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1. Spatial analysis in GIS involves both single-layer and multi-layer analyses using geometric overlays and queries of attribute data.
2. Key types of analysis include selection and classification of features based on both spatial and attribute criteria, measuring lengths, areas, and volumes of features, and overlaying layers to relate features and calculate new attributes.
3. More advanced techniques integrate spatial and attribute data through operations like network analysis, interpolation of surfaces, and delineation of hydrologically similar areas.
1. Spatial analysis in GIS involves both single-layer and multi-layer analyses using geometric overlays and queries of attribute data.
2. Key types of analysis include selection and classification of features based on both spatial and attribute criteria, measuring lengths, areas, and volumes of features, and overlaying layers to relate features and calculate new attributes.
3. More advanced techniques integrate spatial and attribute data through operations like network analysis, interpolation of surfaces, and delineation of hydrologically similar areas.
1. Spatial analysis in GIS involves both single-layer and multi-layer analyses using geometric overlays and queries of attribute data.
2. Key types of analysis include selection and classification of features based on both spatial and attribute criteria, measuring lengths, areas, and volumes of features, and overlaying layers to relate features and calculate new attributes.
3. More advanced techniques integrate spatial and attribute data through operations like network analysis, interpolation of surfaces, and delineation of hydrologically similar areas.
J osef Frst 2 Learning objectives In this section you will learn: howthematic overlays work, overviewof the diversity of spatial analysis tools and overviewof methods to query and select by attributes and spatial criteria to serve as a basis for GIS based decision support. 3 Outline Introduction Geometric overlay Analysis in attribute space Integrated analysis of spatial and thematic data Raster-GIS functions Example: Delineation of hydrologically similar areas Summary 4 Introduction Most important functionality of GIS GIS data basis as a model of reality single layeranalyses multiple layersanalyses Useful distinction froma technical viewpoint: Functions for analysis in attribute space Functions for analysis by spatial (topological) criteria 5 Geometric overlay Statements about a location combining information from2 or more thematic maps overlayof 2 or more maps requires common spatial reference In raster-GIS automatically met Geometric overlay (intersection) in vector-GIS requiredoverlay operators 6 Geometric overlay Topological fragmentation 7 Analysis in attribute space query, generalisation, calculation. 8 Query Selection of attribute data, without changes in database SQL (Structured Query Language) SELECT KENNUNG, STATI ONSNAME, X_KOORDI NATE, Y_KOORDI NATE, MESSPUNKT FROM HEADER_HYDRO WHERE MESSVARI ABLE = GRUNDWASSERSTAND AND MESSGERAET = LI CHTLOT; ArcView3.x: Analysis in attribute space 9 Generalisation Classification of data by user defined rules, without change of existing attributes Clearer viewof inherent patterns Examples: Weekly and monthly precipitation depths, Soil classification by hydrological criteria, Classification of slopes for stability analysis, Hydrological Response Units (HRU) Analysis in attribute space 10 Generalisation Generalisation by classifying an attribute Analysis in attribute space 11 Calculations Operations: arithmetic, mathematical (funktions) and logical (binary) E.g.: Amount of groundwater = Thickness x porosity SQL DBMS like Oracle or MS Access such attributes are commonly stored in a viewor query Analysis in attribute space 12 Integrated analysis of spatial and thematic data The focus of GIS Power of analytical functions and software architecture varies Wide range fromspecialised modules for catchment analysis (e.g., WMS) to libraries of elementary general purpose spatial operators 13 Selection, classification and measuring combined spatial and attribute based selection E.g.: Sel ect f eat ur es of act i ve t hemes t hat Ar e compl et el y wi t hi n t he sel ect ed f eat ur es of Gr enzen3. shp Integrated analysis 14 Classification (Re-)assignment of thematic attributes Examples: Elevation zones fromDEM Re-classification of a soil map by hydrological criteria Scale-dependent reduction of number of attribute values, e.g. in a map of land cover Integrated analysis 15 Measure Assess numbers, distances, lengths, areas, volumes Many of these are automatically maintained in GIS (area and perimeter of polygons, length of lines), Sometimes elaborate procedures (e.g. travel time as a function of road conditions, vehicle and current traffic) Integrated