We have talked about cytosome .

it is a matrix and it is a like I microtubule structure cytoplasm

so we dont have any provide some important cytoplasmic reactions and what else other
structures? There are some electro and some RNA synthesize protein and
..classify membrane and non-membrane structure. We have talked about
cells membrane and we will continue ER, the parts of golgi and endosomes, lysosomes,
peroxisomes , and mitochondria the non-membranes are the subject of the next lesson
and for the ER you have known about smooth one and the granular one. Polysome we have so
this structure under the microscope. because the microscoping appearances of the organelles is
the subject of the this lecture. It means so these organelles the microscope maybe light
microscope or electron microscope, scanning or transmission or maybe from fluorescence
microscope. You have familiar with the appearances of them.
SER(=smooth ER) and GER(=granular ER) which is also called rough ER .You know that granules
are ribosomes on the surface of them. In electron microscope this appearance is seen like a long
tubules with ribosomes. You may see them at the fluorescence maybe.
We use some techniques to investigate the structure in the cell. For example here the ones you
seen are the cellular parts of the RER. The other one is SER. You have known that most of the
cells are rich in the SER because of its function. You have already learned about their functioning
in a cell or SER. We know that stereosynthesising cell which is the leyding cell. For example in a
testis responsibility for production of the testosterone. t is also rich in SER. Here you can see
the SER like a round or a cisternae smooth surface. We have seen in the ovary which is Corpus
Luteum in other words. And this Corpus Luteum produce progesterones. It is also rich in the
SER. This is a highly magnification of a cell from the adrenal cortex. These cells produce
corticosteroid. So here this is a highly magnification this is a nucleus and under the nucleus
there is cytoplasmic part of a cell. Inside of the cytoplasmic part we will see the a lot of SER. The
sides of other organs we will talk about these other organs their future and their appearances
under the microscope.
Another cell which is very rich in SER is liver. The liver cells are also called hepatocytes. The
hepatocytes fare found in the liver and responsibility for detoxification. Detoxification is related
with the SER and breaking down glycogen in the glucose is also occur in the hepatocytes. Lipid
synthesis is related with SER in hepatocytes. In the liver there is not only hepatocyte. There are
kupffer cells, endothelial cells etc.
Then adipose cells are rich in SER because they have responsibility for the lipid transport in the
cytoplasm and muscle cells are also rich in SER. But this time they have special name. This name
is Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. sarco means muscle in Latin language. These sarcoplasmic reticulum
is related with Ca for the concentration of muscle. this is a important organelle in a muscle
because of regulation Ca concentration.
Here this is a higher magnification for just one part of cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic area is rich
SER so there are a lot of smooth surface cisternae or tubules. It is dilated rich with the
contnent.They turn into a cisternae and this time we call this large tubules structure as
cisternae. If they are not stopped the material inside of them they appear like a tubular
structure so these are the all SER besides to the mitochondria and RER.
Smooth ER=ungranular ER =dz ER
Rough ER = granular ER

