List of contents

List of contents ........................................................................................................................................ 2

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 3
Theory...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Our models .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Model 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Model 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 4
The country of our choice ................................................................................................................... 5
Execution ................................................................................................................................................. 6
How/who ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Costs .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Afterword ................................................................................................................................................ 9
List of literature ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Appendix................................................................................................................................................ 11
Appendix 1: Explanation centrifugal force. ....................................................................................... 11
Appendix 2: forces ............................................................................................................................. 12
Appendix 3: problems in our model 2 ............................................................................................... 14
Problem 1: the pumping bars ........................................................................................................ 14
Contra weight ................................................................................................................................ 15
Appendix 4: Breakdown of the pump; All the possibilities ............................................................... 16
The frame ...................................................................................................................................... 16
The overhead bar .......................................................................................................................... 16
Pumping bars ................................................................................................................................. 16
Part where the overhead bar and frame connect......................................................................... 17
Contra weight ................................................................................................................................ 17
The pump(s)................................................................................................................................... 18
An optional water filter ................................................................................................................. 19
Bumper .......................................................................................................................................... 19

Page 2
Foreword
Welcome,

We are four students from the GSG Leo Vroman in Gouda, Joeri, Martin, Melle and Rafe. When we
were introduced to this project by our biology teacher Mrs. Samson, we agreed to do it right away
because it would help making the lives of children more fun in Ethiopia and as a bonus they are doing
something useful as well. So we started this project really motivated and we were looking forward to
our experiments so we could learn more about the project. We really liked doing this project
especially with the thought it’s for kids who need to work really hard to survive. At last we want to
thank some other people who really helped us with ‘Imagine’: Mrs. Samson, who introduced us to
Imagine, Gerrit Oudakker, who helped us designing our ‘swing’, Jos van Dalfsen for supporting us
during the project and finally Bas van den Berg for organizing the whole Imagine-project. We hope
you’ll enjoy it!

Introduction
When children go to school in the Western countries, the thing they enjoy the most is playing. They
have the ability to play because of the vast variety of playing facilities in the schoolyards. If these
Western children enjoy playing that much, wouldn’t the children in developing countries feel the
same? Of course they would! But most of the time, they can not play, because of the absence of
playground activities.

It would be easy for people to say that there are more important things then playing. And they are
right. There are more important things then playing, for instance water. People cannot live without
it. In developing countries they can not simply open the tap for water. They need a well or a water
pump in order to get it.

So here we have two problems: The absence of playing facilities and the lack of water. What if we
said that we could solve those two problems at the same time! Wouldn't that be great? And yes, we
can do that! We've developed a water pump that IS a playground facility at the same time!

It's a swing that can pump water when a child swings on it. And that's not the only new thing! We
also use a new advanced technique, developed by Veljko Milkovid. With this technique you can get a
great output with a minimal input.

Doesn't it sound good? But as with every good idea there are some problems. The technique itself is
great but it needs to be used in developing countries. It needs to work with different people so with
different weights. It needs to work with a child, but must be solid enough to hold an adult. It needs
to pump properly, but can't be too complicated. Otherwise it would be difficult to repair and way too
expensive to build.

So the big question is: How can we make the pump as good as possible to use in a developing
country?

Page 3
Theory
Our models
We have designed two prototypes. Both models use the technique of Milkovid, but in a different
way. Both models have got two water pumps to use both movements: up and down.

Model 1
This model was our first concept, just an adaption of the one Milkovid uses, but with a pump.

1. A child swings. This creates a centrifugal force, that depends on the swing’s speed, so at the tops
when the speed is 0, the force is 0 and at the bottom, the force is at his greatest moment. [1]
2. This beam goes up and down, caused by the changing force, which is more/less than the contra
weight on the other side (which is slightly heavier). [2]
3. The beam in the box goes up and down as well, because it a seesaw levered by the upper beam.

Model 2
This is our second model, a total reconstruction, to make it look like a normal swing.

