PHP

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PHP
This article is about the scripting language. For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation).
PHP
Paradigm(s) imperative, functional, object-oriented, procedural, reflective
Designed by Rasmus Lerdorf
Developer The PHP Group
Appeared in 1995
Stable release 5.5.14 / June27, 2014
Preview release 5.6.0RC2 / July3, 2014
Typing discipline Dynamic, weak
Major implementations Zend Engine, Phalanger, Quercus, Project Zero, HipHop, HHVM, Parrot
Influenced by Perl, C, C++, Java, Tcl
Influenced Hack
Implementation language C
OS Cross-platform
License PHP License (most of Zend engine under Zend Engine License)
Filename extension(s) .php, .phtml, .php4, .php3, .php5, .phps
Website
www.php.net
[1]
PHP Programming at Wikibooks
PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose
programming language. As of January 2013[2], PHP was installed on more than 240 million websites (39% of those
sampled) and 2.1 million web servers. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the reference implementation
of PHP (powered by the Zend Engine) is now produced by The PHP Group. While PHP originally stood for
Personal Home Page, it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, which is a recursive acronym.
[3]
PHP code can be simply mixed with HTML code, or it can be used in combination with various templating engines
and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter, which is usually implemented as a web
server's native module or a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. After the PHP code is interpreted and
executed, the web server sends resulting output to its client, usually in form of a part of the generated web page for
example, PHP code can generate a web page's HTML code, an image, or some other data. PHP has also evolved to
include a command-line interface (CLI) capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.
PHP is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web
servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.
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History
Rasmus Lerdorf, who wrote the original Common Gateway Interface (CGI) component, together with Andi Gutmans
and Zeev Suraski, who rewrote the parser that formed PHP 3.
PHP development began in 1994 when the developer Rasmus Lerdorf wrote a series of Common Gateway Interface
(CGI) Perl scripts, which he used to maintain his personal homepage. The tools performed tasks such as displaying
his rsum and recording his web traffic. He rewrote these scripts in C for performance reasons, extending them to
add the ability to work with web forms and to communicate with databases, and called this implementation "Personal
Home Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI.
PHP/FI could be used to build simple, dynamic web applications. Lerdorf initially announced the release of PHP/FI
as "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0" publicly to accelerate bug location and improve the code,
on the Usenet discussion group comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi on June 8, 1995. This release already had the
basic functionality that PHP has as of 2013[2]. This included Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to
embed HTML. The syntax resembled that of Perl but was simpler, more limited and less consistent.
Early PHP was not intended to be a new programming language, and grew organically, with Lerdorf noting in
retrospect: "I dont know how to stop it, there was never any intent to write a programming language [ ] I have
absolutely no idea how to write a programming language, I just kept adding the next logical step on the way."
[4]
A
development team began to form and, after months of work and beta testing, officially released PHP/FI 2 in
November 1997.
One criticism of PHP is that it was not originally designed, but instead it was developed organically; among other
things, this has led to inconsistent naming of functions and inconsistent ordering of their parameters. In some cases,
the function names were chosen to match the lower-level libraries which PHP was "wrapping", while in some very
early versions of PHP the length of the function names was used internally as a hash function, so names were chosen
to improve the distribution of hash values.
Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the language's
name to the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. Afterwards, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the
official launch came in June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing the
Zend Engine in 1999. They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel.
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On May 22, 2000, PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released. As of August 2008 this branch reached
version 4.4.9. PHP 4 is no longer under development nor will any security updates be released.
On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II. PHP 5 included new features such as
improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension (which defines a
lightweight and consistent interface for accessing databases), and numerous performance enhancements. In 2008
PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding had been missing from PHP and was
added in version 5.3.
Many high-profile open-source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new code as of February 5, 2008, because of the
GoPHP5 initiative, provided by a consortium of PHP developers promoting the transition from PHP 4 to PHP 5.
PHP interpreters are available on most existing 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems, either by building them from the
PHP source code, or by using pre-built binaries. For the PHP versions 5.3 and 5.4, the only available Microsoft
Windows binary distributions were 32-bit x86 builds, requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode while using
Internet Information Services (IIS) on a 64-bit Windows platform. PHP version 5.5 made the 64-bit x86-64 builds
available for Microsoft Windows.
