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This paper provides an overview of grid codes for the connection of wind farms to electric power systems. Requirements of frequency control, voltage control, frequency range and ride-through capability are compared between different countries. The increasing development of wind power generation requires standardized operating requirements for all countries.
This paper provides an overview of grid codes for the connection of wind farms to electric power systems. Requirements of frequency control, voltage control, frequency range and ride-through capability are compared between different countries. The increasing development of wind power generation requires standardized operating requirements for all countries.
This paper provides an overview of grid codes for the connection of wind farms to electric power systems. Requirements of frequency control, voltage control, frequency range and ride-through capability are compared between different countries. The increasing development of wind power generation requires standardized operating requirements for all countries.
AbstractThis paper provides an overview of grid codes for
the connection of wind farms to electric power systems. Furthermore the requirements of frequency control, voltage control, frequency range and ride-through capability are compared between different countries. The grid codes studied are developed by Transmission System Operators of countries with high wind penetration. The increasing development of wind power generation requires standardized operating requirements for all countries.
Index Terms network reliability, power system faults, wind power generation, grid connection requirements, voltage ride through capability. I. INTRODUCTION HE expansion of wind power is a fact in many countries. The importance of renewable energy by 2050 in the global energy mix is reflected in the World Energy Council. According to an objective of the European Union by 2010 22% of electricity generation will be from renewable sources. The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) predicts a wind generation that will cover 12% of the electricity consumption by 2020 and a 20% by 2030 [1], [2], [3], [4]. The increasing penetration of wind generation has an impact on the stability and reliability of the power system. In order to maintain continuity and security of the electric supply some countries have developed specific grid codes for the connection of wind turbines and wind farms to the power grid. Moreover, some countries require network support during disturbance conditions. However, others still demand wind generators to disconnect when the network is not generating under normal conditions. The most proactive countries that established grid codes were the pioneers in wind power. This paper is an overview of the aspects dealt with in the different codes. Grid codes are set by the electrical stakeholders (mainly Transmission System Operators,TSO)
* N. Sangroniz is with Arteche Centro de Tecnologa, Derio Bidea 28. 48100 Mungia, Spain (e-mail: ns@arteche.es). + J . Mora is with Inelap, Calle 2 #7 Fracc. Industrial Alce Blanco. Naucalpan de J urez, 53370 Estado de Mxico (e-mail: jmora@arteche.com.mx). ^M. Duarte Teixeira is with Arteche EDC, Rua J uscelino K. de Oliveira, 11400 CIC, Curitiba-PR 81450-900 (e-mail: mdt@arteche.com.br).
and normally there is harmonization on national codes but not on international level. A comparison is made of the main requirements between different countries in order to show the lack of a harmonized set of grid code requirements and the convenience of the countries with no grid codes to join proactive group, as is the case of Brazil. A wind energy auction in Brazil is expected to be held in late 2009, and it is expected to call for up to 1000MW in generating capacity. Projects for more than 4500MW are qualified for the auction. II. COUNTRIES AND REQUIREMENTS The grid codes considered in this comparative study are: Canada (Alberta) [5], Denmark [6], [7], Germany [8], Spain [9], [10] and United States [11]. The requirements under consideration are extracted from the grid codes of the countries analyzed: frequency control, voltage control, frequency range and ride-through capability. Active power control is required by several grid codes to support the frequency of the system. Reactive power compensation can be done by controlling the system voltage. Security of supply and overloading prevention are ensured by means of the frequency control within acceptable limits. Ride-through requirements force the wind farm to support the network during and after a fault and to be protected against damage from faults. Other requirements of grid codes related to voltage quality (flicker, harmonics,), wind farm modeling or communication control are not considered in the present analysis although are included in codes of some countries. III. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GRID CONNECTION REQUIREMENTS A. Frequency control Some grid codes require the capability to vary active power output in response to changes in system frequency. Ramp rates are defined in order to limit active power output.