As you can see, it works a little differently. The movements of the suspension of the swing (again the
centrifugal force) causes the big beam to rotate, which powers our adapted pump design. Because it
works different, there were a few problems. [3]

Page 4
The country of our choice
After we thought about the technique for our swing and pumps we had to choose a country that is
suited for this project, after some research we came to the conclusion that you really need to look at
a specific place, not a whole country. But we put this aside and we choose Ethiopia just because it
has a lot of droughts and because the people here spend a lot of time finding and transporting water
they have no time to wash themselves, this may seem harmless but it causes diarrhea. Diarrhea is a
real problem there it kills almost half of the children. A third point is that those same people have to
dig their own wells every year because there is a lot of erosion. If we build our pump here those
people have more time for other important things like going to school or taking care of the kids. So
when there are more healthy kids they can use our swing and help their parents. Another reason to
build our pump in Ethiopia is because of the materials even though there are droughts there are
trees almost everywhere so people can repair our pump when its broken. Finally Ethiopia is also
suitable for our pump because there are organizations that build schools, so if we can work with one
of them it would be great.

Map Ethiopia (Google Maps)

Page 5
Execution
How/who
Another problem to solve is who to work with, our idea is to work with a company that builds schools
or latrines in Ethiopia like UNICEF. We tried to reach a couple but none of them responded so at the
moment we are still searching for someone who wants to combine their project with our pump. So
what we can do is build our pump next to a school so children can play on it and pump water for
their school and neighborhood. Or another idea is to combine it with latrines so people have the
opportunity to wash and clean themselves.

Costs
The layout of how we will present the different parts of the swing and the possible materials for its
production. We will also present the pros and cons

1. part
a. types of materials
i. pros
ii. cons
b. type 2
i. Ect. Ect.

The reason for this is that we can then make a fair

decision on the best material we could use for each
individual part, taking into account the other parts.

1. The frame
a. Wood
- Pros: Cheap, reliable, heavy, sturdy
- Cons: -
b. Metal
- Pros: durable, heavy
- Cons: expensive when its massive, complications may arise
2. The over head bar (including all sideward extensions)
a. Wood
- Pros: easy to get your hands on
- Cons: hard to rotate, heavier than a hollow metal construction
b. Metal
- Pros: light (if we use a hollow one), strong, easy to mould, turn able
- Cons: expensive
3. The seat
a. This is not an actual question more a statement: Wood (€15)
4. All necessary wires
a. This is not an actual question more a statement: Rope
5. Pumps
a. We decided here to go with the systems already developed by others. Just a normal
hand pump, but adjusted for our system. [4]

Page 6
 6. For the pipes (inner and outer)
a. Plastic
- Pros: sturdy, cheap
- Cons:
b. Metal
- Pros: very sturdy, easy to use
- Cons: expensive
c. Bamboo
- Pros: natural
- Cons: import
7. Pump box
a. Wood
- Pros: cheap
- Cons: rot, short life span
b. Metal
- Pros: durable, easy to use
- Cons: a little expensive
c. Plastic
- Pros: easy to use, durable, cheap
- Cons:
8. All pushing and pulling poke’s
a. Metal, we don’t really have a choice here.
b. BUT this can be replaced by another mechanism that can be operated by rope. It will
transport the movement from the overhead bar to a lower bar parallel to the upper
which is attached to the pumps. [4]
We chose:

1. the frame:
a. Wood (Locally available, or €20)
2. the overhead bar:
a. a hollow metal construction (€50)
3. the seat:
a. wood (Locally available, or €5)
4. the wires:
a. rope (Locally available, €10)
5. the pumps:
a. Modified hand pump including pipes and placement (Between €100 and €5000, it
totally depends on the pump and how deep the water is)
6. the pipes
See: 5. the pumps
7. pump box:
a. a light metal construction (€15)
8. pokes:
a. Metal (10€)
As you can see, without the pump it will cost about €80. So the construction itself will not be
expensive, the more expensive parts are the pumps. So if people want to build a water pump near a
school, they can build our construction around it. And it won’t cost much more money. And if it is
that cheap, why wouldn’t they use ours?

Page 7
Conclusion
Note: As you have seen, it’s difficult to answer the question: How can we make the pump as good as
possible to use in a developing country?

There are so many things that we need to take into account that it is difficult too say what the best
pump is. We would need a full-scale model and much more information too secure everything. So we
are going to tell you here what are current view is at “the requirements for the best pump”. And in
the appendix we will give a breakdown with all the possibilities. [4]

Too make the pump as best as possible for developing countries, it needs to be simple but yet
effective. So we have chosen model 2, for its effectiveness and solidness. It needs to have few spare
parts so it will be easier to repair. For the same reason it is better to use materials and parts that are
already available in Ethiopia. And what’s even better then a pump that can easily be repaired? A
pump that will not break off course! We understand that that cannot be done, but we can try to
come as close as possible.