PHP 6 and Unicode
PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking native Unicode support at the core language level. In 2005, a project
headed by Andrei Zmievski was initiated to bring native Unicode support throughout PHP, by embedding the
International Components for Unicode (ICU) library, and representing text strings as UTF-16 internally. Since this
would cause major changes both to the internals of the language and to user code, it was planned to release this as
version 6.0 of the language, along with other major features then in development.
However, a shortage of developers who understood the necessary changes, and performance problems arising from
conversion to and from UTF-16, which is rarely used in a web context, led to delays in the project. As a result, a
PHP5.3 release was created in 2009, with many non-Unicode features back-ported from PHP6, notably
namespaces. In March 2010, the project in its current form was officially abandoned, and a PHP5.4 release was
prepared containing most remaining non-Unicode features from PHP6, such as traits and closure re-binding. Initial
hopes were that a new plan would be formed for Unicode integration, but as of 2014 none has been adopted.
PHPNG
Since 20 January 2014, work has been underway on an experimental PHP branch named PHPNG (PHP Next
Generation), aimed at optimizing PHP performance by refactoring the Zend Engine while retaining near-complete
language compatibility. As of 14 July 2014[2], the main benchmark suite for the PHPNG project, which WordPress
is used for, shows an almost 100% increase in performance. PHPNG is intended to be the foundation of the next
major release of PHP, which is likely to be called PHP6 or PHP7, but the actual version name is not yet decided.
Release history
PHP
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Key
Color Meaning Development
Red Old release No development
Yellow Stable release Security fixes
Green Stable release Bug and security fixes
Blue Future release New features
Version Release
date
Supported
until
Notes
1.0 8 June
1995
Officially called "Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools)". This is the first use of the name "PHP".
2.0 1
November
1997
3.0 6 June
1998
20 October
2000
Development moves from one person to multiple developers. Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrite the
base for this version.
4.0 22 May
2000
23 January
2001
Added more advanced two-stage parse/execute tag-parsing system called the Zend engine.
4.1 10
December
2001
12 March
2002
Introduced 'superglobals' ($_GET, $_POST, $_SESSION, etc.)
4.2 22 April
2002
6 September
2002
Disabled register_globals by default. Data received over the network is not inserted directly into the
global namespace anymore, closing possible security holes in applications.
4.3 27
December
2002
31 March
2005
Introduced the command-line interface (CLI), to supplement the CGI.
4.4 11 July
2005
7 August
2008
Fixed a memory corruption bug, which required breaking binary compatibility with extensions compiled
against PHP version 4.3.x.
5.0 13 July
2004
5 September
2005
Zend Engine II with a new object model.
5.1 24
November
2005
24 August
2006
Performance improvements with introduction of compiler variables in re-engineered PHP Engine. Added
PHP Data Objects (PDO) as a consistent interface for accessing databases.
5.2 2
November
2006
6 January
2011
Enabled the filter extension by default. Native JSON support.
5.3 30 June
2009
July 2014 Namespace support; late static bindings, Jump label (limited goto), Native closures, Native PHP archives
(phar), garbage collection for circular references, improved Windows support, sqlite3, mysqlnd as a
replacement for libmysql as underlying library for the extensions that work with MySQL, fileinfo as a
replacement for mime_magic for better MIME support, the Internationalization extension, and deprecation of
ereg extension.
5.4 1 March
2012
1 March
2015
Trait support, short array syntax support. Removed items: register_globals, safe_mode,
allow_call_time_pass_reference, session_register(), session_unregister() and
session_is_registered(). Built-in web server. Several improvements to existing features,
performance and reduced memory requirements.
5.5 20 June
2013
20 June
2016
Support for generators, finally blocks for exceptions handling, OpCache (based on Zend Optimizer+)
bundled in official distribution.
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5.6 No date set 3 years after
release
Constant scalar expressions, variadic functions, argument unpacking, new exponentiation operator,
extensions of the use statement for functions and constants, new phpdbg debugger as a SAPI module,
and other smaller improvements.
