AIR-CONDITIONER INTEGRATED WATER

DISPENSER
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfllment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
ADARSH BABU (B0ENME2703)
AHMAD ABDULLAH (B0ENME270)
MITHUN RAJ B (B0ENME272!)
MOHAMMED ILYAS ABHA (B0ENME2730)
MOHAMMED SHABEER M J (B0ENME2732)
MUNA""IR # (B0ENME372$)
Under the guidance of
P%&'( AFTAB A #ARIM
(Associate Professor, Dept. of M.E)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LBS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KASARGOD
KASARAGOD !"#$%, KERALA
NO&EMBER %'"(
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of
our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree
or diploma of this Institute or other Institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgement has been made in the text.
ADARS) BAB* +B'ENME%!'()
A)MAD ABD*LLA) +B'ENME%!'$)
MI,)*N RA- B+B'ENME%!%.)
MO)AMMED IL/AS AB)A+B'ENME%!(')
MO)AMMED S)ABEER M -+B'ENME%!(%)
M*NA&&IR K+B'ENME(!%0)
KASARAGOD
%%1""1%'"(

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
L(B(S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
#ASARAGOD) #ERALA
CERTIFICATE
,2is is to certif3 t2at t2e pro4ect e5tit6e7 SOLAR POWERED
AGRICULTURAL WATER PUMPING SYSTEM WITH AUTO
TRACKING s89:itte7 93 ADARS) BAB*, A)MAD ABD*LLA), MI,)*N RA- B,
MO)AMMED IL/AS AB)A, MO)AMMED S)ABEER M - , M*NA&&IR K to t2e *5i;ersit3
of Ka558r i5 partia6 f86fi66:e5t of t2e re<8ire:e5ts for t2e a=ar7 of t2e De>ree Bac2e6or of
,ec25o6o>3 i5 Mec2a5ica6 E5>i5eeri5> is a 9o5afi7e recor7 of =or?carrie7 o8t 93 2i: 857er
o8r >8i7a5ce a57 s8per;isio5. ,2e co5te5ts of t2is report, i5 f866or i5 parts, 2a;e 5ot 9ee5
s89:itte7 to a53 ot2er I5stit8te or *5i;ersit3 for t2e a=ar7 of a53 De>ree or Dip6o:a.
I*+,%*-. G/01, C&&%10*-+&%
Mr. MA)ES) P.& Mr. -O@)AR M*BARAK
Assista5t Professor Assista5t Professor
Dept. of M.E, Dept. of M.E,
LBSCE, Kasara>o7 LBSCE, Kasara>o7
H,-1 &' +2, D,3-%+4,*+
Dr. MO)AMMAD S)EKOOR ,
Professor,
Dept. of M.E,
LBSCE, Kasara>o7.
P6ace A
Date A
AC#NOWLEDGEMENT
@e si5cere63 p6ace o5 recor7 o8r 7eep a57 2eartfe6t >ratit87e to a66 t2ose =2o
2as 2e6pe7 as i5 co:p6etio5 of o8r pro4ect. A53 fait2 f866 effort i5 a 5e= =or? 5ee7s a
7irectio5 a57 >8i7i5> 2a57s a57 =e ac?5o=6e7>e t2e a9i7i5> prese5ce a57 a9o857i5>
>race of a6:i>2t3 ri>2t t2ro8>2 t2e eBec8tio5 of t2is pro4ect.
@e =o867 6i?e to eBpress o8r si5cere t2a5?s to D% #( A N-5-6, Pri5cipa6, L.B.S
Co66e>e of E5>i5eeri5> Kasara>o7, for 6e57i5> 8s t2e =o57erf86 opport85it3 to 7o t2is
=or?.
@e eBpress o8r 7eep se5se of >ratit87e to D%( M&2-44-1 S2,7&&% +)OD, M.E
7epart:e5t). @e are eBtre:e63 t2a5?f86 to o8r i5ter5a6 >8i7e M%( M-2,62 P(" for 2is
;a68a96e >8i7a5ce a57 s8>>estio5s t2ro8>2o8t t2e pro4ect.
No =or7s ca5 a7e<8ate63 eBpress o8r 7eep >ratit87e to M%( J&82-% M/9-%-7
+Assista5t Professor, M.E Depart:e5t) 9ei5> t2e :i5i pro4ect coor7i5ator.
Fi5a663, =e si5cere63 t2a5? o8r teac2i5> a57 5o5 teac2i5> staff, fa:i63 :e:9ers,
frie57s a57 =e66 =is2ers for t2eir :ora6 s8pport t2ro8>2o8t t2is pro4ect.