We have found different possibilities for every part or problem with the pump. [4] You can see all
those possibilities as loose puzzle pieces from two different puzzles. One is the puzzle you need to
make and you do not need the rest of the pieces. So to finish the puzzle, you need to search for the
right puzzle pieces. To do that you need to sort out all the pieces and then you can start solving the
puzzle.

And it is the same with our “puzzle”, the pump. We already got all the possibilities, but we just need
to chose the best for every part. To do that we would need to experiment, for instance with a full-
size model. And when we find out what possibilities are the best then we will find the best pump to
use in a developing country!

Can you solve the puzzle?

Page 8
Afterword
We really enjoyed working on the project. In the beginning we did not know much about the subject,
but at the present we have become rather advanced in the technique and such. We did not only
make a project, but we have also learned many things.

The collaboration between us went well. The tasks were well divided, everyone was specialized in a
certain aspect of the project. And that was necessary because we did not had much time to write the
business plan. The cause of that was that the experiments at the TU Delft were very late. After the
experiments we had two weeks left to finish the project. And three of us were on vacation at the end
of the last week. Maybe we have waited a bit too long for the experiments. We could have done
more before the experiments, but we did not. That was mostly because we did not knew what we
could do.

Another thing that did not go well was the communication with the experts. Sometimes it took more
then a month before we got a reply on our e-mails. But we mostly enjoyed the project, and we hope
that you give us the possibility to continue with it so we can help the children in Ethiopia!

Page 9
List of literature
Techniek two-stage oscillator - Site van Milkovic

Techniek two-stage oscillator - Peswiki

Middelpuntsvliedende kracht – Wikipedia

Middelpuntsvliedende kracht – Snelheid schommel

Country of our choice - CIA

Watsan water filter

Information about the Afripump

Page 10
Appendix
Appendix 1: Explanation centrifugal force.
This is the force that pushes you away from the central turning point, in a rotation motion. A good
example of this is a rollercoaster. The formula for this force is . The radius (r) of the swing
stays constant. Just like the mass (m) the factor that changes while swinging is the velocity (v). In this
formula you can see then when the speed is at its highest the centrifugal force (Fm) will be greatest.
The speed is at its max when the swing reaches the lowest point; this is caused by the gravity
increasing swing speed from the top till that point, and the gravity slowing the swing down when it
moves back up in the other direction.

speed 0  velocity 0  Fm=0 Increase in speed  v is bigger  Fm to

Increase in speed  v is bigger  Fm to Increase in speed  v is bigger  Fm to

Decrease in speed  v is smaller  Fm to Decrease in speed  v is smaller  Fm to

speed 0  velocity 0  Fm=0

Page 11
Appendix 2: forces
Now we have the following Moments (in both models the same):

Swing (arm x force)

o Force (gravity + centrifugal force)
 Gravity: weight x 9,78 x cos alpha (angle between arm and horizontal)
 Centrifugal force:
r (length swing)
Weight
Velocity, depends on
o Length swing (1,75 m to keep it simple, then the variable is 0,067)
o Maximal angle you swing, angle between swing and vertical.
Contra weight (arm x force)
o Force: weight x 9,78 x cos alpha
Pump (arm x force)
o Force: weight x 9,78

So this comes to:

Then there are two rules, otherwise nothing will move:

1. At lowest point: M1>M2+M3

2. At highest point: M2>M1+M3

What can be rewritten to:

1.
2.

There are a lot of unknown numbers. We decided:

Mass of the swinger is 30 kilo.

Efficiency is 85 percent.

So:

1.
2.

Page 12
 With this we can make sure that:

1.
2.
3.

Worked out:

1.
2. , we asume the swinger swings 45 degrees:
3.

So? Point 2 means nothing (only the moment of the swinger is maximal 3,8 times more than the
pump’s moment), but with point 1 and 3 you have some important information about the contra
weight: the moment has to be more than the swinger’s moment, but with a maximum of 1,67 times
more. 1,33 times more will be good.

Page 13
Appendix 3: problems in our model 2
Problem 1: the pumping bars
The rotating movement of the overhead bar makes the pistons for the pump move. This must not be
allowed because if the pistons move horizontally the pump will jam.

Our first solution was to make a bar over which the piston can slide at the top, keeping it vertically
placed in the pump.

