The world is composed of various materials. The materials science and engineering serves as ground for all technology branches such as electronics, energy, communication, environment, and healthy engineering. Construction materials are the most widely used materials and their usage is the largest in tonnage in the world. Through the history of human civilization, many materials have been used in the construction of buildings, bridges, roads and other structures. The focus of our study is on modern construction materials including concrete, steel, wood, bituminous materials as well as polymers and fibrous composites. Among these materials, concrete will receive the most attention in this course, for two reasons. First, the civil engineer is responsible for designing the concrete he/she uses and for ensuring its long term performance. On the other hand, steel and wood products are designed by material and mechanical engineers, who supply them to us according to our specifications. econd, concrete !reinforced concrete" is the most widely used construction material in the world and of course in #ong $ong, too. For any civil engineer who will be practicing in #ong $ong, a good %nowledge of concrete behaviour is essential. &esides concrete, steel and wood are the other two most commonly used construction materials in the world. 'n the (, for e)ample, most residential houses are built with wood and over half of the office buildings are constructed with steel. This is due to the abundant supply of both materials, ma%ing them economical. teel, besides its use as structural members on its own, is also used as reinforcements or prestressing tendons for concrete structures. (nderstanding steel behaviour is hence an important component in the studying of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete design. &ituminous materials are used all over the world in the construction of road pavements. 'n recent years, polymers and polymeric composites have been gaining popularity in the construction industry, due to their light weight and good durability. *olymers have been used in pipes, fabrics for large roofing as well as geote)tiles for slope protection. +einforcing bars and grids have been made with fibre reinforced composites to replace metals in corrosive environments. , oil is also an important construction material, but it is covered in a separate course. -asonry !bric%s and bloc%s" are widely used in building walls. ince they are not the primary load carrying components, we will not discuss them here. 'n buildings, many non.structural materials are also employed. These include floor and wall coverings, tiles, glass, insulation materials, sealants etc. -ost of them are specified for aesthetic purposes by the architect or the interior designer. They will not be studied in this course.
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF FORMING THE DESIGN AND STRUCTURE TEAM The design of engineered products is a comple) activity that re/uires decomposition into tas%s according to product function or !modular" sub.system. 0esign teams are usually formed to perform a set of tas%s that re/uire specialized %nowledge such that the team of specialists can collectively complete them. The roles and responsibilities of the team members need to be clearly defined, and aligned to their areas of e)pertise. The performance of the design team depends on how effectively the team members coordinate the tas%s, roles and responsibilities with the other members of the team. 1or%ing in design teams re/uires additional actions beyond those related to the tas%. These actions correspond to prosocial aspects of teamwor% such as %nowledge sharing and communication. The prosocial activities contribute to the entrainment of their behavior to one another. 'n the absence of such opportunities, merely collecting a %nowledgeable engineering design team may not ensure high performance. 2ffective teamwor% re/uires team members to have well.developed mental models of each other and that of the tas%s, processes, conte)t and competence specific to the pro3ect, where mental models are the simplified internal representations of the world. The formation of team.related team mental models involves team members developing mental models of each other4s competence and e)pertise, which allows them to coordinate the different tas%s by assigning the right 3ob to the right people. #ow the team is organized in terms of the tas% allocation and social observation opportunities should affect the formation of T--s, and the ability of the team of e)perts to coordinate the tas%s. The following three types of team structures are differentiated5 6 Flat teams have no hierarchy and no sub.divisions. uch teams are generally used for consultation, tas%.force and design e)ploration. There are no nominated leaders. A leader may emerge over time, based on the interactions within the team. Distributed flat teams5 1ith the increased use of communication technology, design teams are often distributed across geographies, e.g., global product development teams. 'n such teams, sometimes social cli/ues develop, where the team is divided into two to three collocated clusters. Thus, even if the teams are flat for the purpose of management, the opportunities for social learning are s%ewed due to the physical boundaries. Functional teams5 -any wor% teams are organized into functional sub.teams. 'n such teams, the tas% is passed to the members from the sub.teams with relevant domain %nowledge. 2ven if the hierarchy is not pre.defined, hierarchy emerges as the tas% is decomposed into sub.tas%s, and members are chosen to coordinate those tas%s. A team member from each sub.group emerges as the group leader as the pro3ect progresses. This member also coordinates the activities of that group, at the higher level, with the other group leaders. 