Introduction to Chemistry 33

CHAPTER
1
Study Guide
Study Tip
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to review each section and quiz each
other on the key concepts. Suggest
that they separately create a summary
for each section, then compare notes.
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Chapter 1
Study Guide 33
CHAPTER
1 Study Guide
Key Concepts
withChemASAP
chemistry
hypothesis
observation theory
scientic law
Vocabulary
Organizing Information
scientic
method
experiment
analytical chemistry (p. 8)
applied chemistry (p. 9)
biochemistry (p. 8)
biotechnology (p. 14)
chemistry (p. 7)
experiment (p. 22)
hypothesis (p. 22)
inorganic chemistry (p. 8)
macroscopic (p. 12)
matter (p. 7)
microscopic (p. 12)
manipulated variable (p. 22)
observation (p. 22)
organic chemistry (p. 8)
physical chemistry (p. 8)
pollutant (p. 16)
pure chemistry (p. 9)
responding variable (p. 22)
scientific law (p. 23)
scientific method (p. 22)
technology (p. 9)
theory (p. 23)
Concept Map 1 Solve the
Concept Map with the help of
an interactive guided tutorial.
1.1 Chemistry
Because living and nonliving things are
made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects
of life and most natural events.
Chemistry can be divided into five traditional
areas of study: organic chemistry, inorganic
chemistry, biochemistry, analytical
chemistry, and physical chemistry.
Pure research can lead directly to an appli-
cation, but an application can exist before
research is done to explain how it works.
Chemistry can be useful in explaining
the natural world, preparing people for
career opportunities, and producing
informed citizens.
1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide
Chemists design materials to fit specific
needs. Chemists play an essential role in
finding ways to conserve energy, produce
energy, and store energy.
Chemists supply the medicines, materials,
and technology that doctors use to treat
patients. Chemists help to develop more
productive crops and safer, more effective
ways to protect crops.
Chemists help to identify pollutants and
prevent pollution.
To study the universe, chemists gather data
from afar and analyze matter that is brought
back to Earth.
1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist
Alchemists developed tools and techniques
for working with chemicals.
Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry
from a science of observation to the science
of measurement that it is today.
Steps in the scientific method include
making observations, testing hypotheses,
and developing theories.
When scientists collaborate and commu-
nicate, they increase the likelihood of a
successful outcome.
1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry
Effective problem solving always involves
developing a plan and then implementing
the plan.
The steps for solving a numeric word prob-
lem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate. The
steps for solving a conceptual problem are
analyze and solve.
Use these terms to construct a
concept map that organizes the
major ideas of this chapter.
34 Chapter 1
ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER
1
34. Although air is invisible, it has
mass and occupies space.
35. Chemistry is concerned with the
changes that matter undergoes.
36. Organic chemistry is the study of
chemicals that contain carbon; inor-
ganic chemistry is the study of chem-
icals that do not contain carbon.
37. pure chemistry; His experiments
tested a hypothesis of another
chemist. His results led to applied
chemistrythe large-scale pro-
duction of nylon.
38. The group of chemicals in the
body that produce pain are also
involved in the formation of blood
clots. Aspirin blocks the produc-
tion of these chemicals.
39. A reghter needs to know which
chemicals to use to ght different
types of res; knowledge of chem-
istry will help a reporter gather
information during an interview
with a chemist.
40. In a macroscopic view you can see
an object like a burr with the un-
aided eye; to observe the tiny hooks
on a burrs surface requires magni-
cation (a microscopic view).
41. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat
ow. If heat ow is reduced,
energy is conserved.
42. to understand the structure of
matter found in cells and chemical
changes that occur in cells
43. gene therapy and production of
chemicals such as insulin
44. Testing reveals if soil contains the
right chemicals to grow a crop and
suggests way to improve soil.
45. A pollutant is a material found in
air, soil, or water that is harmful to
living organisms.
46. Lead poisoning can cause nervous
system damage, especially in
growing children.
47. by analyzing the light they transmit
to Earth
48. They based their conclusions on experi-
mental evidence.
49. the scientic method
50. to test a hypothesis
51. c
52. The manipulated variable is changed dur-
ing an experiment; the responding variable
is observed during an experiment.
53. Repeat the experiment. If you get the same
result, you must propose a new hypothesis.
54. A scientic law summarizes the results of
many experiments; a theory explains them.