Indicated in green is the pump and the pistons, the red line is the movement that the pistons must
make. This movement is the same for the low and high situation but for the middle situation it is
situated a little more to the left. As you can see the movements up and down don’t work very well, it
doesn’t reach the highest and lowest possible positions. The pump cannot handle the kind of
movements the pistons will make during the up and down motions.

Our second idea:

Page 14
 In this method we’ll use hinges. In this situation it also creates a force to the left because it
tries to find the straightest way up and down. But we think that this will be less than in model
1. The reason for this conclusion is that this model contains hinges that move alongside it all,
and the first model used a bar over which it had to slide of its own accord. The most efficient would
be if you made the piston to the pump as short as possible, the reason for this is because then the
hinges have to do less work, the difference in angle will be smaller.

The second idea is better, but in either situation you need to make a cylinder so that the piston will
not change its direction of movement. This must not hinder the movement of the piston, by for
example friction.

Contra weight
With our own model we had a little experiment and we came to a strange conclusion:

If we place the contra weight as depicted in the drawing on the left, it didn’t work. The right hand
one on the other hand didn’t give us any problems. If we construct it so that it moves with the
overhead bar (not using rope) then that cancels out a lot of unexpected forces that could influence
the outcome.

The cause of this is that the torque arm gets smaller when it goes down en becomes bigger when it
goes up. So when the arm goes up, the arm with the contra weight has got a bigger torque. And the
bigger torque helps it going down faster. And the opposite helps when the arm with the contra
weight is at it’s lowest point. The torque arm is shorter, so the torque is smaller and it helps with
moving up again. So the up and down movement is stimulated by the contra weight. And helps with
the rotation of the overhead bar, so also with pumping.

Page 15
Appendix 4: Breakdown of the pump; All the possibilities
We will give you all the possibilities for all the parts of the pump.

The frame
The Frame is “the body” of the pump. It
simply needs to be strong enough to hold the
overhead bar and the rest off the swing. The
blue part is “the standard frame”. If it is not
strong enough you could always expend it
with other parts like those green parts.

Like said before, it will be made of wood.

The overhead bar

The overhead bar is one of the most
important parts in the swing. And when a
child swings on it, it will be moving constantly! That is why it needs to be very strong. But it needs to
rotate easily and so it must not be very heavy. So we think the best way is to make it an hollow metal
part. That will make it lighter AND cheaper, because we use less metal. The part off it where the
contra weight will come needs something to hold and move the contra weight. But more about that
in this appendix, part Contra weight and in appendix 3.

And that is not the only thing we do not know yet about the overhead bar. We will need to do some
experiments with a full-size model to be sure about the lengths of the torque arms. There were too
many variables to finish the math.

Pumping bars
Two of the ideas on the pumping bars are already
discussed in Appendix 3. Those two ideas solve the
problem of the horizontal movement, but there
may be another problem. The pumping bars can
not be too thick, but that will make them
vulnerable. So we have came up with a new idea.

The idea is to make a sort of see-saw on top of the

pumps. There will be ropes attached to both ends
of the see-saw and the overhead bar. The ropes
will make the see-saw go up and down and from
there, there will be bars connected to the pumps
so they will pump. There still needs to be something to compromise the horizontal movement, but
the bars will be way shorter. And the ropes will be much easier to replace when broken.

We think that this might be a good solution for the problem. But this solution comes with some
disadvantages. The ropes may get stuck under something when the are getting pulled up.

Page 16
Part where the overhead bar and frame connect.
There needs to be something to make the overhead bar rotate in the frame. The bar will not
rotate well if we do not put anything there. And the wood would wear off way too fast. We
came up with two possibilities.

Ball bearing
The first possibility is to use a ball bearing. The overhead bar would move very easily, but it needs to
be oiled and wears off quite fast.

A thin metal layer

The other possibility is to add a thin metal layer on the wood where it touches the overhead bar. Like
bronze, lead, chrome, iron or an alloy. It will cause more friction, but a ball bearing costs much more.

We will need to experiment with different materials and ball bearings to find out witch one is the
best.

Contra weight
Like said in appendix 2, it works better when the contra weight is beneath the overhead bar in a
right angle. We found multiple solutions, but it is still quite difficult too make the contra weight
adjustable.

Adjustable weight
This is the first option, we could make an adjustable weight so that the weight can be changed. There
simply would be different weights that can be added and removed to change the weight. The good
thing is that it is a very easy method, but the bad thing is that the weights will easily be lost.

Adjustable torque arm

We can also change the torque arm instead of the weight to adjust the torque (F*r). We’ve got two
different ways to do that.