Review of International Grid Codes for Wind Generation Natalia Sangroniz*, J os Arturo Mora+, Mateus Duarte Teixeira^ T 2 1) Canada: Frequency control requirement is subject to review pending the outcome of further studies associated with wind power variability. 2) Denmark: Voltage above 100kV: It shall be possible to limit the production of a wind farm to a random set-point value in the range of 20 to 100% of rated power. It shall be possible to set the regulation speed at upward and downward regulation in the interval 10 to 100% of rated power per minute. Voltage below 100kV: It must be possible to limit a wind turbines production to any power set-point in the range 20-100% of its rated power. It must also be possible to control the regulating speed for both limiting and delimiting production from outside and to select a limit in the range 10 to 100% of the rated power per minute. 3) Germany: It must be possible to reduce the power output in any operating condition and from any operating point to a maximum power value. The reduction of the power output to the signaled value must take place with at least 10% of the grid connection capacity per minute, without the wind farm being disconnected from the grid. 4) Spain: Frequency control is not defined. 5) United States: Frequency control is not defined.
TABLE I FREQUENCY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS BY COUNTRY
Country Frequency control Canada Under study Denmark from 10 to 100% of rated power per minute Germany at least 10% reduction ramp per minute Spain Not defined United States Not defined
B. Voltage control Wind turbines must operate at normal voltage rates and stay connected during voltage changes within the voltage ranges determined. The wind turbine capability of supplying reactive power contributes to the voltage control.
1) Canada: The AESO (Alberta Electric System Operator) will specify a transmission system voltage operating range (minimum through maximum) at the point of connection that the WPF (Wind Power Facilities) shall be able to operate within. A WPF reactive capability shall meet or exceed 0.9 lagging power factor to 0.95 leading power factor.
2) Denmark: Voltage above 100kV: The wind farm shall be equipped with reactive power compensation ensuring that the reactive power as a mean value over 10 seconds is kept within the control band, as shown in Figure 1. This applies in the connection point at all production levels in the stated full-load range for the voltage shown in Figure 2. A wind farm shall be dimensioned to produce at voltage and frequencies that deviate from rated values in the minimum hours indicated in Figure 2. Voltages and frequencies for which the figure states time-limited operation will occur in less than ten hours per year. Abnormal voltages and frequencies shall not result in a production decrease larger than the one indicated in Figure 2. The full-load range indicates the voltage range within which the wind farm shall be able to supply its nominal power. Voltage below 100kV: Averaged over 5 minutes, the reactive power that a wind turbine (including wind turbine transformer) exchanges with a grid must lie within the control band shown in Figure 1 unless the exchanged power is less than 25kVAr.
Fig. 1. Requirements concerning a wind turbine's exchange of reactive power with a grid in Danish code.
Fig. 2. Dimensioning voltage and frequency in Danish grid code. 3
3) Germany: When active power is taken from the E.ON grid, the connect must maintain, as standard, a power factor between 0.95 (inductive) and 0.925 capacitive at the grid connection point. A further exchange of reactive power is only permissible if this has been separately contractually agreed. 4) Spain: Voltage control is not defined. 5) United States: A wind generating plant shall maintain a power factor within the range of 0.95 leading to 0.95 lagging, measured at the Point of Interconnection.
TABLE II FREQUENCY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS BY COUNTRY
Country Power factor Canada 0.9 lagging to 0.95 leading Denmark See Figure 1 Germany 0.95 lagging to 0.925 leading Spain Not defined United States 0.95 lagging to 0.95 leading
C. Frequency range As a general rule grid codes establish a frequency range for continuous operation mode and a wider limited range during some period of time.
1) Canada: WPFs that need to protect equipment for off-nominal frequency operation shall ensure that protective relaying accommodates operation for the specified time frames. The trip settings of the relays shall not be less than the minimum time prescribed in Table III with respect to the frequency setting.