Beginning on June 28, 2011, the PHP Group began following a timeline for when new versions of PHP will be
released. Under this timeline, at least one release should occur every month. Once per year, a minor release should
occur which can include new features. Every minor release should at least have 2 years of security and bug fixes,
followed by at least 1 year of only security fixes, for a total of a 3 year release process for every minor release. No
new features (unless small and self-contained) will be introduced into a minor release during the 3-year release
process.
Syntax
Main article: PHP syntax and semantics
The following Hello world program is written in PHP code embedded in an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Test</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php echo '<p>Hello World</p>'; ?>
</body>
</html>
However, as PHP does not need to be embedded in HTML or used with a web server, the simplest version of a Hello
World program can be written like this, with the closing tag omitted as preferred in files containing pure PHP code
(prior to PHP 5.4.0, this short syntax for echo() only works with the short_open_tag configuration setting
enabled, while for PHP 5.4.0 and later it is always available):
<?= 'Hello world';
The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters. Anything outside its delimiters is not processed
by PHP (although non-PHP text is still subject to control structures described in PHP code). The most common
delimiters are <?php to open and ?> to close PHP sections. <script language="php"> and
</script> delimiters are also available, as are the shortened forms <? or <?= (which is used to echo back a
string or variable) and ?> as well as ASP-style short forms <% or <%= and %>. Short delimiters make script files
less portable, since support for them can be disabled in the local PHP configuration, and they are therefore
discouraged. The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP code, including HTML.
The first form of delimiters, <?php and ?>, in XHTML and other XML documents, creates correctly formed XML
"processing instructions". This means that the resulting mixture of PHP code and other markup in the server-side file
is itself well-formed XML.
Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol, and a type does not need to be specified in advance. PHP5 introduced
type hinting that allows functions to force their parameters to be objects of a specific class, arrays, interfaces or
callback functions. However, type hints can not be used with scalar types such as integer or string.
Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") and heredoc strings
provide the ability to interpolate a variable's value into the string. PHP treats newlines as whitespace in the manner
of a free-form language (except when inside string quotes), and statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has
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three types of comment syntax: /* */ marks block and inline comments; // as well as # are used for one-line
comments. The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text, e.g., to a web browser.
In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to most high level languages that follow the C style
syntax. if conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in syntax to languages such as C,
C++, C#, Java and Perl.
Data types
PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range, either a 64-bit or 32-bit signed integer equivalent to the
C-language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations; this behavior is
different from other programming languages. Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and
negative), octal, hexadecimal, and binary notations.
Floating point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating point
notation, or two forms of scientific notation. PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean
types in Java and C++. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as
false, as in Perl and C++.
The null data type represents a variable that has no value; NULL is the only allowed value for this data type.
Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created
by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples
include file, image, and database resources.
Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays.
Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP
also supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, nowdoc or heredoc syntax.
The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access
interfaces and classes.
Functions
PHP has hundreds of functions provided by the core language functionality and thousands more available via various
extensions; these functions are well documented in the online PHP documentation. However, the built-in library has
a wide variety of naming conventions and associated inconsistencies, as described under history above.
Additional functions can be defined by the developer:
function myAge($birthYear) //
defines a function, this one is named "myAge"
{
$yearsOld = date('Y') - $birthYear; //
calculates the age
return $yearsOld . ' year' . ($yearsOld != 1 ? 's' : ''); //
returns the age in a descriptive form
}
echo 'I am currently ' . myAge(1981) . ' old.'; //
outputs the text concatenated
//
with the return value of myAge()
// As the result of this syntax, myAge() is called.
// In 2014, the output of this sample program will be 'I am currently
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33 years old.'
In PHP, normal functions are not first-class and can only be referenced by their name directly, or dynamically by a
variable containing the name of the function (referred to as "variable functions"). User-defined functions can be
created at any time without being prototyped. Functions can be defined inside code blocks, permitting a run-time
decision as to whether or not a function should be defined. Function calls must use parentheses, with the exception of
zero-argument class constructor functions called with the PHP new operator, where parentheses are optional.