This is lower magnification. This is nucleus, this is the cytoplasmic area. And all these structures
into cytoplasm are the SER.
RER have protein Synthesis. And they are have branched membrane structure and they are
composed of tubules and cisternae like smooth ones. All these drawings how the ribosome
attached to the surface membrane of RER. In light microscope, the appearances of the RER with
added to the ribosome. they all both of them can be seen under light microscope as a bluish
color base of structure. We have talked about base of structure in the nucleus lecture yesterday.
These structure are related with the protein synthesis. They are active region of the cytoplasm
and thay have special name ergocytoplasm.we have talked that pancreas acinar cells.are
composed of pyramidal shape.that means that they have a large basophilic surface and apical
surfaces are narrower. In pyramidal shape, nuclear is at the bottom and they are a lot of
RERwith the ribosomes at the basal part. Bur at apical part they have a lot of secretory granules.
Zimogenic granuls are secretary granuls and these are king but the basal part are basophilic so
they are blue.
So where is the ergocytoplasm? Ergocytoplasm is active part of cytoplasm. They are close to the
nuclear which are located at basal compartment of the cell. So most of the cells are also rich
ergocytoplasm. Or sometimes they have different names . for example neurons. We call this
RER in the ribosomes as Nissl Bodies. We ave talked some neurons are multipuller neurons like
steroid cells. We talked about these cells yesterday as satellite cells and their center there is a
round nucleus and their cytoplasm is not special like basal or apical part. In this cell we have a
lot of blue color which are called Nissl Bodies. So besides the a lot of secretary cells one of them
is pancreas . besides pancreas acinar cells there are a lot of secretary cells being human body.for
example granular cells or we have also active fibroblast.
-Some one asked could you explain Nissl Bodies again?
- Nissl Bodies are the ergocytoplasm areas of the cell neuron which means that they are rich
RER and ribosomes.
And also odontoblast and plasma cells. Plasma cells have not regulated secretory pathway.
They have nucleus. They cannot store their product in their cytoplasm and as soon as possible
they give out side they secreted products. So they have no place secretory granules . because its
cytoplasm is rich in RER. Their cytoplasm are appeared us a basophilic structure because of RER
inside of cell.it is a small cell not like a acinar cell. It has exocrine pathway for secretion.
So odontoplast ameloplast are found in the tooth and secretory cells of the bond tissues.
You know ribozomes, secretory product, protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes.these are the
permanal composed of the cell. the free ribosomes give proteins to the membranes of the
organelles for example RER or nuclear membrabe or golgi ,lysosomes . this is related to cellular
activity of the cell.
We have two ribosomes.
1)attached to the RER. If protein is produced in RER, this protein is secreted out of cell. They are
not located in the cell.
2)free in he cytoplasm.
The appearances under electron microscope of RER are similar to SER. They have tubular and
cisternae. Here you can see tubular of RER because the out of tubular is rough with the
ribosomes. And this is cytoplasmic area in plasma cell. Look at here this one is nucleus and a lot
of tubules. Also there are some section that cistern in a plasma membrane. But here this is a
section from an active fibroblast. So most of the tubules dilated enlarge with the protein
product in their lumen. So these are mostly cistern than the tubules. And these are tubular ar
cisternal appearances of RER.
Polyribosomes synthesis protein that use in the cell. These are permanal in the cell. These are
erythrocytes. You have the picture of erythrocytes from laboratory lecture. These are muscle
cells. they have a lot of contractile proteins.We had talked about neurons besides Nissl bodies.
Also they have neurofilaments. Another one is the keratinocytes of the skin. They are rich in
keratin in their cytoplasm.
How the free ribosomes appear under the microscope. Here they are found like that.these are
the higher magnification which are the two hundred thousand magnified.
This is a Nissl Body. Multipolar neurons. These are the stellar shape. A lot of cytoplasmic
extensions cell. You may basophilic cluster in cytoplasm. Here you can see base of this structure
the bluish color. These are cluster of RER.
Why the neurons are these organelles a lot? For the vesicles they are synthesizing
neuromedicals that they transfer to the during the (saynepss dedi ne olduunu nulamdm.)
transfer to the other cells. So there is a lot of vesicles in their axons and dendrite. they are
synthesize at the cytoplasm. We can see a lot of RER.
Then this is also transmission electron microscope. These are mitochondria .you can see tubules
or cisternae of the RER. this is a higher magnification. Here this part is alumen of the RER. But
this part is cytoplasmic part. RER is seen rough but RERs lumen appears smooth.

So here we have also different types of organelles. here this is mitochondria. They are
microtubules and besides them we have RER. There are a lot of cistern in RER.
Also we have a lot of cell types in a human body. And these cells types are important for protein
localization.
Here this is a ertyrobalst .these cells are have few protein molecules for secretion. Becaouse of
this they have very little RER. There are a lot of polyribosomes free ribosome cluster in
cytoplasm.
Another cell is the eisonophilic leucocyte. This is cell of blood . this is type of a white blood cells.
They have specific secretory granules. In these granules they store their protein material. They
have RER. They secret out of the cell. They have also golgi.
The other cell type is plasma cell. They are very few secretory granules because they are in
consecutive exocrine pathway because to make protein products or secretory granules as soon
as possible the secret out of cell . there is so many organelle just few RER and a lot Golgi.
Pancreas acinar cells. These are the secretory epithelia cells. At apical surface they are secreting
secretory granule .RER is located basal part around the nuclear.

So this is the picture that was taken your lab. Lecture.pink color structure are the apical surface.
These are the protein structure and these are the RER around the nucleus.


The other organelle is the Golgi. Golgi have cisternae.it has two faces. cis and trans. Its function
is related with secretion and synthesis some corbohydrates .