TABLE III UNDER/OVER FREQUENCY LIMITS IN ALBERTA Frequency (HZ) Minimum Time Delay >61.7 Hz 0 seconds 61.6 Hz to 61.7 Hz 30 seconds 60.6 Hz to 61.6 Hz 3 minutes >59.4 Hz to 60.6 Hz Continuos Operation >58.4 Hz to 59.4 Hz 3 minutes >57.8 Hz to 58.4 Hz 30 seconds >57.3 Hz to 57.8 Hz 7.5 seconds >57.0 Hz to 57.3 Hz 45 cicles 57 Hz or Less 0 seconds
2) Denmark: Voltage above 100kV: Refer to Figure 2, there is not restrictions for frequency in the range between 49.5 and 50.5 Hz. Voltage below 100kV: Normal operation must be between 49 and 51Hz. 3) Germany: There is no restriction when the frequency is in the range between 47.5 and 50.2Hz. The wind farm units must, when operated at a frequency of more than 50.2Hz, reduce the current active power with a gradient of 40% of the presently available power of the generator. When the frequency returns to a value of 50.05Hz, the active power may be increased again. Finally, when the frequency is less than 47.5Hz or more than 51.5 the generator must disconnect. 4) Spain: The wind generators must disconnect if the frequency is below 48Hz during more than 3 seconds or above 51Hz. 5) United States: Frequency range is not defined.
TABLE IV FREQUENCY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS BY COUNTRY
Country Frequency range Canada See table III Denmark See Figure 1 Germany 47.5Hz to 50.2Hz > No restrictions < 47.5Hz or >51.5Hz -> Disconnection Spain <48Hz during more than 3s or >51Hz ->Disconnection United States Not defined
D. Ride-through capability The TSOs requirements some years ago were to oblige to wind generator to disconnect during fault conditions. In this situation the generators connected to the faulty line are expected to trip but if the generation in the adjacent healthy lines remains connected during and after the fault, the power system would not be expose to an additional loss of generation and consequently to a drop of the system frequency.
1) Canada: Voltage Ride Through requirements are applicable to all transmission generating facilities where WPF Aggregated MW Capacity is greater than 5 MW, a WPF shall be capable of continuous operation between 90% to 110% of rated voltage. Voltage described in Figure 3 is based on the rated voltage level at point of connection. 2) Denmark: Voltage above 100kV: The wind farm shall remain connected after the faults described in Table V in the transmission grid. A wind turbine must have sufficient capacity to meet the foregoing requirements in the event of two independent sequences of at least two 1-phase or two 2-phase or two 3-phase short circuits within 2 minutes. A wind turbine should have 4 sufficient reserves to withstand two independent sequences of at least six 1-phase or six 2-phase or six 3-phase short circuits at 5 minutes intervals.
TABLE V VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH CAPABILITIES ABOVE 100KV IN DANISH CODE
Three-phase short circuit Short circuit in 100ms Two-phase short circuit with/without earth contact Short circuit in 100ms followed by a new short circuit 300500ms later, also with a duration of 100ms Single-phase short circuit to earth Single-phase earth fault 300500ms later, also with a duration of 100ms
0 0,625 3 t (s) 1 0,15 0,9 U (pu) 1,1 WPF generation may trip above HV Requirement WPF generation may trip belowLV Requirement
Fig. 3. Voltage ride through requirements in Alberta grid code.
Voltage below 100kV: A wind turbine must remain connected after the faults in the transmission grid listed in Table VI. A wind turbine must have sufficient capacity to meet the foregoing requirements in the event of two independent sequences of at least two 2-phase or two 3-phase short circuits within 2 minutes. A wind turbine should have sufficient reserves to withstand two independent sequences of at least six 2- phase or six 3-phase short circuits at 5 minutes intervals.
TABLE VI VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH CAPABILITIES BELOW 100KV IN DANISH CODE
Three-phase short circuit Short circuit in 100ms Two-phase short circuit with/without earth contact Short circuit in 100ms followed by a new short circuit 300500ms later, also with a duration of 100ms
3) Germany: For synchronous generators, three-phase short circuits must not cause instability or a disconnection from the grid when for fault-clearing times up to 150ms in the entire operating range of the generating plant. Figure 4 shows the limit curves for the voltage pattern at the grid connection for asynchronous generators. Three- phase short circuits or fault-related symmetrical voltage dips must not lead to instability above the Limit Line 1 or to disconnection of the generating plant from the grid. For all generating plants that do not disconnect from the grid during the fault, the active power output must be continued immediately after clearance and increased to the original value with a gradient of at least 20% of the rated power per second.
0 0,7 1.5 3 t (s) 1 0,15 0,7 U (pu) 0,45 0.15 Limit Line 1 Limit Line 2
Fig. 4. Limit curve for the voltage at the grid connection in the event of a fault in German grid code.