55. to share knowledge across disciplines and
resources between industry and academia
56. b, c, and d
57. developing a plan and implementing that
plan
58. Step 1, analyze
59. 54 games (one third of 163)
60. 4320 times an hour, 103,680 times a day
61. 12 days
34 Chapter 1
CHAPTER
1 Assessment
Reviewing Content
1.1 Chemistry
34. Explain why air is classied as matter.
35. The Japanese characters for chemistry literally
mean change study. Why are these appropriate
characters to represent chemistry?
36. Describe the main difference between inorganic
chemistry and organic chemistry.
37. Was Wallace Carothers doing pure chemistry or
applied chemistry when he discovered nylon?
Explain your answer.
38. Explain how chemists were able to connect the
ability of aspirin to relieve pain to its ability to
reduce the risk of a heart attack.
39. Why would a reghter or a reporter need to
understand chemistry?
1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide
40. George de Mestral used burrs as a model for
his hook-and-loop tapes. Using burrs as an
example, explain the difference between
a macroscopic and a microscopic view
of matter.
41. How does the use of insulation help to
conserve energy?
42. What is the overall goal of scientists who work
with biotechnology?
43. Describe two ways that biotechnology can be
used to treat diseases.
44. How can testing soil help to increase the
productivity of farmland?
45. What is a pollutant?
46. Why is it important that young children not be
exposed to lead-based paint?
47. How can scientists study the composition of
distant stars?
1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist
48. What did the scientists who founded the Royal
Society of London share with Lavoisier?
49. What is the most powerful tool that any scientist
can have?
50. What is the purpose of an experiment?
51. Which of the following is not a part of the
scientic method?
a. hypothesis b. experiment
c. guess d. theory
52. How do a manipulated variable and a
responding variable differ?
53. You perform an experiment and get unexpected
results. According to the scientic method, what
should you do next?
54. Explain how the results of many experiments can
lead to both a scientic law and a theory.
55. List two general reasons why scientists are likely
to collaborate.
1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry
56. Identify the statements that correctly describe
good problem solvers.
a. Read a problem only once.
b. Check their work.
c. Look up missing facts.
d. Look for relationships among the data.
57. What do effective problem-solving strategies
have in common?
58. In which step of the three-step problem-solving
approach for numeric problems is a problem-
solving strategy developed?
59. On the average, a baseball team wins two out of
every three games it plays. How many games will
this team lose in a 162-game season?
60. If your heart beats at an average rate of 72 times
per minute, how many times will your heart beat
in an hour? In a day?
61. How many days would it take you to count a
million pennies if you could count one penny
each second?
Introduction to Chemistry 35
62. Answers will vary, but possible
answers are 1c, 2d, 3e, 4b, and 5a.
63. Answers will vary but should dem-
onstrate an understanding that
chemistry is the study of matter
and the changes it undergoes.
64. One possible answer is develop-
ment of the materials to produce
an articial limb.
65. Students are likely to choose bio-
chemist because biochemistry is the
study of processes that take place in
organisms. However, a student
might choose physical chemist
because physical chemistry includes
the study of energy transfer as mat-
ter undergoes a change.
66. The doctors hypothesis is that the
sore throat is the result of bacteria
that cause strep throat. She tests
the hypothesis by testing a sample
for the presence of the bacteria.
67. Your experiment may be correct, but
your hypothesis may be wrong. You
should reexamine your hypothesis
and repeat the experiment.
68. a. The manipulated variable is the
temperature of the basketball. The
responding variable is the height
of the basketballs bounce.
b. The method for dropping the
basketball before it bounces; the
method for measuring the height
of the bounce
69. Answers will vary but should
reect knowledge of the steps in
a scientic method including
making observations and testing
hypotheses.
70. a. amount of salt added b. freez-
ing point c. Changing the volume
of the water would also change
the concentration of the salt solu-
tion and affect the results. d. Yes,
to a point. The freezing point
appears to be leveling off at about
15C.
71. 300 miles
Understanding Concepts
Assessment 35
62. Match each area of chemistry with a numbered
statement.
a. physical chemistry b. organic chemistry
c. analytical chemistry d. inorganic chemistry
e. biochemistry
(1) Measure the level of lead in blood.
(2) Study non-carbon-based chemicals in rocks.
(3) Investigate changes that occur as food is
digested in the stomach.
(4) Study carbon-based chemicals in coal.
(5) Explain the energy transfer that occurs when
ice melts.
63. Explain why chemistry might be useful in a
career you are thinking of pursuing.
Use this photograph of a javelin thrower to answer
Questions 64 and 65.
64. Explain how chemistry has affected the ability
of this athlete to compete.
