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Environment Engineering I
Dr. Abdel Fattah Hasan
AnNajah National University
Civil Engineering Department
Materials/Mass Balance
Review
Materials and Energy Balance:
A key tool in achieving a quantitative
understanding of the behavior of
Environmental Systems.
Accounts for the flow of energy and
material into and out of Environmental
Systems.
Models Production, transport, and fate
of Pollutants and Energy in the
Environment.
Introduction Introduction
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Conservation of Matter Conservation of Matter
Matter (without nuclear reaction) can
neither be created nor destroyed
Its Mathematical form is called:
Materials Balance or Mass Balance
For an environmental system:
Accumulation = Input Output
Env. System: River, Pond, Pollution Control Device...etc.
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Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy
Energy (without nuclear reaction) can
neither be created nor destroyed
Its Mathematical form is called:
Energy Balance
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Control Volume (CV)
CV: boundaries to the system as
imaginary blocks around the process or
part of the process so the calculations are
made as simple as possible.
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LAKE
River out
River in
CV
Output Input
Accumulation
Useful Relations
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Density () [M/L
3
] = Mass [M]/Volume [L
3
]
Mass (M) = Density () x Volume (V)
Mass Flow Rate [M/T] = [M/L
3
] x Q [L
3
/T]
Concentration of Component A (C
A
) [M/L
3
] = Mass of A [M]/Volume [L
3
]
Mass Flow Rate of Component A [M/T]= C
A
[M/L
3
] x Q [L
3
/T]
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Mass Balance
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Output Input
Accumulation dM/dt
In
M
in
[M/T]
Q
in
[L
3
/T]
C
Ain
[M/L
3
]
Out
M
out
[M/T]
Q
out
[L
3
/T]
C
Aout
[M/L
3
]
Accumulation = Input Output
Units:
M in kg, g, mol, eqetc.
m in kg/h, g/s, mol/day, eq/wk.etc.
Mass Balance
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When No Accumulation in the System ( dM/dt = 0) : Steady State Conditions:
Mass Balance for Component A
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Output Input
Accumulation dM/dt
In
M
in
[M/T]
Q
in
[L
3
/T]
C
Ain
[M/L
3
]
Out
M
out
[M/T]
Q
out
[L
3
/T]
C
Aout
[M/L
3
]
Accumulation = Input Output
Mass Balance for Component A
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For Steady State Conditions:
Efficiency
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Output Input
Accumulation dM/dt
In
M
in
[M/T]
Q
in
[L
3
/T]
C
Ain
[M/L
3
]
Out
M
out
[M/T]
Q
out
[L
3
/T]
C
Aout
[M/L
3
]
When Q
in
= Q
out
State of Mixing
Two Extreme cases (Models):
1. No Mixing 2.Complete Mixing
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Continuous Stirred
Tank Reactor (CSTR)
OR Continuous Mixed
Flow Reactor (CMFR)
Plug Flow Reactor
(PFR)
C inside reactor = Cout
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Including Reactions
Conserved Substances: Substances do
not undergo chemical, biological or
radioactive transformations.
In case of transformations, Mass Balance
will become:
Accumulation Rate =
Input Rate Output Rate Transformation Rate

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Kinetics
r: Rate of Transformation or Reaction Rate
r is used to describe the rate of formation or
disappearance of a substance or chemical
species.
These time dependent reactions are called:
Kinetic Reactions.
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So, r = - k C
n
k: reaction rate constant
C: concentration of substance
n: exponent or reaction order
For first order reactions:
The rate of loss of the substance is
proportional to the amount of substance
present at any given time t.
So, r = - K C = dC/dt (units of k; s
-1
or d
-1
)
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By Integration:
C
o
: Initial Concentration
Rearranging:
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Mass Balance for CSTR
For completely CSTR (CMFR), with 1
st
order reaction,
Mass Balance for Environmental Systems will be
rewritten as:
For steady state conditions (dC
A
/dt = 0 and Q
in
= Q
out
):
Define Q as residence time in the CSTR = V/Q
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Mass Balance for PFR
For PFR, No mix with fluid ahead or behind
Taking a CV for a differential element of the fluid..
Mass Balance:
For 1
st
order reactions:
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Define Q as residence time in PFR = V/Q
Integration of the above equation:
Also,
u: sped of flow, L: system length, A: x-sectional area of PFR
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