ABSTRACT
,2e fie67 of :ec2a5ica6 e5>i5eeri5> 2as a t2e:e =or7 ca66e7 CC)ANGED as its
9ac?9o5e. ,2e 5e= tec25o6o>ica6 a7;a5ce:e5ts a57 t2e 5ee7s of peop6e 2a;e :a7e 8s t2i5?
a9o8t t2is pro4ect. O8r pro4ect is :ai7e5 ;e5t8re i5to t2e fie67 of air te:perat8re co5tro66i5>
a57 a6so 7ea6s =it2 28:a5 co:fort.
)8:a5 co:fort co57itio5s 7ea6 =it2 t2e co57itio5s of e5;iro5:e5t aro857 3o8, ;iE
)ot F Co67. ,2e co5tro6 of te:perat8re of air aro857 8s is 7o5e 93 co5tro66i5> t2e o8tp8t
=ater fro: t2e =ater coo6er.
O8r pro4ect is a 5o;e6 i7ea to co5tro6 air te:perat8re aro857 8s 93 t2e i5corporatio5 of
coo6i5> s3ste: i5 a si5>6e 85it. ,2is 85it =o867 9e a5 eco5o:ic 8ti6it3 at a66 p6aces to
pro;i7e co:fort co57itio5s to t2e peop6e
LIST OF SYMBOLS
&= G &o68:e of =ater
6 G Le5>t2
9 G Breat2
2 G )ei>2t
H= G De5sit3 of =ater
M= G Mass of =ater
Ir " G )eat re4ectio5 i5 =ater coo6er
Cp= G Specific 2eat of =ater
,=" G @ater i56et te:perat8re
,=% G @ater o8t6et te:perat8re
, O R G ,o55a>e of refri>eratio5
Ha G De5sit3 of air
A9 G Area of 96a7e
&a G &e6ocit3 of air
DB," G Dr3 9869 te:perat8re of air i56et
DB,% G Dr3 9869 te:perat8re of air o8t6et
@B," G @et 9869 te:perat8re of air i56et
@B,% G @et 9869 te:perat8re of air o8t6et
)" G Specific e5t2a6p3 at i56et
)% G Specific e5t2a6p3 at o8t6et
IRa G )eat re4ectio5 i5 air
D G Dia of fa5 96a7e
N G Spee7 i5 RPM
LIST OF FIGURES
F0:/%, T0+., P-:,
". &apo8r Co:pressio5 C3c6e $
%. P1) Dia>ra: !
(. ,r85? Pisto5 "!
$. .Reciprocati5> co:pressor "0
#. Air Coo6e7 Co57e5sor %%
. .Co67 @ Fi>8re =ater ,a5? %
!. EBpa5sio5 &a6;e %.
0. .@ater Dispe5ser @it2 AC $%
LIST OF TABLES
T-9., T0+., P-:,
" *s8a6 @eat2er Co57itio5s Accor7i5> ,o ,2e Meteoro6o>ica6 Depart:e5t (
% List of :ateria6s $(

( Cost of Materia6s $$
CONTENTS
SI N&( TITLE PAGE N&(
ACKNO@LEDGEMEN, i
ABS,RAC, ii
LIS, OF S/MBOLS iii
LIS, OF FIG*RES i;
LIS, OF ,ABLES ;
". IN,ROD*C,ION "
%. RE&IE@ OF LI,ERA,*RE %
(. COMPONEN,S AND DESCRIP,ION .
$. COMPRESSER "#
#. CONDENSER %"
. E&APORA,OR %$
!. EJPANSION DE&ICE %0
0. REFREGERAN,S (%
.. REFRIGERA,ION AND ACCOSSORIES (0
"'. LIS, OF MA,ERIALS $(
"". COS, ES,IMA,ION $$
"%. AD&AN,AGES AND DISAD&AN,AGES $#
"(. APPLICA,IONS $
"$. DESIGN AND CALC*A,IONS $!
"#. FABRICA,ION #"
". CONCL*SION #(
"!. APPENDIJ #$
"0. REFERENCE #0
;(INTRODUCTION
CFaster, :i>2tier F s:a66erD is sti66 t2e ?e3=or7 for e;er3 i5;e5tio5 a57
7e;e6op:e5t. I5 7a31to17a3 =or67 =e co5ce5trate o5 t2e co:pact5ess a57 efficie5c3 of
e;er3 pro78ct. Keepi5> t2is i5 o8r t2o8>2t =e 2a;e 7esi>5e7 a57 fa9ricate7 a5
eco5o:ica6 a57 re6ia96e 85it ?5o=5 as C@ater C8: Roo: Coo6erD.
C)8:a5 co:fort is t2at co57itio5 of :i57, =2ic2 eBpresses itse6f =it2 t2e t2er:a6
e5;iro5:e5tD. I5 o8r pro4ect t=o ri;a6 properties of coo6 =ater a57 coo6 air are o9tai5e7.
,2is s3ste: ca5 9e 8se7 co5ti58o8s63.