Until PHP 5.3, support for true anonymous functions or closures did not exist in PHP. While
create_function() exists since PHP 4.0.1, it is merely a thin wrapper around eval() that allows normal
PHP functions to be created during program execution. Also, support for variable functions allows normal PHP
functions to be used, for example, as callbacks or within function tables. PHP 5.3 added support for closures, which
are true anonymous, first-class functions, whose syntax can be seen in the following example:
function getAdder($x)
{
return function($y) use ($x)
{
return $x + $y;
};
}
$adder = getAdder(8);
echo $adder(2); // prints "10"
In the example above, getAdder() function creates a closure using passed argument $x (the keyword use
imports a variable from the lexical context), which takes an additional argument $y, and returns the created closure
to the caller. Such a function is a first-class object, meaning that it can be stored in a variable, passed as a parameter
to other functions, etc.
The goto flow control statement is used as in the following example:
function lock()
{
$file = fopen('file.txt', 'r+');
retry:
if (!flock($file, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB))
goto retry;
fwrite($file, 'Success!');
fclose($file);
}
When flock() is called, PHP opens a file and tries to lock it. The target label retry: defines the point to
which execution should return if flock() is unsuccessful and goto retry; is called. The goto statement is
restricted and requires that the target label be in the same file and context.
The goto statement has been supported since PHP 5.3.
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Objects
Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP 4. Object handling was
completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance. In previous versions of PHP,
objects were handled like value types. The drawback of this method was that the whole object was copied when a
variable was assigned or passed as a parameter to a method. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle,
and not by value.
PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods, along with abstract classes, final classes,
abstract methods, and final methods. It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors and destructors,
similar to that of other object-oriented languages such as C++, and a standard exception handling model.
Furthermore, PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for multiple interfaces to be implemented. There are special
interfaces that allow objects to interact with the runtime system. Objects implementing ArrayAccess can be used
with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the foreach language
construct. There is no virtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a name instead of a
reference at compile time.
If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone, the Zend engine will check whether a
__clone() method has been defined. If not, it will call a default __clone() which will copy the object's
properties. If a __clone() method is defined, then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the
created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object, so
the programmer can start with a by-value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be
changed.
The following is a basic example of object-oriented programming in PHP:
class Person
{
public $firstName;
public $lastName;
public function __construct($firstName, $lastName = '') { //
optional second argument
$this->firstName = $firstName;
$this->lastName = $lastName;
}
public function greet() {
return 'Hello, my name is ' . $this->firstName .
(($this->lastName != '') ? (' ' . $this->lastName) : '') .
'.';
}
public static function staticGreet($firstName, $lastName) {
return 'Hello, my name is ' . $firstName . ' ' . $lastName .
'.';
}
}
$he = new Person('John', 'Smith');
$she = new Person('Sally', 'Davis');
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$other = new Person('iAmine');
echo $he->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is John Smith."
echo '<br />';
echo $she->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is Sally Davis."
echo '<br />';
echo $other->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is iAmine."
echo '<br />';
echo Person::staticGreet('Jane', 'Doe'); // prints "Hello, my name is
Jane Doe."
The visibility of PHP properties and methods is defined using the keywords public, private, and protected.
The default is public, if only var is used; var is a synonym for public. Items declared public can be accessed
everywhere. protected limits access to inherited classes (and to the class that defines the item). private
limits visibility only to the class that defines the item. Objects of the same type have access to each other's private
and protected members even though they are not the same instance. PHP's member visibility features have
sometimes been described as "highly useful." However, they have also sometimes been described as "at best
irrelevant and at worst positively harmful."
Implementations
The original, only complete and most widely used PHP implementation is powered by the Zend Engine and known
simply as PHP. To disambiguate it from other implementations, it is sometimes referred to as "Zend PHP". The Zend
Engine compiles PHP source code on-the-fly into an internal format that it can execute, thus it works as an
interpreter. It is also the "reference implementation" of PHP, as PHP has no formal specification, and so the
semantics of Zend PHP define the semantics of PHP itself. Due to the complex and nuanced semantics of PHP,
defined by how Zend works, it is difficult for competing implementations to offer complete compatibility.
PHP's single-request-per-script-execution model, and the fact the Zend Engine is an interpreter, lead to inefficiency.