65. What type of chemist might study how an
athlete uses energy during a competition?
Give a reason for your answer.
66. A doctor examines a patients sore throat and
suggests that the patient has strep throat. She
takes a sample to test for the bacteria that cause
strep throat. What parts of the scientic method
is the doctor applying?
67. You perform an experiment and nd that the
results do not agree with an accepted theory.
Should you conclude that you made an error
in your procedure? Explain.
68. A student is planning a science fair project
called Does Temperature Affect How High a
Basketball Can Bounce?
a. Based on the project title, identify the
manipulated variable and the responding
variable.
b. Name at least two factors that would need to
be kept constant during the experiment.
69. Describe a situation in which you used at
least two steps in the scientic method to
solve a problem.
70. Pure water freezes at 0C. A student wanted to
test the effect of adding salt to the water. The
table shows the data that was collected.
a. What was the manipulated variable?
b. What was the responding variable?
c. Why must the volume of water be the same
for each test?
d. Based on the data, the student hypothesized,
As more salt is added to water, the tempera-
ture of the water decreases. Is this hypothesis
supported by the data? Explain.
71. In the time a person on a bicycle travels 4 miles,
a person in a car travels 30 miles. Assuming a
constant speed, how far will the car travel while
the bicycle travels 40 miles?
Effect of Salt on Freezing Point of Water
Salt Added Freezing Point
5 g 4.8C
10 g 9.7C
15 g 15.1C
20 g 15.0C
36 Chapter 1
ASSESSMENT
continued
CHAPTER
1
72. One possible answer is that with
both areas of study, students
slowly build up a vocabulary and a
set of concepts that relate the new
terms. Both areas rely on a system-
atic approachgrammar versus
the scientic method. Chemistry
deals with matter and words do
not qualify as matter. Science is
independent of a specic culture;
language varies from culture to
culture.
73. A possible answer is that scientists
accept hypotheses that are sup-
ported by experimental results
and reject hypotheses that are not
supported by experimental results.
74. a. the brand of paper towel
b. Possible answers include stron-
gest, most absorbent, strongest
when wet, largest area per sheet,
and easiest to tear from roll.
c. Sample answer: The best towel
will absorb the most liquid.
d. Possible answers include size of
paper towel sample, type of liquid,
amount of liquid, method for mea-
suring absorbency, method for
measuring strength.
75. A person who is educated in the
theories and practice of chemistry
would be more likely to recognize
the signicance of an accidental
discovery and have the means and
motivation to develop that acci-
dental discovery into an important
scientic contribution.
76. Divide the weight of 4 beakers by 2
or multiply the weight of 1 beaker
by 2 (2.0 lb/2 or 0.5 lb x 2 = 1 lb).
77. A theory can never be proven. It is a
well-tested explanation of a broad
set of observations. A theory may
need to be changed in the future to
explain new observations.
78. b
79. Students diagrams should show one string
that is threaded through both holes A and
C. The string at hole B is a separate thread
from the string passing through holes A
and C.
80. 150 in.
81. 144,000 eggs
82. the number of gallons in a barrel
83. a. $1.00 per package b. number of
envelopes in a package
36 Chapter 1
CHAPTER
1 Assessment continued
Concept Challenge Critical Thinking
72. Compare and contrast the study of chemistry
with the study of a language.
73. Comment on the idea that science accepts what
works and rejects what does not work.
74. You are asked to design an experiment to answer
the question: Which paper towel is the best?
a. What is the manipulated variable in your
experiment?
b. List three possible responding variables that
could be used to dene best?
c. Pick one of the responding variables and
rewrite the question as a hypothesis.
d. List at least ve factors that must be kept
constant when you test the hypothesis.
75. Important discoveries in science are sometimes
the result of an accident. Louis Pasteur said,
Chance favors the prepared mind. Explain
how both of these statements can be true.
76. Four beakers have a total weight of 2.0 lb. Each
beaker when full holds 0.5 lb of water. Describe
two different methods you could use to calculate
the weight of two full beakers of water. Then try
both methods and compare the answers.
77. Explain what is wrong with the statement,
Theories are proven by experiments.
78. The air you breathe is composed of about 20%
oxygen and 80% nitrogen. Use your problem
solving skills to decide which drawing best rep-
resents a sample of air. Explain your choice.
Oxygen
a. b.
c. d.
Nitrogen
79. You nd a sealed box with strings protruding
from three holes, as shown in the diagram. When
you tug string A, it becomes longer and string C
becomes shorter. When you tug string B, it
becomes longer, but strings A and C are not
affected. Make a diagram showing the arrange-
ment of the strings inside the box.