B3 8si5> o8r s3ste: t2ere is 5o 5ee7 of >oi5> for a separate air co57itio5er or air
coo6er a57 =ater coo6er. As 9ot2 p8rposes are ser;e7 93 a si5>6e s3ste:, t2e cost is a6so
6o=ere7 to a co5si7era96e 6e;e6.

"
2(RE"IEW OF LITERATURE
2(; T2,%4-. E<=2-*:, I* H/4-* B&1>
,2e 28:a5 9o73 =or?s 9est at certai5 te:perat8res 6i?e ot2er :ac2i5es, 98t it
ca55ot to6erate =it2 ra5>e of ;ariatio5s. ,2e 28:a5 9o73 :ai5tai5s its t2er:a6
e<8i6i9ri8: 93 t2ree :o7es of 2eat tra5sfer i.e. e;aporatio5, ra7iatio5 a57 co5;ectio5.
A 28:a5 9o73 fee6s co:forta96e =2e5 t2e 2eat pro78ce7 93 :eta9o6is: of 28:a5
9o73 is e<8a6 to t2e s8: of 2eat 7issipate7 to t2e s8rro857i5>s.
,2e 5or:a6 te:perat8re of t2e 28:a5 9o73 is (! 7e>ree ce5ti>ra7e or .0. 7e>ree
Fa2re52eit. B8t, if t2is 6e;e6 >oes 9e6o= (.# 7e>ree ce5ti>ra7e or .0 7e>ree Fa2re52eit
a57 eBcee7s $'.# 7e>ree ce5ti>ra7e or "'# 7e>ree Fa2re52eit, t2e co57itio5s 9eco:e
7a5>ero8s for 28:a5 eBiste5ce.
2(2(F-=+&%6 A'',=+0*: H/4-* C&4'&%+
,2e i:porta5t factors =2i6e 7esi>5i5> a53 s3ste: of co:fort are
Effecti;e ,e:perat8re
)eat pro78ctio5 F re>86atio5 i5 28:a5 9o73
)eat a57 :oist8re 6osses fro: 9o73
Moist8re co5te5t of air
I8a6it3 a57 <8a5tit3 of air
Air :otio5
%
Air stratificatio5
P23sio6o>ica6 2aEar7s res86ti5> fro: 2eat a57 eBtre:e co67 are
)eat eB2a8stio5
)eat cra:p
)eat stro?e
Frost 9ites
)3pot2er:ia
)3pert2er:is
2(3(U6/-. C&*10+0&*6 A==&%10*: T& T2, M,+,&%&.&:0=-. D,3-%+4,*+ A%,
S(N&(
CONTENTS COCHIN #ASARAGOD
". DB, ($.!KC (.(KC
%.
@B, %!.#KC %0.#KC
(. R) #0L !%L
$.
E, ('KC (%KC
T-9., *&(;
2(("-3&/% C&43%,660&* R,'%0:,%-+0&* C>=.,
,2e 6o= press8re ;apo8r i5 7r3 state is 7ra=5 fro: t2e e;aporator 78ri5>
t2e s8ctio5 stro?e of t2e co:pressor. D8ri5> co:pressio5 stro?e t2e press8re a57
te:perat8re i5creases 85ti6 t2e ;apo8r te:perat8re is >reater t2a5 t2e te:perat8re
of co57e5ser coo6i5> :e7i8:.
(
"APOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
E&APORA,OR COIL
CAPILLAR/
,*BE
Fi>." & C c3c6e
CONDENSATION
@2e5 t2e 2i>2 press8re refri>era5t ;apo8r e5ters t2e co57e5ser 2eat f6o=s fro:
co57e5ser to coo6i5> :e7i8: t28s a66o=i5> ;aporiEe7 refri>era5t to ret8r5 to 6i<8i7 state.
E?PANSION
After co57e5ser t2e 6i<8i7 refri>era5t is store7 i5 t2e 6i<8i7 recei;es 85ti6 5ee7e7.
Fro: t2e recei;er it passes t2ro8>2 a5 eBpa5sio5 ;a68e =2ere t2e press8re is re78ce7
s8fficie5t63 to a66o= t2e ;aporiEatio5 of 6i<8i7 at a 6o= te:perat8re of a9o8t "' 7e>ree
ce5ti>ra7e.
"APORI@ATION
$
CO
MP
RES
SER
CONDENSER
,2e 6o= press8re refri>era5t ;apo8r after eBpa5sio5 i5 t2e eBpa5sio5 ;a6;e e5ters
t2e e;aporator o5 refri>erate7 space =2ere a co5si7era96e a:o85t of 2eat is a9sor9e7 93
it a57 refri>eratio5 is f8r5is2e7.
2(A( PRINCIPLE PARTS OF A SIMPLE "APOUR COMPRESSION
SYSTEM
,2e pri5cip6e part of a si:p6e ;apo8r co:pressio5 refri>eratio5 s3ste: is s2o=5.