As a result, various products have been developed to help improve PHP performance. In order to speed up execution
time and not have to compile the PHP source code every time the web page is accessed, PHP scripts can also be
deployed in the PHP engine's internal format by using an opcode cache, which works by caching the compiled form
of a PHP script (opcodes) in shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the
script runs. An opcode cache, Zend Opcache, is built into PHP since version 5.5. Another example of a widely used
opcode cache is the Alternative PHP Cache (APC), which is available as a PECL extension.
While Zend PHP is still the most popular implementation, several other implementations have been developed. Some
of these are compilers or support JIT compilation, and hence offer performance benefits over Zend PHP at the
expense of lacking full PHP compatibility. Alternative implementations include the following:
HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM) developed at Facebook and available as open source, it converts PHP code
into a high-level bytecode (commonly known as an intermediate language), which is then translated into x86-64
machine code dynamically at runtime by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler, resulting in up to 6 performance
improvements.
Parrot a virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently; Pipp transforms the PHP source code
into the Parrot intermediate representation, which is then translated into the Parrot's bytecode and executed by the
virtual machine.
Phalanger compiles PHP into Common Intermediate Language (CIL) bytecode
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HipHop developed at Facebook and available as open source, it transforms the PHP scripts into C++ code and
then compiles the resulting code, reducing the server load up to 50%. In early 2013, Facebook deprecated it in
favor of HHVM due to multiple reasons, including deployment difficulties and lack of support for the whole PHP
language, including the create_function() and eval() constructs.
Licensing
PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which stipulates that:
Products derived from this software may not be called "PHP", nor may "PHP" appear in their name, without
prior written permission from group@php.net. You may indicate that your software works in conjunction with
PHP by saying "Foo for PHP" instead of calling it "PHP Foo" or "phpfoo".
This restriction on use of the name PHP makes it incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL).
Development and community
PHP includes free and open source libraries with the core build. PHP is a fundamentally Internet-aware system with
modules built in for accessing File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers, many database servers, embedded SQL libraries
such as embedded PostgreSQL, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server and SQLite, LDAP servers, and others. Many
functions familiar to C programmers such as those in the stdio family are available in the standard PHP build.
PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language. PHP extensions can be
compiled statically into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime. Numerous extensions have been written to add
support for the Windows API, process management on Unix-like operating systems, multibyte strings (Unicode),
cURL, and several popular compression formats. Other PHP features made available through extensions include
integration with IRC, dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content, PHP Data Objects (PDO) as an
abstraction layer used for accessing databases,
[5][6][7][8][9]
and even speech synthesis. Some of the language's core
functions, such as those dealing with strings and arrays, are also implemented as extensions.
[10]
The PHP Extension
Community Library (PECL) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP language.
Some other projects, such as Zephir, provide the ability for PHP extensions to be created in a high-level language
and compiled into native PHP extensions. Such an approach, instead of writing PHP extensions directly in C,
simplifies the development of extensions and reduces the time required for programming and testing.
Zend Technologies provides a certification exam for programmers to become certified PHP developers.
Installation and configuration
There are two primary ways for adding support for PHP to a web server as a native web server module, or as a
CGI executable. PHP has a direct module interface called Server Application Programming Interface (SAPI), which
is supported by many web servers including Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft IIS, Netscape (now defunct) and
iPlanet. Some other web servers, such as OmniHTTPd, support the Internet Server Application Programming
Interface (ISAPI), which is a Microsoft's web server module interface. If PHP has no module support for a web
server, it can always be used as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) or FastCGI processor; in that case, the web
server is configured to use PHP's CGI executable to process all requests to PHP files.
PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) is an alternative FastCGI implementation for PHP, bundled with the official
PHP distribution since version 5.3.3. When compared to the older FastCGI implementation, it contains some
additional features, mostly useful for heavily loaded web servers.
When using PHP for command-line scripting, a PHP command-line interface (CLI) executable is needed. PHP
supports a CLI SAPI as of PHP 4.3.0. The main focus of this SAPI is developing shell applications using PHP. There
are quite a few differences between the CLI SAPI and other SAPIs, although they do share many of the same
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behaviors.
PHP can also be used for writing desktop graphical user interface (GUI) applications, by using the PHP-GTK
extension. PHP-GTK is not included in the official PHP distribution, and as an extension it can be used only with
PHP versions 5.1.0 and newer. The most common way of installing PHP-GTK is compiling it from the source code.