analysis 16 Overlays (Intersection) M:N relationship between entities of 2 maps with different geometrical basis 1:N relationship between a polygon and ist attributes by geometric-topological intersection After intersection analysis is done in a single layer Operations: arithmetic (addition, multiplication, ...) and logical (AND, OR, XOR) operations as well as Application of conditions (rules) Integrated analysis 17 Overlays (Intersection) Example of arithmetic overlay Intersect WTID WTIEFE BFID BFEUCHTE PWASSER 50 1 23 115 75 1 23 173 75 2 18 135 89 1 23 205 89 3 34 303 89 2 18 160 1 2 2 3 3 3 1/1 2/1 3/1 2/2 3/2 3/3 Pflanzenverfgbares Wasser [mm] PWASSER =WTIEFE * BFEUCHTE / 10 BFIDBFEUCHTE 1 23 3 34 2 18 1 2 3 Bodenfeuchte [%] WTID WTIEFE 1 2 3 50 75 89 1 2 3 Durchwurzelungstiefe [cm] Integrated analysis Root depth Soil moisture Water available for plants 18 Overlays (Intersection) Example of a logical overlay Intersect WTID WTIEFE BFID BFEUCHTE 1 2 2 50 1 23 75 1 23 75 1 23 3 34 2 18 89 89 3 3 3 89 2 18 1/1 2/1 3/1 2/2 3/2 3/3 Tiefe Durchwurzelung, geringe Feuchte WTIEFE >80 BFEUCHTE <20 AND BFIDBFEUCHTE 1 23 3 34 2 18 1 2 3 Bodenfeuchte [%] WTID WTIEFE 1 2 3 50 75 89 1 2 3 Durchwurzelungstiefe [cm] Integrated analysis Root depth Soil moisture Root depth > 80 AND Moisture < 20 19 Overlays (Intersection) Point in Polygon overlay by Spatial J oin in ArcView 3.x: groundwater sites receive an attribute Land cover (Bedeckung) by spatial join with the map Land cover (Bodenbedeckung). Integrated analysis 20 Overlays (Intersection) Line in Polygon overlay: rivers are assigned the surrounding land cover by INTERSECT of the maps Riversand Land cover Integrated analysis 21 Surface operations neighbourhood of a point is included in the evaluation for this point Generally a smoothsurface is assumed Topographic functions (slope, aspect, relief), illumination (e.g. hillshading), Pseudo-3D displays (Perspective) and Interpolation. Integrated analysis 22 Connectivity Entities with common properties AND spatial connection Contiguity Proximity: based on measures of distance, including time, cost, etc. E.g. buffer zones, Thiessen polygons, flowtimes). Spread: e.g. floods, pollutants. Seek: optimal paths, according to decision rules, Network functions: utilities, drainage network. Integrated analysis 23 Connectivity contiguity: E.g: nature reserve should contain forest, swamp and rivers, min. size 400 km 2 and nowhere narrower than 10 km. Wald Sumpf Acker Fluss Bodenbedeckung Zusammenhngende Flchen Integrated analysis 24 Connectivity proximity: E.g.: buffer zones near rivers: width depends on land cover Integrated analysis 25 Connectivity proximity: E.g: Thiessen-Polygons: raster based assign proximity, vector based line of symmetry Integrated analysis 26 Connectivity Spread (flood, noise, pollutants in groundwater) in GIS usually only simplified solutions Seek Find optimal path using decision rules Network functions (roads, sewers, utilities, rivers) Movement of resources Strahler order 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 7 7 F e l d a i s t W a l d a i s t A i s t Don a u Integrated analysis 27 Raster-GIS functions Local functions Only one cell, neighbouring cells do not influence result Focal functions Result for a cell is based on neighbourhood cells (linear filter, mean, median, standard deviation ) Zonal functions Evaluated for a zone, i.e. for all cells with a common value Global functions Calculations for the whole grid (distances, delineation of catchments) 28 Example: Delineation of hydrological response units Semi-distributed conceptual models with HRU concept (e.g. PRMS) Important steps: Selection of input data: 5 layers, DEM (slope, aspect), land use, soil, geology classification input data into small number of categories (3-6). Overlay of input layers. Reduction of the resulting number of unique attribute combinations (HRU) by analysis and classification in DBMS 29 Water balance of the Danube basin HRU using DEM (250 m resolution), maps of land cover and hydrological sub-basins Bodenbedeckung 11 Klassen Klassifikation 3 Klassen Klassifikation 3 Klassen Overlay Zonen (HRU) fr Bilanzmodell Overlay aus klassifiziertem DHM, Bodenbedeckung, Einzugs- gebietsgrenzen Bodenbedeckung Wald, Gras, vegetationsfrei 30 Summary Analysis of spatial data is the most important function of GIS Single-layer analysis is done within 1 layer Multi-layer analysis Transforminto single-layer problemby geometric- topological intersection 1:M relationship between object and attributes. Analyses in attribute space include query, generalisation and calculations based on the attributes only Integrated analysis of spatial and attribut data involves attributes, location and topology selection, classification and measure, overlay (intersection), surface operations, analysis of spatial connectivity