E"APORATOR
Its f85ctio5 is to pro;i7e a 2eat tra5sfer s8rface t2ro8>2 =2ic2 2eat ca5 pass fro:
t2e refri>erate7 space i5to t2e ;aporiEi5> refri>era5t.
SUCTION LINE
It carries t2e 6o= press8re ;apo8r fro: t2e e;aporator to t2e s8ctio5 i56et of t2e
co:pressor.
RECEI"ER TAN#
It acts as a reser;oir =2ic2 stores t2e 6i<8i7 refri>era5t co:i5> fro: t2e co57e5ser
a57 s8pp6ies it to t2e e;aporator accor7i5> to t2e re<8ire:e5t.
#
LIBUID LINE
It carries t2e 6i<8i7 refri>era5t fro: t2e recei;er a57 co5;e3s it to t2e eBpa5sio5
;a6;e.
E?PANSION "AL"E
Its f85ctio5 is to s8pp63 a proper a:o85t of refri>era5t to t2e e;aporator after
re78ci5> its press8re co5si7era963 so t2at t2e refri>era5t :a3 ta?e s8fficie5t a:o85t of
2eat fro: t2e refri>erati5> 78ri5> e;aporatio5.

Fi>, %. P1) Dia>ra:

2(A AD"ANTAGES AND DISAD"ANTAGES OF "APOUR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM O"ER AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
A15-*+-:,6
,2e coefficie5t of perfor:a5ce is <8ite 2i>2 as t2e =or?i5> c3c6e of t2is s3ste: is
5ear t2e Car5ot c3c6e
,2e a:o5> of refri>era5t circ86ate7 is 6ess per to5 of refri>eratio5 t2a5 air
refri>eratio5 s3ste: 9eca8se t2e 2eat carrie7 a=a3 93 t2e refri>era5t is t2e 6ate5t
2eat. As a res86t of t2is, t2e siEe of e;aporator is s:a66er for t2e sa:e refri>erati5>
effect.
,2is s3ste: ca5 9e e:p6o3e7 o;er a 6ar>e ra5>e of te:perat8res. B3 a748sti5> t2e
eBpa5sio5 ;a6;e of t2e sa:e 85it, t2e re<8ire7 te:perat8re i5 t2e e;aporator ca5
9e ac2ie;e7.
,2e r855i5> cost of t2is s3ste: is 6ess t2a5 air refri>erati5> s3ste:. ,2e air
refri>eratio5 s3ste: re<8ires fi;e ti:es :ore po=er t2a5 a ;apo8r co:pressio5
refri>eratio5 s3ste: of t2e sa:e capacit3.
D06-15-*+-:,6
Pre;e5tio5 of 6ea?a>e of refri>era5t i5 t2is s3ste: is t2e :a4or pro96e:.
First i5;est:e5t cost is 2i>2 t2a5 t2e air refri>eratio5 s3ste:.
3(COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION OF THE EBUIPMENT
3(;(COMPRESSOR
A co:pressor is co5si7ere7 to 9e t2e 2eart of t2e ;apo8r co:pressio5 refri>eratio5
s3ste: it p8:ps t2e refri>era5t t2ro8>2 t2e s3ste: a57 circ86ates it a>ai5 a57 a>ai5 i5
c3c6es. It pro78ces 2i>2 press8re a57 2e5ce 2i>2 te:perat8re to e5a96e t2e refri>era5ts to
re4ect its 2eat i5 t2e co57e5ser. It a6so 2e6ps to pro78ce 6o= press8re i5 t2e e;aporator to
:a?e t2e refri>era5t to pic? 8p :aBi:8: a:o85t of 2eat fro: t2e space to 9e
refri>erate7.
,2e co:pressors 8se7 i5 t2e :o7er5 ;apo8r co:pressio5 s3ste: ca5 9e eit2er of
positi;e 7isp6ace:e5t or 5o51positi;e 7isp6ace:e5t t3pe.
3(2(DISCHARGE LINE
It co5;e3s t2e 2i>2 press8re a57 2i>2 te:perat8re refri>era5t fro: t2e co:pressor
to t2e co57e5ser.
3(3(CONDENSER
,2e f85ctio5 of t2e co57e5ser is to pro;i7e a 2eat tra5sfer s8rface t2ro8>2 =2ic2
2eat passes fro: t2e refri>era5t to t2e co57e5ser :e7i8: =2ic2 is eit2er =ater of air.
3((WATER COOLER
@ater coo6er is a 7e;ice =2ic2 is 8se7 to coo6 t2e =ater. It co5sists of fo8r
co:po5e5ts. ,2e3 are as fo66o=s
Co:pressor
Co57e5ser
EBpa5sio5 &a6;e
E;aporator
,2e =ater coo6er =or?s 857er ;apo8r co:pressio5 c3c6e. ,2e ;apo8r co:pressio5
c3c6e is eBp6ai5e7 9e6o=.