0esign teams are mostly pro3ect.based. *ro3ect.based teams are commonplace in large organizations, 3oint ventures, -2s and in virtual team. Team composition may vary and affect the formation of T--s and the team performance in such teams. To achieve higher team performance, managers and pro3ect leaders strive to ma)imize the number of team members who have previously wor%ed together on a similar pro3ect, which we define as member retention. #owever, retaining the entire team or some team members from one pro3ect to the ne)t may not always be possible, and members will li%ely wor% on more than one pro3ect at a time. econd, organizing the available human resources in pro3ect.based teams allows firms and organizations to simultaneously engage e)perts in multiple pro3ects and teams. The resulting wor%load and distributed attention across the different teams may influence the T-- formation and the team performance because team members4 attention is diverted from prosocial team activities to learn about 7 other agents. That is, their wor%load busyness will diminish their opportunities for socialization, which can decrease chances for T-- formation. A schematic of the interdependence between the various aspects of +egulatory Control ystems and Technical Clearances is as shown. Code of practice and standard used for design purpose in ingapore as follow5 ,. C*89 . tructural use of Concrete *art ,5 ,::: 0esign and Construction 6. C*; 5 6<<7 . Foundations ; 1.3 CIVIL ENGINEERING SOFTWARE There are a variety of software programs which are available for the different specialized disciplines of civil engineering. -ost civil engineers practice in specialized subsets of civil engineering, such as geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering, pro3ect and construction management and land surveying. Today we have several software with incredible features. The following software list provides you the details about their features and wor%flow. AutoCAD is familiar drafting tool, which is used all around the world. 't designs more fle)ibly and protects your file using the Trusted01= file format. 1ith advanced features in.built in applications, you can design faster and efficient ever before. Bentley STAAD.Pro V8i is well %nown application for structural analysis and design of structural buildings. TAA0.*ro >?i stands for Tructural Analysis And 0esign *rofessional >ersion ?.< 'ntelligence. At earlier time, TAA0.*ro has many problems in +un Analysis and Concrete design, but now the upcoming versions such 7 and ; are as much as powerful in performing the process of analysis. MS Project is pro3ect planing application where the user can ma%e schedule of his pro3ect activities in C*- !critical path method". @ou can develop a plan and assign the desired resources to particular tas%s, finally these activities can be managed A analysed wor%loads. Primavera is application developed by the Oracle Corporation. 't is advanced and high performance pro3ect management software is designed to handle large.scale, highly sophisticated and multifaceted pro3ects. Solo for and Surveyors is complete solution for the field surveying engineers. 't can transfer data from 20-, =* or data logger and performs traverse calculation and 9 ad3ustment. 't can also calculate the &uilding elevations, but it can4t calculate the volume and for this purpose you might need B >ista or B 2lite. Analysis ! Desi"n# $tabs is the ultimate integrated software pac%age for the structural analysis and design of buildings. 2tabs offers sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a wide. range of materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and schematic drawings where the user can /uic%ly perform and get analysis and design results. SAP%&&& is application with power of A*6<<< for all of your analysis and design tas%s, including small day.to.day problems. Comple) -odels can be generated and meshed with powerful built in templates. 'ntegrated design code features can automatically generate wind, wave, bridge, and seismic loads with comprehensive automatic steel and concrete design code chec%s per (, Canadian and international design standards. CSi brid"e engineers can easily define comple) bridge geometries, boundary conditions and load cases. The parametric bridge model can be defined by bridge engineers such as layout lines, spans, bearings, abutments, bents, hinges and post.tensioning. 'n addition, AA#TO B+F0 design is included with automated load combinations, superstructure design and the latest seismic design. SAF$ is the application for designing concrete floor and foundation systems. uspended slabs can include flat, two.way, waffle, and ribbed framing systems. 0etailed plans, sections, elevations, schedules, and tables may be generated, viewed, and printed from within AF2 or e)ported to CA0 pac%ages. 8 REFERENCES C,D 2ppinger, . and alminen, >., *atterns of *roduct 0evelopment 'nteractions. 'n International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED'01). =lasgow, ($. C6D -ilne, A. and Beifer, B., 'nformation #andling and ocial 'nteraction of -ulti. 0isciplinary 0esign Teams in Conceptual 0esign5 A Classification cheme 0eveloped from Observed Activity *atterns. 'n Proceedings of the Annual ASME Design Theor ! Methodolog Conference "000. &altimore, (A. C7D 2c%ert, C.-., Clar%son, *.E. and tacery, -.$., 'nformation flow in engineering companies5 *roblems and their causes. 'n 1#th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED'01). =lasgow, ($. C;D 0ong, A. and >ander -oere, A., >isualising collaboration in very large design teams. 'n 1$th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED'0$). -elbourne, Australia. C9D Candy, B. and 2dmonds, 2., Collaborative e)pertise for creative technology design. 'n Proceedings of Design Thin%ing &esearch S'(osiu' "00#. (niversity of Technology, ydney, Australia. C8D Accredited Chec%er !civil A structural and geotechnical" htt()**+++.,ca.go-.sg CFD *+'G= ingapore tandards 0ivision htt()**+++.standards.org.sg F
G.R. No. 201302 Hygienic Packaging Corporation, Petitioner Nutri-Asia, Inc., Doing Business Under The Name and Style of Ufc Philippines (FORMERLY NUTRI-ASIA, INC.), Respondent Decision Leonen, J.