sed%ction4 a5d%ction4 rape4 and
acts of lasciio%sness
.!TIC9E 345
CI#I9 9I.3I9IT: <+ PE!;<$; GEI9T: <+ C!IME;
.G.I$;T C).;TIT:
,ersons guilt o# ra'eC seduction or
a1ductionC s!all also 1e sentenced:
1. To indemnify t(e offended 'oman
2. To ac@no'ledge t(e offspring %nless t(e la'
s(o%ld preent (im from doing so
3. In eery case to s%pport t(e offspring
Notes:
To ac@no'ledge in case of m%ltiple rape 7
t(ere is no o5ligation to ac@no'ledge
Indemnify t(e offended 'oman
E&am'le
Cape of te first form A !#B; > !#B; moral
damages
N.rticle 34"
9ia5ility of ascendants4 g%ardians4 teac(ers4 or
ot(er persons entr%sted 'it( t(e c%stody of t(e
offended party
CRIMES AGAINST T;E
CI4IL STATUS O8 ,ERSONS
1. ;im%lation of 5irt(s4 s%5stit%tion of one c(ild
for anot(er and concealment or a5andonment of
a legitimate c(ild -art. 34&/0
2. Es%rpation of ciil stat%s -.rt. 34*/0
3. 3igamy -.rt. 34,/0
4. Marriage contracted against proisions of la'
-.rt. 351/0
5. Premat%re marriages -.rt. 351/0
". Performance of illegal marriage ceremony
-.rt. 352/.
ARTICLE >)5
SIMULATION O8 AIRT;SC SUASTITUTION O8
ONE C;IL$ 8OR ANOT;ER AN$
CONCEALMENT O8 AAAN$ONMENT O8 A
LEGITIMATE C;IL$
Acts 'unis!ed
1. ;im%lation of 5irt(s0
2. ;%5stit%tion of one c(ild for anot(er0
58
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
3. Concealing or a5andoning any legitimate
c(ild 'it( intent to ca%se s%c( c(ild to lose
its ciil stat%s.
Simulation 8 t(e 'oman pretends to 5e
pregnant
E&am'le
D pretends to be pregnant and registered as if it
is er cild
A1andonment o# c!ild 8 committed 5y t(e
fat(er or t(e mot(er to lose t(e ciil stat%s
Art/ >)5 vs/ C!ild Tra##icDing under R/A/
5E(:
Art/ >)5 8 leae t(e c(ild some'(ere -in a
p%5lic place/
R/A/ 5E(: 8 selling a c(ild 5y t(e fat(er or
5arter of a c(ild
./ %!at i# t!e 1a1 is in t!e tumm o# t!e
mot!er and t!e mot!er intends to sell it0
.. .ttempted C(ild traffic@ing
6Article >)7
Usur'ation o# Civil Status
ARTICLE >)9
AIGAMY
Elements
1. <ffender (as 5een legally married0
2. T(e marriage (as not 5een legally dissoled
or4 in case (is or (er spo%se is a5sent4 t(e
a5sent spo%se co%ld not yet 5e pres%med
dead according to t(e Ciil Code0
3. )e contracts a second or s%5seB%ent
marriage0
4. T(e second or s%5seB%ent marriage (as all
t(e essential reB%isites for alidity.
Aigam 8 2 marriages. T(e second marriage
'as contracted '(ile t(e first marriage is
s%5sisting. T(e 2 marriages m%st 5e alid 8
complete 'it( formal and essential reB%isites.