I5 t2is s3ste: t2e sa:e o67 pri5cip6e Ct2e 6i<8i7 =2e5 e;aporates a9sor9s 2eatD is
e:p6o3e7. ,2e o563 specia6t3 of t2is :et2o7 is t2at sa:e refri>era5t is 8se7 a>ai5 a57 a>ai5
i5 a c3c6e. ,2e refri>era5t co5ti58es c2a5>i5> fro: 6i<8i7 to ;apo8r state, =2e5 a9sor9i5>
2eat a57 fro: ;apo8r to 6i<8i7 state, =2e5 >i;i5> o8t 2eat.
,2e refri>era5t pic?s 8p 2eat fro: t2e space to 9e coo6e7 a57 ta?es it to a 7ista5t poi5t
a57 re4ects it t2ere. I5 ot2er =or7s i5 t2is care 2eat is tra5sferre7 fro: a 6o=er te:perat8re to
a 2i>2er te:perat8re. Accor7i5> to seco57 6a= of t2er:o735a:ics t2is ca5 o563 9e
acco:p6is2e7 93 t2e eBpe57it8re of e5er>3 fro: so:e eBter5a6 so8rce.
&apo8r co:pressio5 refri>eratio5 s3ste: =as refri>eratio5 sea6e7 i5 a5 airti>2t a57
6ea? proof :ec2a5is:. ,2e refri>era5t is circ86ate7 t2ro8>2 t2e s3ste: a57 it 857er>oes a
58:9er of c2a5>es i5 its state =2i6e passi5> t2ro8>2 ;ario8s co:po5e5ts of t2e s3ste:. Eac2
s8c2 c2a5>e i5 t2e state of ;apo8r is ca66e7 a process. ,2e s3ste: repeats o;er a57 o;er
a>ai5 t2is process. ,2e process of repetitio5 of a si:i6ar or7er of operatio5 is ca66e7 c3c6e.
,2e co:pressio5 c3c6e is >i;e5 t2is 5a:e 9eca8se it is t2e co:pressio5 of t2e
refri>era5t 93 t2e co:pressor =2ic2 per:its tra5sfer of 2eat e5er>3. ,2e refri>era5t a9sor9s
2eat fro: o5e p6ace a57 re6eases it to a5ot2er p6ace. I5 ot2er =or7s t2e co:pressor is 8se7 to
p8t t2e 2eat 6ate5t refri>era5t ;apo8r i5 s8c2 a co57itio5 t2at it :a3 7issipate t2e 2eat it
a9sor9e7 at 6o= press8re fro: t2e refri>erate7 space, to a5 easi63 a;ai6a96e coo6i5> :e7i8:.
3(A(RADIATOR
,2e f85ctio5 of t2e ra7iator is to re4ect coo6a5t 2eat to t2e o8tsi7e air. ,2e 5a:e
ra7iator is a :is5o:er 9eca8se t2e 2eat tra5sfer fro: coo6a5t to t2e air is 93 co578ctio5 a57
force7 co5;ectio5 i5stea7 of 93 ra7iatio5. B8t i5 o8r pro4ect t2e 2eat is re4ecte7 fro: t2e
at:osp2eric air to t2e =ater i5 t2e ra7iator t89es.
,2e coo6i5> effect i5 a ra7iator is ac2ie;e7 93 7ispersi5> t2e 2eate7 coo6a5t i5to fi5e
strea:s t2ro8>2 t2e ra7iator :atriB so t2at re6ati;e63 s:a66 <8a5tities of coo6a5t are 9ro8>2t
i5 co5tact =it2 6ar>e :eta6 s8rface areas =2ic2 i5 t8r5 are coo6e7 93 a strea: of air.
It s2o867 9e 5ote7 t2at it is easier to tra5sfer 2eat fro: =ater to t2e :eta6 s8rfaces t2a5
fro: :eta6 s8rfaces to air. For t2e sa:e :eta6 eBpos8re s8rface, t2e 2eat tra5sfer fro:
coo6a5t to fi5s is as :8c2 as se;er ti:es faster t2a5 t2e 2eat tra5sfer fro: fi5s to air. D8e to
its 2i>2 specific 2eat =ater a66o=s a >i;e5 a:o85t of 2eat tra5sfer a 2i>2er :ea5 te:perat8re
7iffere5tia6 co:pare7 to t2at of air. ,2is :ea5s t2at t2e air =i66 re<8ire a 6ar>er s8rface area
of :eta6 t2a5 t2at 5ee7e7 for t2e =ater. ,2is a77itio5a6 s8rface area is pro;i7e7 93 fi5s. Not
o563 t2at, t2e a77itio5a6 or seco57ar3 2eat tra5sfer s8rfaces are so arra5>e7 t2at so:e
t8r986e5ce is >e5erate7 i5 air passa>es =2ic2 f8rt2er assists t2e 2eat tra5sfer process.