80. A certain ball when dropped from any height,
bounces one-half the original height. If the ball
was dropped from a height of 60 in. and allowed
to bounce freely, what is the total distance the
ball has traveled when it hits the ground for the
third time? Assume the ball bounces straight up
and down.
81. Eggs are shipped from the farm to market by
truck. They are packed 12 eggs to a carton and
20 cartons to a box. Four boxes are placed in
each crate. Crates are stacked on a truck 5 crates
wide, 6 crates deep, and 5 crates high. How many
eggs are on a truck?
82. An oil tanker containing 4,000,000 barrels is
emptied at the rate of 5000 gallons per minute.
What information do you need to gure out how
long it would take to empty the tanker?
83. A crate of envelopes sells for $576.00. A package
of envelopes contains 250 envelopes. Six pack-
ages are packed inside a carton. Twelve cartons
are packed in a box. Eight boxes are packed in
a crate.
a. What does a package of envelopes cost?
b. What fact given in the problem was not
needed to calculate the answer?
A
B
C
Introduction to Chemistry 37
Standardized Test Prep
1. d
2. c
3. c
4. Contact lenses increase the possi-
bility of eye damage because
chemicals can become trapped
behind a lens. Safety goggles also
protect the eyes from ying debris.
5. No food should be eaten in the
laboratory because food may
become contaminated with a
toxic substance.
6. The teacher may modify the
instructions to suit available
equipment or chemicals. The
teacher will stress any safety pre-
cautions. Accidents are more likely
to happen when instructions or
warnings are ignored.
7. Analyze the question and the
given information; evaluate the
answer against a reasonable esti-
mate and check the units.
8. 1 and 4
9. 2 and 5
10. 3
11. true, true, correct explanation
12. true, true
13. true, false
14. false, true
15. false, false
Standardized Test Prep 37
Test-Taking Tip
Standardized Test Prep
a. physical
b. inorganic
c. analytical
d. organic
True-False Questions When the word because is
placed between two statements that may or may
not be true, you need to decide two things. First,
are the statements both true, are they both false,
or is one statement true and the other false. If
both statements are true, you must then decide
if the second statement is a correct explanation
for the first statement.
Select the choice that best answers each question or
completes each statement.
1. The branch of chemistry that studies chemicals
containing carbon is ____ chemistry.
2. An analytical chemist is most likely to
a. explain why paint is stirred before it is used.
b. explain what keeps paint attached to the steel
frame of an automobile.
c. identify the type of paint chips found at the
scene of a hit-and-run accident.
d. investigate the effect of leaded paint on the
development of a young child.
3. Chemists who work in the biotechnology eld
are most likely to work with
a. X-ray technicians.
b. geologists.
c. physicians.
d. physicists.
Respond to each statement in Questions 46.
4. Someone who wears contact lenses does not
have to wear safety goggles in the lab.
5. Eating food that is left over from an experiment
is an alternative to discarding the food.
6. For a student who has read the procedure, the
teachers pre-lab instructions are unnecessary.
Use the flowchart to answer Question 7.
7. What should you do before you calculate an
answer to a numeric problem and what should
you do after you calculate the answer?
Use this paragraph to answer Questions 810.
(1) On a cold morning, your car does not start.
(2) You say, Oh no! The battery is dead!. (3) Your
friend who works on cars uses a battery tester and
finds that the battery has a full charge. (4) Your
friend notices a lot of corrosion on the battery termi-
nals. (5) Your friend says, Maybe corrosion is caus-
ing a bad connection in the electrical circuit,
preventing the car from starting. (6) Your friend
cleans the terminals and the car starts.
8. Which statements are observations?
9. Which statements are hypotheses?
10. Which statement describes an experiment?
For each question there are two statements. Decide whether each statement is true
or false. Then decide whether Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I.
Statement I Statement II
11. A hypothesis may be rejected after an
experiment.
BECAUSE Experiments are used to test hypotheses.
12. The supply of fossil fuels is limited. BECAUSE Scientists are always looking for new
sources of energy.
13. Theories help you make mental models of
objects that cannot be seen.
BECAUSE Theories summarize the results of many
observations and experiments.
14. Ideally, chemicals used to attack insect
pests should be nonspecic.
BECAUSE Scientists are looking for safer, more effective
ways to protect crops.
15. All Internet sites that provide scientic
information are equally reliable.
BECAUSE All information on these sites is reviewed by
qualied scientists.
Analyze Evaluate Calculate
1 3 2