When PHP is installed and used in cloud environments, software development kits (SDKs) are provided for using
cloud-specific features. For example:
Amazon Web Services provides the AWS SDK for PHP
Windows Azure can be used with the Windows Azure SDK for PHP.
Numerous configuration options are supported, affecting both core PHP features and extensions. Configuration file
php.ini is searched for in different locations, depending on the way PHP is used. The configuration file is split
into various sections, while some of the configuration options can be also set within the web server configuration.
Use
A broad overview of the LAMP software bundle, displayed here together with Squid.
PHP is a general-purpose scripting
language that is especially suited to
server-side web development, in which
case PHP generally runs on a web
server. Any PHP code in a requested
file is executed by the PHP runtime,
usually to create dynamic web page
content or dynamic images used on
websites or elsewhere. It can also be
used for command-line scripting and
client-side graphical user interface
(GUI) applications. PHP can be
deployed on most web servers, many
operating systems and platforms, and
can be used with many relational database management systems (RDBMS). Most web hosting providers support
PHP for use by their clients. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for
users to build, customize and extend for their own use.
PHP acts primarily as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP instructions and
outputting another stream of data. Most commonly the output will be HTML, although it could be JSON, XML or
binary data such as image or audio formats. Since PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for
processing by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor.
Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on server-side scripting, and it is similar
to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as
Microsoft's ASP.NET, Sun Microsystems' JavaServer Pages, and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the
development of many software frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid
application development (RAD). Some of these include PRADO, CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter, Laravel, Yii
Framework, and Zend Framework, offering features similar to other web application frameworks.
The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web applications. PHP is
commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to
Python, Perl, or some mix of the three. Similar packages, WAMP and MAMP, are also available for Windows and
OS X, with the first letter standing for the respective operating system. Although both PHP and Apache are provided
as part of the Mac OS X base install, users of these packages seek a simpler installation mechanism that can be more
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easily kept up to date.
As of April 2007[2], over 20 million Internet domains had web services hosted on servers with PHP installed and
mod_php was recorded as the most popular Apache HTTP Server module. As of October 2010[2], PHP was used as
the server-side programming language on 75% of all websites whose server-side programming language was known
(as of February 2014[2], the percentage had reached 82%), and PHP was the most-used open source software within
enterprises. Web content management systems written in PHP include MediaWiki, Joomla, eZ Publish, SilverStripe,
WordPress, Drupal, Moodle, the user-facing portion of Facebook, and Digg.
For specific and more advanced usage scenarios, PHP offers a well defined and documented way for writing custom
extensions in C or C++. Besides extending the language itself in form of additional libraries, extensions are
providing a way for improving execution speed where it is critical and there is room for improvements by using a
true compiled language. PHP also offers well defined ways for embedding itself into other software projects. That
way PHP can be easily used as an internal scripting language for another project, also providing tight interfacing
with the project's specific internal data structures.
PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking support for multithreading at the core language level, though using
threads is made possible by the "pthreads" PECL extension.
Security
In 2013, 9% of all vulnerabilities listed by the National Vulnerability Database were linked to PHP; historically,
about 30% of all vulnerabilities listed since 1996 in this database are linked to PHP. Technical security flaws of the
language itself or of its core libraries are not frequent (22 in 2009, about 1% of the total although PHP applies to
about 20% of programs listed). Recognizing that programmers make mistakes, some languages include taint
checking to automatically detect the lack of input validation which induces many issues. Such a feature is being
developed for PHP, but its inclusion into a release has been rejected several times in the past.
There are advanced protection patches such as Suhosin and Hardening-Patch, especially designed for web hosting
environments.
There are certain language features and configuration parameters (primarily the default values for such runtime
settings) that make PHP prone to security issues. Among these, magic_quotes_gpc and
register_globals configuration directives are the best known; the latter made any URL parameters become
PHP variables, opening a path for serious security vulnerabilities by allowing an attacker to set the value of any
uninitialized global variable and interfere with the execution of a PHP script. Support for "magic quotes" and
"register globals" has been deprecated as of PHP 5.3.0, and removed as of PHP 5.4.0.