I5 t2e 7o=5 f6o= t3pe =ater f6o=s fro: top to 9otto:. ,2e ra7iator 2as a s8pp63 or
2ea7er ta5? at t2e top a57 a co66ector ta5? at t2e 9otto: of t2e :ai5 ra7iator core or :atriB.
,2e 2ea7er ta5? recei;es 2ot coo6a5t fro: t2e e5>i5e, acco::o7ates eBpa5sio5 of =ater, a57
a6so acts as a =ater reser;e a>ai5st coo6a5t 6oss. A s89:er>e7 2oriEo5ta6 9aff6e is pro;i7e7 to
re78ce :iBi5> of t2e i5co:i5> coo6a5t =it2 air so t2at aeratio5, =2ic2 i:pairs t2e ra7iator
2eat tra5sfer efficie5c3, is a;oi7e7. So:e :o7er5 7esi>5s 8se a separate 2ea7er ta5? for t2is
p8rpose.
I5 t2e cross f6o= t3pe of ra7iator t2e 2ot coo6a5t is s8pp6ie7 to t2e top of t2e s8pp63
ta5?, it f6o=s across t2e ra7iator a57 is ta?e5 o8t fro: t2e 9otto: of t2e co66ector ta5?. A
separate 2ea7er ta5? is 8s8a663 pro;i7e7 at t2e 8pper e57 of t2e co66ector ta5? to pre;e5t
aeratio5 a57 a6so to pro;i7e a coo6a5t reser;e. A;ai6a9i6it3 of space >e5era663 7ictates t2e
c2oice of t2e ra7iator 9ot2 cross f6o= a57 7o=5 f6o= t3pes 9ei5> e<8a663 efficie5t.
3(A(;(R-10-+&% M-+%0< O% C&%,
,2e ra7iator core is 7i;i7e7 i5to t=o separate a57 co:p6icate7 parts1o5e acts as a =ater
passa>e a57 t2e ot2er as a5 air passa>e. Ear6iest ra7iator 8se7 a 2o5e3co:9 96oc? =2ic2 =as
:a7e 93 8si5> a 6ar>e 58:9er of circ86ar t89es 8pset at eac2 e57 to 2eBa>o5a6 s2ape. ,2e
2eBa>o5s =ere pac?e7 i5 co5tact a57 9o57e7 t2e s2o867er.
,2is pro;i7e7 a co5ti58o8s =ater passa>e 9et=ee5 t2e circ86ar parts of t2e t89e. ,2e
coo6i5> air =as passe7 t2ro8>2 t2e circ86ar t89es. ,2is t3pe of ra7iator :atriB is 5o=
o9so6ete 9eca8se t2e a9se5ce of a53 seco57ar3 2eat tra5sfer s8rface a57 air t8r986e5ce :a?es
its 2eat tra5sfer efficie5c3 <8ite poor.
Ri99o51ce6686ar :atriB co5sists of a pair of t2i5 :eta6 ri99o5s so67ere7 to>et2er a6o5>
t2eir e7>es so as to for: a =ater=a3 r855i5> fro: 2ea7er ta5? to t2e co66ector ta5?. Bet=ee5
t=o =ater=a3s is a Ei>Ea> copper ri99o5 for:i5> air passa>es. ,2e copper ri99o5 acts as air
fi5s. @ater f6o=s fro: top to 9otto: a57 >i;es 8p its 2eat to t2e fi5s across =2ic2 air f6o=s
fro: top to 9otto: a57 >i;es 8p its 2eat to t2e fi5s across =2ic2 air f6o=s fro: fro5t to 9ac?
a57 86ti:ate63 ta?es a=a3 t2eir 2eat. D8e to t2e Ei>Ea> ri99o5 t2e :eta6 s8rface area is
si>5ifica5t63 i5crease7 t2e t8r986e5ce is a6so create7. ,2e s2ape of t2e fi5s is s8c2 t2at a
s:oot2 6a3er of air f6o= t2at =o867 i5s86ate t2eir s8rface is 5ot a66o=e7 to for: a57 t2e
t8r986e5ce >e5erate7 i5 9rea?i5> t2e patter5 creates t8r986e5ce =2ic2 f8rt2er i5creases t2e
2eat tra5sfer.
I5 t2e t89e a57 fi5 t3pe of :atriB a series of 6o5> t89es eBte57i5> fro: top to 9otto: of
t2e ra7iator are s8rro857e7 93 strai>2t :eta66ic fi5s =2ic2 for: t2e seco57ar3 2eat tra5sfer
s8rfaces. Coo6a5t passes t2ro8>2 t2e t89es a57 t2e air passes 9et=ee5 t2e fi5s aro857 t2e
t89es. A5 a7;a5ta>e of t2is t3pe of :atriB is its >reater str8ct8ra6 stre5>t2 co:pare7 to t2e
fi6: t3pe :atriB.