Notes:
C If no ?%dicial declaration of pres%mptie deat(
or no ?%dicial declaration of n%llity or ann%lment
8 5igamy
C T(e second marriage for p%rposes of 5igamy
m%st 5e alid
C Pre?%dicial I%estion 8 st%dy notes in ciil
reie' 1
6Article >+:
Illegal Marriage
6Article >+(
,remature Marriage
6Article >+>
,er#ormance o# Illegal Marriage Ceremon
CRIMES AGAINST ;ONOR
1. 9i5el 5y means of 'ritings or similar means
-.rt. 355/0
2. T(reatening to p%5lis( and offer to preent
s%c( p%5lication for compensation -.rt. 35"/0
3. Pro(i5ited p%5lication of acts referred to in t(e
co%rse of official proceedings -.rt. 35&/0
4. ;lander -.rt. 35*/0
5. ;lander 5y deed -.rt. 35,/0
". Incriminating innocent person -.rt. 3"3/0
&. Intrig%ing against (onor -.rt. 3"4/
ARTICLE >+>
$E8INITION O8 LIAEL
Li1el 7 p%5lic and malicio%s imp%tation of a
crime4 or of a ice or defect4 real or imaginary4 or
any act4 omission4 condition4 stat%s4 or
circ%mstances tending to ca%se t(e dis(onor4
discredit4 or contempt of a nat%ral or ?%ridical
person4 or to 5lac@en t(e memory of one '(o is
dead.
Elements
1. T(ere m%st 5e an imp%tation of a crime4 or of
a ice or defect4 real or imaginary4 or any
act4 omission4 condition4 stat%s4 or
circ%mstance0
2. T(e imp%tation m%st 5e made p%5licly0
3. It m%st 5e malicio%s0
4. T(e imp%tation m%st 5e directed at a nat%ral
or ?%ridical person4 or one '(o is dead0
5. T(e imp%tation m%st tend to ca%se t(e
dis(onor4 discredit or contempt of t(e person
defamed.
Notes
- 9i5el 8 'ritten defamation
- ;lander 8 oral defamation
- P%5licity 8 as long as t(e defamation (as come
to t(e attention of 3
rd
persons
- If no5ody (eard it 8 no p%5licity
- Malicio%s imp%tation of a crime 8 eery
defamatory imp%tation is pres%med to (ae
done 'it( malice -pres%mption in la'/ e6cept
priileged comm%nication
6Article >+)
Re*uirement #or ,u1licit
6Article >++
Li1el 1 Means o# %ritings or Similar
Means
6Article >+E
T!reatening to ,u1lis! and O##er to
,revent Suc! ,u1lication #or A
Com'ensation
6Article >+5
,ro!i1ited ,u1lication o# Acts Re#erred to
in t!e Course o# O##icial ,roceedings
6Article >+7
Slander
ARTICLE >+9
SLAN$ER AY $EE$
Elements
1. <ffender performs any act not incl%ded in
any ot(er crime against (onor0
59
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
2. ;%c( act is performed in t(e presence of
ot(er person or persons0
3. ;%c( act casts dis(onor4 discredit or
contempt %pon t(e offended party.
Slander 1 deed 7 to performance of an act4
not %se of 'ords. <ral defamation.
-inds o# slander 1 deed
1. ;imple slander 5y deed0 and
2. Grae slander 5y deed4 t(at is4 '(ic( is of a
serio%s nat%re.
Notes
E !... &",1 -1,,4/ 8 despite &",14 li5el is still
'it(in t(e ?%risdiction of t(e MTC 5eca%se !PC is
a s%5stantie la'
E 3P 12, -1,*1/ 8 MTC 8 offenses '(ere t(e
imposa5le penalty is %pto " years
6Article >E:
,ersons Res'onsi1le
ARTICLE >E(
,ROO8 O8 T;E TRUT;
- Proof of t(e tr%t( is not admissi5le e6cept .rt.
3"1 if it appears t(at t(e matter c(arged as
li5elo%s is tr%e and p%5lis(ed 'it( good moties
and for ?%stifia5le ends. T(e defendant s(all 5e
acB%itted.
6Article >E2
Li1elous RemarDs
ARTICLE >E>
INCRIMINATING INNOCENT ,ERSONS
Performs an act and plant eidence against
some5ody
Elements
1. <ffender performs an act0
2. 3y s%c( an act4 (e incriminates or imp%tes to
an innocent person t(e commission of a
crime0
3. ;%c( act does not constit%te per?%ry.