Another example for the runtime settings vulnerability comes from failing to disable PHP execution (via engine
configuration directive) for the directory where uploaded images are stored; leaving the default settings can result in
execution of malicious PHP code embedded within the uploaded images. Also, leaving enabled the dynamic loading
of PHP extensions (via enable_dl configuration directive) in a shared web hosting environment can lead to
security issues.
Also, implied type conversions that result in incompatible values being treated as identical against the programmer's
intent can lead to security issues. For example, the result of 0e1234 == 0 comparison will be true because the
first compared value will be treated as scientific notation of a number (010
1234
) with value of zero. This feature
resulted in authentication vulnerabilities in Simple Machines Forum, Typo3 and phpBB when MD5 password hashes
were compared. Instead, identity operator (===) should be used; 0e1234 === 0 results in false.
PHP
13
References
[1] http:/ / www. php. net
[2] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=PHP& action=edit
[3] PHP Manual: Preface (http:/ / www. php. net/ manual/ en/ preface. php), www.php.net
[4] [4] , cited at
[5] O'Reilly Networks - ONLamp (http:/ / www. onlamp.com/ pub/ a/ php/ 2004/ 08/ 05/ dataobjects. html)
[6] IBM DeveloperWorks (http:/ / www-128. ibm. com/ developerworks/ db2/ library/ techarticle/ dm-0612xia/ )
[7] IBM Redbooks (http:/ / www.redbooks. ibm. com/ abstracts/ sg247218. html)
[8] php|architect (http:/ / www. phparch.com/ issue.php?mid=65)
[9] Info (http:/ / www.infoworld.com/ article/ 05/ 10/ 19/ HNphpshow_1. html)
[10] Cross Reference: /PHP_5_4/ext/standard/ (http:/ / lxr. php. net/ xref/ PHP_5_4/ ext/ standard/ )
External links
Official website (http:/ / www. php. net)
PHP (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Computers/ Programming/ Languages/ PHP) at DMOZ
PHP Reference Manual (http:/ / www. php. net/ manual)
PHP source code repository @ Github (https:/ / github. com/ php/ php-src)
Article Sources and Contributors
14
Article Sources and Contributors
PHP Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=617459037 Contributors: -Barry-, -OOPSIE-, 0x6D667061, 16@r, 16x9, 194.78.109.xxx, 2006ict045, 2mcm, 50kalkiller, 83d40m,
8754865, 91weblessons, A930913, AKiwiDeerPin, Aaron Schulz, Aaron44126, Ab5602, Abcorn, Abelmebratu, Abhishek7737140453, Academic Challenger, Acdx, Adam1213, AdamRetchless,
Adhall, Adjective Noun, AdmN, Adrian.benko, Aeons, Aetherfukz, Agentq314, Agorski, Agrado, Aharonyodaiken, Ahoerstemeier, Ahunt, Ajfweb, Ajvpot, Akhristov, AlReece45, Alai,
Alainr345, Alan G. Archer, AlanUS, Alastair Haines, Aldie, Aleksd, Alerante, Alexbee2, Alexbonline1, Alias Flood, Alitokmen, Altar, Altenmann, Altonbr, Alvin-cs, Ambbes5, Amitverma,
Amsfaithsoftware, Anabus, Andres, Andrewpmk, Andros 1337, Andy Dingley, AndyHassall, Andyiou52, Andyjsmith, Angel74dm, Anna Lincoln, Ansarka, Antandrus, AntiVanMan, Antilived,
Antimatt, Antoin, Anton Sergeev, Antonym, Anttir717, Aowie1, Aparna mithun, Apparition11, Appy173, Apv, Arancaytar, Arash j13, Archer1974, Are you ready for IPv6?, Ario, Arjayay,
