6 Inductive and Resistive Hts Fault Current Limiter Prototyping Testing Comparing A Usoskin F Mumford

T
ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
Bruker HTS GmbH
Bruker Advanced Supercon
Braunschweig; May 13, 2009 / Areva T&D+Bruker HTS
1
Resistive and Inductive Fault Current Limiters:
Kinetics of Quenching and Recovery
Inductive and Resistive HTS Fault
Current Limiters:
Prototyping, Testing, Comparing
F. Mumford, Areva T&D
A. Usoskin, Bruker HTS
AREVA T&D Research & Technology Centre
Stafford, UK
Bruker HTS GmbH
Hanau, Germany
T
ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
Bruker HTS GmbH
2
Superconducting
Fault Current Limiter
for
Electrical Power System
Protection
Part 1
Resistive and Inductive
Fault Current Limiters:
Kinetics of
Quenching and Recovery
Part 2
T
ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
Bruker HTS GmbH
3
Superconducting
Fault Current Limiter
for
Electrical Power System
Protection
Part 1
T
ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
Bruker HTS GmbH
4
Growing electricity demand in
industrialised countries
Evolution of 2.5% average
per year
Why such an evolution in
electricity demand?
Cities are becoming
increasingly populated
New gadgets
Electric transportation
Better life style
Etc.
Future needs for Electrical Power
4
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ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
Bruker HTS GmbH
5
High stresses result in higher probability of faults
In the near future, networks may reach or
exceed their short-circuit limits!
5
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ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
Bruker HTS GmbH
6
Fault Current Limiters
(FCL)
are urgently needed
Increase of fault levels beyond
existing circuit-breaker capacities
Fault levels increasing before
circuit-breaker opens (first peak)
Many networks may soon reach or
Exceed their Short-Circuit Limits!
6
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ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
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Before and after a fault current
What are the causes of faults?
Severe weather
Errant tree branches
Wandering squirrels
Equipment failures
Metal poles
Consequences of a major a fault .
What are the consequences?
Interruption of customer
service
Increase costs
Loss of income
Consequences of a major a fault . Consequences of a major a fault .
What are the consequences?
Interruption of customer
service
Increase costs
Loss of income
7
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ECHNOLOGY
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8
Aftermath of a major Short-Circuit Fault
Transformer Damage
8
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9
Aftermath of a major Short-Circuit Fault
Transformer Damage
9
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ECHNOLOGY
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Bruker HTS GmbH
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The network system reaction
Present network systems are designed to tolerate high
currents for several cycles
Faults interrupted within:
100 msec ([ [[ [ 100 kV system)
60 msec (>100 kV system)
But, the system fault levels are increasing ! But, the system fault levels are increasing !
10
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ECHNOLOGY
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The main benefits of the insertion of a FCL
Improve power quality
Avoid:
Over-dimensioning of equipment
High investments
Replacing existing equipments that have a low rating
compared to the high rating required
11
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ECHNOLOGY
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12
The Optimum Solution:
Superconducting Fault Current Limiter
Properties
Self activating
Fail safe
Low maintenance
High impedance in fault operation
Low impedance in normal operation
Limits fault current before first peak
Tolerant to a 5 cycle fault current limiting (100 msec.)
Operational before circuit-breaker re-closes
Environmentally friendly (liquid nitrogen cooling,77K)
12
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ECHNOLOGY
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13
Three Most Common types of FCL
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Resistive FCL with protective shunt
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15
FCL with saturated iron
15
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16
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17
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18
Inductive Shielded FCL in a network system
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ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
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How do Superconducting FCLs work
When operated below critical parameters:
T
c
(temperature)
I
c
(current)
H
c
(magnetic field)
Superconductors have virtually zero resistance
When operated above T
c
, I
c
, H
c
, normal state resistance is
restored
The inherent ability to switch
from virtually zero resistance to a
finite value when I
c
is exceeded
can be used to limit short-circuit
fault currents
This switching property is utilised
in the inductive shielded type FCL
SFCL
T
c
I
c
H
c
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ECHNOLOGY
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What is an SFCL?
The SFCL is a transformer with:
A shorted secondary superconducting winding
A copper primary winding connected in series with a
network line
In normal network operation, magnetic flux is excluded
from the transformer iron core
Low impedance is seen by the system
In a fault limiting scenario Ic for the superconductor is
exceeded and flux enters the core
Large impedance is seen by the system
Fault current is limited & the system protected Fault current is limited & the system protected
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ECHNOLOGY
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Fault Current Limiting with an SFCL
-20000
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