ARTICLE >E)
INTRIGUING AGAINTS ;ONOR
.ssociated to slander
Slander vs/ Art/ >E)
S 8 'it( plot or definite so%rce
Art/ >E) 8 not identifia5le -'(o 'ill yo%
prosec%teO Prosec%te eery5ody/
CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE
ARTICLE >E+
IM,RU$ENCE AN$ NEGLIGENCE
.uasi3o##enses 'unis!ed
1. Committing t(ro%g( rec@less impr%dence
any act '(ic(4 (ad it 5een intentional4 'o%ld
constit%te a grae or less grae felony or
lig(t felony0
2. Committing t(ro%g( simple impr%dence or
negligence an act '(ic( 'o%ld ot(er'ise
constit%te a grae or a less serio%s felony0
3. Ca%sing damage to t(e property of anot(er
t(ro%g( rec@less impr%dence or simple
impr%dence or negligence0
4. Ca%sing t(ro%g( simple impr%dence or
negligence some 'rong '(ic(4 if done
malicio%sly4 'o%ld (ae constit%ted a lig(t
felony.
RecDless im'rudence 7lac@ of foresig(t4 care
or preca%tion
E&am'les
Ceckless imprudence resulting to omicide
Ceckless imprudence resulting to damage to
property
./ Could t!ere 1e recDless im'rudence
resulting in #rustrated !omicide0
.. $o.
Last Clear C!ance 8 t(e contri5%tory
negligence of t(e party in?%red 'ill not defeat
t(e action if it 5e s(o'n t(at t(e acc%sed mig(t4
5y t(e e6ercise of reasona5le care and pr%dence
(ae aoided t(e conseB%ences of t(e
negligence of t(e in?%red party.
Contri1utor Negligence 8 t(is defense does
not apply in criminal cases t(ro%g( rec@less
impr%dence since one cannot allege t(e
negligence of anot(er to eade t(e effects of (is
o'n negligence.
Except= Pro6imate ca%se of deat( is t(e
negligence of t(e deceased (imself and not t(e
negligence of t(e acc%sed.
Emergenc Rule M $octrine J a person '(o is
confronted 'it( a s%dden emergency may 5e
left no time for t(o%g(t4 m%st ma@e speedy
decision 5ased largely %pon imp%lse or instinct
and cannot 5e (eld to t(e same cond%ct as one
'(o (as (ad an opport%nity to reflect een
t(o%g( it later appears t(at (e made t(e 'rong
decision.
T(e doctrine is applica5le only '(ere t(e
sit%ation '(ic( arises to confront t(e actor is
s%dden and %ne6pected and is s%c( as to
deprie (im of all opport%nity for deli5eration.
T(is is a defense 5%t '(at is necessary to 5e
s(o'n is t(at (e m%st not (ae 5een negligent.
Notes
= If 'it( d%e care 8 accident
= If intentional 8 malicio%s misc(ief
S,ECIAL ,ENAL LA%S
R/A/ 9(E+ T;E COM,RE;ENSI4E
$ANGEROUS $RUGS ACT O8 2::2
Notes
O coers act%al and constr%ctie possession of
dr%gs.
O 3y75%st operation or entrapment 8 no
e6c(ange of money and dr%gs 8 it is consens%al
contract 8 can 5e prosec%ted
60
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2
O ;ale 8 consens%al contract 8 possession is
incl%ded in sale 5%t if after t(e L@ap@apanM sa'
anot(er dr%g 8 separate crime 7 possession
O $o plea 5argaining in dr%gs cases
O $o pro5ation in dr%gs cases
O If dr%gs are confiscated for anot(er indiid%al4
t(e co%rt s(o%ld cond%ct oc%lar inspection t(en
immediately t(e dr%gs 'ill 5e 5%rned and retain
some of it for eidence
O .ssets 'ill 5e confiscated 8 li@e motor e(icles
8 'it(in 5 days
O Goernment officials 'ill 5e prosec%ted if t(e
receied proceeds of dr%gs
O !eB%est for ol%ntary re(a5ilitation 'ill 5e
filed in PCE.
R/A/ 729) ANTI 3 ILLEGAL ,OSSESSION O8
8IREARMSC AMMUNITION OR EF,LOSI4ES
LA%
Incl%des act%al and constr%ctie possession

61
CRIMINAL LA% RE4IE%
C!IMI$.9 9.W 2

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