A5 i:pro;e:e5t o;er t2e t89e a57 fi5 t3pe of :atriB is t89e a57 corr8>ate7 fi5 t3pe
:atriB. ,2e =ater t89es are :a7e of f6atte5e7 o;a6 s2ape7 sectio5 a57 Mi>Ea> copper ri99o5s
are 8se7 to pro;i7e seco57ar3 2eat tra5sfer areas a57 air t8r986e5ce. ,2e t89e a57 corr8>ate7
t3pe of :atriB co:9i5es t2e >oo7 2eat tra5sfer of fi6: t3pe :atriB a57 t2e str8ct8ra6 stre5>t2
of t2e t89e a57 fi5 t3pe :atriB.
,2e :ateria6 8se7 for ra7iators :8st 2a;e >oo7 corrosio5 resista5ce i5 a77itio5 to >oo7
t2er:a6 co578cti;it3. ,2e3 :8st a6so possess t2e re<8ire7 stre5>t2 a57 9e easi63 for:a96e.
/e66o= 9rass a57 copper :eet a66 t2ese re<8ire:e5ts a57 are =i7e63 8se7. ,2ese :ateria6s
ca5 a6so 9e ra7iators =2ere =ei>2t is ;er3 critica6. Ra7iators 2ea7ers are a6so :a7e of copper
=2i6e t2e s8pporti5> si7es are 8s8a663 :a7e of stee6.
,2e 2eat 7issipate7 93 ra7iator 7epe57s o5
Re6ati;e air ;e6ocit3
Air 7e5sit3 N 28:i7it3
@ater N air te:perat8re
S8rface pro;i7e7
Ratio of t89e 7ept2 to 7ia:eter
,2e t2er:a6 co578cti;it3 of
A68:i5i8: !#$ K-O:12r1?
Cast iro5 %"$ K-O:12r1?
Stee6 %#" K-O:12r1?
3(A(FAN
It co5ti58o8s63 :o;es t2e :ass of air at a 7esire7 ;e6ocit3 93 t2e actio5 of
its rotor.
(COMPRESSOR
(;(I*+%&1/=+0&*
,2e ;apo8r co:pressio5 :ac2i5e co5sists of t2e co:pressor, co57e5ser, eBpa5sio5
7e;ice, a57 e;aporator. O8t of a66 t2ese co:po5e5ts of t2e s3ste: t2e co:pressor is t2e o563
:o;i5> part i5 t2e s3ste: a57 its f85ctio5s is to raise t2e press8re of t2e ;apo8r refri>era5t
co:i5> for: t2e e;aporator, 2i>2 e5o8>2 so t2at t2e te:perat8re of t2e 6ea;i5> >as is 2i>2er
t2a5 t2at of t2e co57e5si5> :e7i8:. )e5ce, t2e sa:e refri>era5t ca5 9e 6i<8efie7 9ac? a57
eBpa57e7 to t2e e;aporator s8ctio5 co57itio5s i5 a c3c6e.
,2e co:pressors are c6assifie7 as fo66o=s.
". Accor7i5> to :et2o7 of operatio5
". Reciprocati5> co:pressor
%. Rotar3 co:pressor
(. Ce5trif8>a6 co:pressor
$. Scre= co:pressor
%. Accor7i5> to 7ri;e e:p6o3e7
". Ope5 t3pe +9e6t 7ri;e)
%. Se:i12er:etic or Se:i1sea6e7 +7irect 7ri;e, :otor a57 co:pressor i5 separate
2o8si5>s)
(. )er:etic or Sea6e7 co:pressor +7irect 7ri;e, :otor a57 co:pressor i5 sa:e
2o8si5>s)
(2(R,=03%&=-+0*: C&43%,66&%
,2e reciprocati5> co:pressor s8c?s t2e 6o= press8re a57 6o= te:perat8re refri>era5t
78ri5> its s8ctio5 stro?e a57 7e6i;ers it as 2i>2 press8re a57 2i>2 te:perat8re. ,2e
reciprocati5> co:pressors are 98i6t i5 siEes ra5>i5> fro: a fractio5 2orse po=er to se;era6
2857re7 2orse po=er. ,2ese are 8se7 of refri>era5t p6a5t ra5>i5> i5 siEes fro: '.%# to5 to
"''' to5s capacit3 per 85it. ,2e reciprocati5> co:pressors are satisfactori63 8se7 =it2 t2e
refri>era5t as Dic26oro 7if68ro :et2a5e +CC6
%
F
%
) a57 :ost of t2e freo5s. ,2is is prefera96e for
2i>2 co:pressio5 ratio5 a57 6o= specific ;o68:e refri>era5t.
Lo= capacit3 co:pressors are coo6e7 48st 93 pro;i7i5> t2e fi5s o5 t2e c36i57er 2ea7.
,2is t3pe of coo6i5> is :ore effecti;e a57 s8fficie5t for 6o= capacit3 co:pressor =2e5 F1"%
is 8se7 as refri>era5t 9eca8se of t2e 6o= te:perat8re of >as at 2i>2 press8re.