Prospective Fault Current
Limited Fault
Current
Fault Onset
Normal
operation
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
Time (s)
21
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ECHNOLOGY
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Inductive Shielded type SFCL
Primary
winding
Cryostat
Superconducting
Cylinders
Laminated
Iron Core
Construction
Transformer device with:
Copper primary winding
Superconducting shorted
secondary winding.
Primary winding is in series
with the line to be protected.
SFCL has the potential to meet all FCL objectives SFCL has the potential to meet all FCL objectives
22
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ECHNOLOGY
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23
Safety assured with the SFCL
Bruker HTS GmbH
Resistive and Inductive Fault
Current Limiters: Kinetics of
Quenching and Recovery
Part 2
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ECHNOLOGY
CENTRE
Bruker HTS GmbH
25
FCL demonstrators
- Constructions
- CC Tapes
- FCL Assembling
- Measurements
- Results and further steps
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ECHNOLOGY
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26
Processing route for YBCO coated conductor
d
e
e
p

p
o
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
U
S

c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
ABAD
YSZ buffer
H
R
-
P
L
D
C
e
O
2
H
R
-
P
L
D
Y
B
C
O
P
V
D
A
g

o
r

A
u
A
n
n
e
a
l
i
n
g
C
u

p
l
a
t
i
n
g
1
5
0
m
Vacuum, mbar 10
-5
10
-1
10
-1
10
-5
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Shunt layer in SFCL
0
1
2
3
0 2 4
Shunt thickness (m)
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

f
i
e
l
d

(
V
/
c
m
)
1
2
3
dA
dP
d
E =

is resistivity of the shunt metal,
d is a shunt thickness and
dP/dA is a surface density of power
dissipation.
200 W/cm
2
50 W/cm
2
100 W/cm
2
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Inductive shielded and resistive SFCL
SUPERPOLI FCL-5.5-50 module based on YBCO-
coated stainless steel tubes and Au shunt layer.
Nominal (non-limited) current 2 500 A (ampl.)
Nominal power losses ~ 0.1 W
Fault current, max. 50 000 A (ampl.)
Peak power at fault current: 150 000 W
55 mm
500 mm
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Inductive shielded FCL: Components
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Inductive shielded FCL: Components
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R(I) curves

0
2
4
6
0 2 4 6
Current (kA)
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
O
h
m
s
)
1
2
3
IS-SFCL
IS-SFCL
R-SFCL
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Inductive SFCL: I(V) curves
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 20 40 60
Voltage (V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
0,2
1
0,6
2
3
A B C D
0,4
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Cu losses are subtracted
Test SU240b cu100trns, 11x7CC-mod
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
voltage 1, V
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

2
,

p
r
o
s
p
.

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

1
,

A
3800A Oscill.
Z1(at 3000A)=0.25 V/30 A= 8.3 mOhms => U = 0.8 V at 100A
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Kinetics of quench and recovery: inductive SFC
-2
0.6ms
<0.2ms
20 40 60 80 0
0
1
2
-1
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
k
A
)

Time (ms)
Kinetics of quench and
recovery in SFCL with
a shielding module
exhibiting 0.9 kA
critical current.
Current versus time at
quench event with
duration of 31 ms.
Prospective current of
30 kA (peak value) is
limited to 1.2 kA
(second peak).
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I
U
FCL
1ms
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Current versus time at
quench event with
duration of 90 ms.
Prospective current of
20 kA (peak value) is
limited to 5 kA (second
peak).
During quench current in
primary winding
corresponds to 40-50 A.

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
k
A
)

Time (ms)
0 50 100 200 150 250
0
2
4
6
-2
-4
-6
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ECHNOLOGY
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Shunt layer in SFCL: R-SFCL
0
0
5
time [ms]
15
2
4
-2
-4
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
k
A
]
0.5 ms
fault current
limited
current
nominal current
10 20
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Summary
A. There is no difference in performance of inductive SFCL and
resistive SFCL
B. Nevertheless, the inductive SFCL
- has favorable functionality at HV
- exhibits less cooling losses
(no current leads in the cryostat)
- should have similar dimensions and weight (!)
C. Low loss (Z<0.015 Ohm) in the nominal regime are
demonstrated in 100kVA
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SFCL Demonstrator
EHTS Design for a 10kV Demonstrator
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Thank you for your attention

6 Inductive and Resistive Hts Fault Current Limiter Prototyping Testing Comparing A Usoskin F Mumford

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