1. The rope enables people

to move it from where
they are standing and
also locks it into place. On
the left we have a side
view. On the right hand
side top picture, the top
view. Finally we have the
right bottom picture
which presents us with a side view. The rope will move over the overhead bar to connect on
the side of the seesaw, at this point you can move the weight if necessary. To move it ball
bearing will be necessary. The problem here is that if we make the overhead bar to big the
rope will move to much over its surface and it will not willingly let itself be tied down to lock
the weight into position.

Page 17
 2. The red thing on the right is the top
of the contra weight for this idea. It
fits in different holes like you see in
the picture. If you lift the weight up
you can put it in another hole.
Because the split is much smaller
then the hole, the contra weight will
be held in place. But when you lift it
up it can be moved because of the
design of the contra weight.

All three ideas have got some big disadvantages. With the first one you can lose the
weights. The second one can get stuck easily and is tough to hold on its place. And the
third solution is difficult to build and it may be tough to lift the weight up, especially for a child. So
this is a part of the pump where we still would like an alternative.

The pump(s)
There are many pumps that we could use, but we want to use a pump that is common in Africa.
Because such a pump will be easier to repair and there will be more spare parts available. We are
also searching for a pump with a long lifetime. We think something like the Afripump would be great.
Just look at the advantages:
(source: http://img.modernghana.com/GhanaHome/report_content/JV%20AFRiPUMP%20article.pdf)

Cost evaluation for a new waterpoint in a 70 m borehole, pump installation at 30 m

A. Standard handpump + borehole casing B. Afripump, no borehole casing needed
1. Standard handpump ……….....… 900,- 1. Afripump (local price)……….1.450,-
2. Rising main 30 m. ……...………..500,- 2. Rising main / casing 70 m. … 1.150,-
3. Drilling 6” (70 x $70/m) ........…4.900,- 3. Drilling 6” (70 x $70/m) ....…4.900,-
4. Borehole casing (70 x $30,-) .…2.100,- 4. Borehole casing …………............0,-

Total cost of water point $ 8.400,- Total cost of water point $ 7.500,-
Lifetime << 5 years Lifetime >> 25 years
Depreciation per year …...... $ 1.680,- Depreciation per year ......<< $ 300,-

Investment per family >> $ 65,- / year Investment per family = << $ 12,- / year
(based on 25 families per pump) (based on 25 families per pump)

Sustainability aspects Sustainability aspects

1. Pump last only 3 – 5 years
2. Many spares needed >> not reliable
3. Spare parts not locally available
4. Many breakdowns >> costly operation
5. Complicated installation
6. Expensive borehole casing needed
7. Cylinder cannot be taken out
8. Limited depth range << 40 m.
9. Airlift cleaning of borehole complicated
10. Spill water can enter in the borehole
1. Pump last >> 25 years
2. No spare parts needed >> reliable
3. Maintenance materials locally available
4. No breakdown >> low cost operation
5. Simple installation
6. No borehole casing needed
7. Complete cylinder can be taken out
8. No depth restriction up to 100 m.
9. Easy cleaning of borehole with airlift
10. Spill water cannot enter in the borehole

Page 18
The Afripump has some great advantages. Only the price of one pump is already quite much.
And if we want two pumps so that we will not lose energy, won’t that be too expensive? If we look at
the table on the right, we can see that a water
pump can pump much water in a short time. Water depth(meters) 10 30 50 80
Volume (liters/min) 22 20 17 12
If we would build a reservoir of 4 by 2 by 1 (m3/hour) 1,3 1,2 1,0 0,7
meters, it would be full in about 8 hours of swinging. And with two pumps it would be 4 hours. It
totally depends on the amount of water the school and/or community uses what option is better.

We have not contacted companies that build water pumps yet, but we would need to cooperate with
them because we need a modified pump. We do not need the lever, so there needs to be a small
change in the pump.

An optional water filter

We can not exclude the possibility that the water can be polluted. That is why we want to add a
water filter to the pump. Water filters
Bumpers
can be very cheap, the cheaper filters
cost less then 5 euro. The only problem
is that most of them need to be
replaced after half a year. But they are
so cheap that every pump could be
provided with multiple filters. So it can
be used longer before they run out of
filters.

Bumper
We also need a bumper so that the
pumps will not become defective. This can easily be done by two wooden blocks at the top of the
frame, with a rubber layer on it, that serves as a buffer.

Page 19