4) Spain: Wind turbines should not disconnect in case of three-phase, two phase-to-ground or one-phase short circuit represented by Figure 5. For two phase ungrounded short circuits the lower voltage limit must be 0.6 instead of 0.2 in Figure 2. After fault-clearing the time necessary to recover nominal values depends on the percentage of the wind generation penetration related to the short circuit power. 0 0,5 1 15 t (s) 1 0,2 0,8 0,95 pu U (pu)
Fig. 5. Limit curve for the voltage at the grid connection in the event of a fault in Spanish grid code.
5) United States: Wind farms should be able to remain connected during voltage disturbances described by Figure 6. At time 0.0 s, the voltage drops. If the voltage remains at a level greater than 15 percent of the rated voltage for less than 0.625 s, the wind farm shall stay connected. Further, if the voltage returns to 90 percent of the rated voltage within 3s of the beginning of the voltage drop, the wind farm shall be still connected.
5 0 0,625 t (s) 1 0,15 0,9 U (pu) 3
Fig. 6. Limit curve for the voltage at the grid connection in the event of a fault in USA grid code.
IV. CONCLUSIONS A comparative overview of the main requirements of the most active countries in wind power generation is presented. These requirements are established in order to ensure safety and reliable operation of the power systems. The analysis shows the importance of establishing codes in countries with no standardized rules as is the case of Brazil and the increasing need to develop a harmonized set of grid code requirements. Such requirements must be comprehensive and transparent in order to avoid misinterpretation and be as explicit as possible, and include clear, commonly shared definitions of the terms used for wind turbines, wind farms and other equipment [12].
V. REFERENCES
[1] European Energy Association (EWEA), Large scale integration of wind energy in the European power supply: analysis, issues and recommendations, December 2005. [2] European Energy Association (EWEA), European grid code requirements for wind power generation, February 2008. [3] Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind Energy Outlook 2008, October 2008. [4] World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), World Wind Energy Report 2008, February 2009. [5] Alberta Electric System Operator (AESO), "Wind Power Facility Technical Requirement, November 2004. [6] Technical regulation TF 3.2.6 Energinet Wind turbines connected to grids with voltages below 100kV, May 2004. [7] Technical regulation TF 3.2.5 Energinet Wind turbines connected to grids with voltages above 100kV, December 2004. [8] E.ON Netz GmbH, "Grid Code High and extra high voltage, April. 2006. [9] Red Elctrica Espaola (REE), Procedimiento de operacin P.O. 12.3. Requisitos de respuesta frente a huecos de tensin de las instalaciones elicas, October 2006. [10] Ministerio de Industria, turismo y comercio (Mityc), Real Decreto 661/2007, de 25 de mayo, por el que se regula la actividad de produccin de energa elctrica en rgimen especial. [11] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Interconnection for wind energy. Order N 661-A, December 2005. [12] EWEA Working Group, European Grid Code Requirements for Wind Power Generation, February 2008.
VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Natalia Sangroniz graduated in Physics from the Basque Country University in 1998 and Electronic Engineering in 2003. Her employment experience includes a two-year collaboration in Ikerlan, a Technological Centre of the Mondragon Group. She joined the R&D department at Arteche Group in 2000 and her research interests include power quality, power electronics and custom power devices.
J ose Arturo Mora Alcaraz graduated in Electrical Engineering from the Universidad Iberoamericana in 1976 and Planning of Distributions Systems from Universidad Anahuac in 2006. He worked for Comisin Federal de Electricidad, Mexico, during 31 years in Transmission and Distributions areas, and he is employed by Inelap. His research interests include power quality, power electronics and custom power devices.
Mateus Duarte Teixeira is manager of the Power Quality Unity of Arteche EDC. He got his BSc in electric engineer in the Federal University of So J oo del Rei and his MSc in the Federal University of Uberlndia, both in Minas Gerais state. Before joining to the Arteche team, Mateus worked as researcher of the LACTEC and has published more than thirty papers in international transactions and conferences related with power quality. Currently, Mateus is responsible for application studies of power quality solutions at the industrial and utility facilities.