A chi-squared test, aso referred to as ch-square test or test, s any statstca

hypothess test n whch the sampng dstrbuton of the test statstc s a ch-
squared dstrbuton when the nu hypothess s true, or any n whch ths s
asymptotcay true, meanng that the sampng dstrbuton (f the nu hypothess s
true) can be made to approxmate a ch-squared dstrbuton as cosey as desred
by makng the sampe sze arge enough.
In statstcs, one-way analysis of variance (abbrevated one-way ANOVA) s a
technque used to compare means of two or more sampes (usng the F
dstrbuton). Ths technque can be used ony for numerca data
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.
The ANOVA tests the nu hypothess that sampes n two or more groups are
drawn from the same popuaton. To do ths, two estmates are made of the
popuaton varance. These estmates rey on varous assumptons (see beow). The
ANOVA produces an F-statstc, the rato of the varance cacuated among the
means to the varance wthn the sampes. If the group means are drawn from the
same popuaton, the varance between the group means shoud be ower than the
varance of the sampes, foowng the centra mt theorem. A hgher rato therefore
mpes that the sampes were drawn from dherent popuatons.
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The degrees of freedom for the numerator s I-1, where I s the number of groups
(means),e.g. I eves of urea fertser appcaton n a crop. The degrees of freedom
for the denomnator s N - I, where Ns the tota of a the sampe szes.
Typcay, however, the one-way ANOVA s used to test for dherences among at
east three groups, snce the two-group case can be covered by a t-test (Gosset,
1908). When there are ony two means to compare, the t-test and the F-test are
equvaent; the reaton between ANOVA and t s gven by F = t
2
In statistics, regression analysis includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing
several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between adependent variable and one or
more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical
value of the dependent variable changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the
other independent variables are held fixed. Most commonly, regression analysis estimates the conditional
expectation of the dependent variable given the independent variables that is, the average value of the
dependent variable when the independent variables are held fixed. Less commonly, the focus is on
a quantile, or other location parameter of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable given the
independent variables. In all cases, the estimation target is a function of the independent variables called
the regression function. In regression analysis, it is also of interest to characterize the variation of the
dependent variable around the regression function, which can be described by aprobability distribution.
A t-test s any statstca hypothess test n whch the test statstc foows
a Student's t dstrbuton f the nu hypothess s supported. It s most commony
apped when the test statstc woud foow anorma dstrbuton f the vaue of a
scang term n the test statstc were known. When the scang term s unknown and
s repaced by an estmate based on the data, the test statstc (under certan
condtons) foows a Student's t dstrbuton.
Among the most frequenty used t-tests are:
A one-sampe ocaton test of whether the mean of a normay dstrbuted
popuaton has a vaue speced n a nu hypothess.
A two sampe ocaton test of the nu hypothess that the means of
two normay dstrbuted popuatons are equa. A such tests are usuay
caed Student's t-tests, though strcty speakng that name shoud ony be
used f the varances of the two popuatons are aso assumed to be equa;
the form of the test used when ths assumpton s dropped s sometmes
caed Wech's t-test. These tests are often referred to as "unpared" or
"ndependent sampes" t-tests, as they are typcay apped when
the statstca unts underyng the two sampes beng compared are non-
overappng.
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A test of the nu hypothess that the dherence between two responses
measured on the same statstca unt has a mean vaue of zero. For exampe,
suppose we measure the sze of a cancer patent's tumor before and after a
treatment. If the treatment s ehectve, we expect the tumor sze for many of
the patents to be smaer foowng the treatment. Ths s often referred to as
the "pared" or "repeated measures" t-test:
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see pared dherence test.
A test of whether the sope of a regresson ne dhers sgncanty from 0.
SPSS s a computer program used for survey authorng and depoyment (IBM
SPSS ata !ollection), data mnng (IBM SPSS Modeler), text anaytcs,
statstca anayss, and coaboraton and depoyment (batch and automated scorng
servces)
SPSS (orgnay, Statstca Package for the Soca Scences) was reeased n ts rst
verson n 1968 after beng deveoped by Norman H. Neand C. Hada Hu. SPSS s
among the most wdey used programs for statstca anayss n soca scence. It s
used by market researchers, heath researchers, survey companes, government,
educaton researchers, marketng organzatons and others. The orgna SPSS
manua (Ne, Bent & Hu, 1970) has been descrbed as one of "socoogy's most
nuenta books".
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In addton to statstca anayss, data management (case
seecton, e reshapng, creatng derved data) and data documentaton
(a metadata dctonary s stored n the datae) are features of the base
software.Statstcs ncuded n the base software:
Descrptve statstcs: Cross tabuaton, Frequences, Descrptves, Expore,
Descrptve Rato Statstcs
Bvarate statstcs: Means, t-test, ANOVA, Correaton (bvarate, parta,
dstances), Nonparametrc tests
Predcton for numerca outcomes: Lnear regresson
Predcton for dentfyng groups: Factor anayss, custer anayss (two-step, K-
means, herarchca), Dscrmnant