Ashwanikr1981, Asirabm, Astronautics, Aswanii, Athox, Atlant, Atropos235, Aughtandzero, Austin512, Autarch, Autoride, Avenged Eightfold, Avinesh, Avk15gt, Avnit, Avochelm, Awk,
AxelBoldt, Ayeshrajans, Az1568, B44H, BAxelrod, BBilge, BGOATDoughnut, Bachrach44, Bananastalktome, Banes, Bansal, BarkerJr, Barro, Battlestar27, Bbatsell, Bbtommy, Bdanchilla,
Bdesham, Bdude, BeavisSanchez, Bedel23, Beefy, Beetstra, Beland, Beltranrubo, Benbread, Bender235, Bernd vdB, BethNaught, Bettymnz4, Bevo, BfMGH, Bhargavimoorthy, Bheesham,
Bidsea, Big Brother 1984, BigBlueFish, Bige1977, Bitbit, Bitobor, BjKa, Blablablob, Black Falcon, Bleveret, Blinkms, Bloggocracy, Bloodshedder, Blueapples, Bluefoxicy, Boatman, Bobbfwed,
Bobby122, Bobdc, Boinger, Bonadea, Bonatto, Bookofjude, Boothy443, Borislav Dopudja, Bornhj, BostonMA, Boulevardier, Bradcis, Bradml, Brandon, Bred85, Breno, Brian R Hunter,
Brianski, Brick Thrower, Brion VIBBER, Brion.finlay, Brossow, Bruno Simes, Brusselsshrek, Bryan Derksen, Bugnot, Bunchosia, BurnDownBabylon, BurntSky, Burnte, BurtonReingold,
Businessman332211, Buxtor, Buzgun, Bwfrank, Bwoebi, Bytebear, C.Fred, CONFIQ, CRGreathouse, Caiot, Caltas, Calvin 1998, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canderson7, CanisRufus,
Canterbury Tail, CardinalDan, Cazort, Cbraga, Cburnett, Ceyockey, Cfjem, Cfust, Chaoszen, Chealer, Chicago2020, Chickenofgodsrectum, Chipp, Chocolateboy, Chorny, Chris 73, Chris Roy,
Chris83, Chris98029, ChrisGualtieri, ChrisHodgesUK, ChrisLoosley, ChrisO, Chrislk02, Christopherwoods, Chuggnutt, Chun-hian, Chuuumus, Cic, Cjdyer, Cjmnyc, Cjxxi, Ckempo, Clabinger,
Clintp, Closedmouth, Clsdennis2007, Cmelbye, Coalgames, Codename Lisa, Coderx, Coffee2theorems, CogentAgent, Coldkill, Colejohnson66, Cometstyles, Comp.arch, Compfreak7,
Congregatio, Conny, Conscious, Conti, Conversion script, CorbinSimpson, Cornflake pirate, Corti, Courtarro, Craig Stuntz, Creek23, Crenner, Crum375, Csmaster2005, Css, Cst17, Cthackers,
Ctz, Curb Safe Charmer, Curps, Cvinoth, Cwolfsheep, Cybercobra, Cyberhitesh, Cyberscribe, Cpey, D'oh!, DFRussia, DJ Creature, DN Lodge, DSchramm-NJITWILL, DStoykov, DVdm,
Da404lewzer, DadaNeem, Daedricnekomata, Damotclese, Dan Atkinson, Dan scott, Dan100, Danakil, Dananderson, Danhuby, Danial.md5, Daniel15, Danim, Danolsen, Dany4762, Darguz
Parsilvan, DarkAudit, DarkHorizon, Darkeldress, Darrien, Dasch, Dave Bell, Davejohnsan, David SIMMONS (HF), David mintz, David.Mestel, David.coallier, DavidCary, DavidLeighEllis,
Davidds, Davide89v, Davidhorman, Davidjcmorris, Dcfleck, Dcoetzee, Dcooper, DeadEyeArrow, Decl, Decumanus, Deekay, Defsac, Dejvid, Delldot, Delpino, Deminy, Demonkoryu, Den
fjttrade ankan, Dendodge, DennisWithem, Denpick, DerHexer, Dereckson, Derek R Bullamore, Dermodwood, DexDor, Dgies, Diberri, Diego Grez, Digitize, Digx, Dimo414, Dina, Diomidis
Spinellis, Dionyziz, Diptanshu.D, Directorblue, Dirk gently, Dirkbb, Discospinster, Djun Kim, Dlotts, Dmwtechnologies, Dod1, Dolive21, Dolphinn, Donhalcon, Donho, Donner60, Donpayette,
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Article Sources and Contributors
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Zzuuzz, ^demon, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, , , 3651 anonymous edits
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