F0:/%, 3(T%/*7 P06+&*
F0:/%, (R,=03%&=-+0*: =&43%,66&%
(3(SPECIFICATION OF THE COMPRESSOR
". N8:9er of c36i57ers O5e
%. @or?i5> positio5 &ertica6
(. Met2o7 of co:pressio5 Si5>6e acti5>
$. N8:9er of ti:es of co:pressio5 of >as Si5>6e sta>e
#. Coo6i5> s3ste: Air1coo6e7
. Capacit3 '.# to5
!. Motor 8se7 Si5>6e p2ase
0. Spee7 of t2e :otor "$'' rp:
((POWER OF THE COMPRESSOR
D8ri5> t2e co:pressio5 process, 2eat is tra5sferre7 ;er3 <8ic?63 for: t2e refri>era5t
;apo8r to t2e =a66s of t2e c36i57er i5itia663 98t as t2e co:pressio5 process is ;er3 s2ort a57
:ea5 effecti;e te:perat8re is a6:ost co5sta5t.
It ca5 9e safe63 ass8:e7 t2at t2e process ta?es p6ace po63tropica663 =it2 a5 eBpo5e5t
of ".('.
(A(COMPRESSOR DRI"E
Si5ce =e 2a;e c2ose5 a t=i5 c36i57er si5>6e acti5> reciprocati5> co:pressor
for t2e =or?, it is 8s8a663 7ri;e5 93 a5 e6ectric :otor =2ic2 rotates at a spee7 of "$%' rp:.
(C(LUBRICATION
L89ricatio5 s3ste: ra5>es for: t2e si:p6est Csp6as2 s3ste:D to t2e :ost e6a9orate
Cforce7 fee7 s3ste:D =it2 fi6ters, ;e5ts a57 e<8a6iEers. ,2e t3pe of 689ricatio5 re<8ire7
7epe57s 6ar>e63 o5 9eari5>s. It is co5;e5tio5a6 to 8se sp6as2 689ricatio5 i5 reciprocati5>
co:pressor i5 or7er to >et a >oo7 perfor:a5ce a57 eBce66e5t ser;ice. ,2e sp6as2 s3ste: i5
t8r5 co5sists of specia6 7ippers or s6i5>ers faste5e7 to t2e cra5? to ta5?.
,2e s8ctio5 press8re o5 t2e co:pressor is %# (# psi.
,2e 7e6i;er3 press8re o5 t2e co:pressor is "#' "0' psi.
A(CONDENSER
A(;(I*+%&1/=+0&*
,2e co57e5ser is a5 i:porta5t 7e;ice, 8se7 i5 t2e 2i>2 press8re si7e of a
refri>eratio5 s3ste:. Its f85ctio5 is to re:o;e 2eat of t2e ;apo8r refri>era5t
7isc2ar>e7 for: t2e co:pressor. ,2e 2ot ;apo8r refri>era5t co5sists of t2e 2eat
a9sor9e7 93 t2e e;aporator a57 t2e 2eat of co:pressio5 a77e7 93 t2e :ec2a5ica6
e5er>3 of t2e co:pressor :otor. ,2e 2eat for: t2e 2ot ;apo8r refri>era5t i5 a
co57e5ser is re:o;e7 first 93 tra5sferri5> it to =a66s of t2e co57e5ser t89es a57 t2e5
for: t2e t89es to t2e co57e5si5> or coo6i5> :e7i8:.
A(2(C.-66'0=-+0&* O' C&*1,*6,%6
,2e co::o5 for:s of co57e5sers :a3 9e 9roa763 c6assifie7 o5 t2e 9asis of t2e
coo6i5> :e7i8: as
". @ater coo6e7 co57e5ser
%. Air coo6e7 co57e5ser
(. E;aporati;e +air a57 =ater coo6e7) co57e5ser
$. I5 t2e =or? Fi5 a57 ,89e co57e5ser +air coo6e7) is 8se7.
F0:/%, A( A0% C&&.,1 C&*1,*6&%
A(2(;(FIN AND TUBE CONDENSER
,2e fi5 a57 t89e co57e5ser is o5e i5 =2ic2 t2e re:o;a6 of 2eat is 7o5e 93 air. It
co5sists of stee6 or copper t89i5> t2ro8>2 =2ic2 t2e refri>era5t f6o=s. ,2e siEe of t89e
8s8a663 ra5>es fro: :: to "0:: o8tsi7e 7ia:eter, 7epe57i5> 8po5 of t2e siEe of t2e
co57e5ser. Ge5era663 copper t89es are 8se7 9eca8se of its eBce66e5t 2eat tra5sfer a9i6it3. ,2e
t89es are 8s8a663 pro;i7e7 =it2 p6ate t3pe fi5s to i5crease t2e s8rface area for 2eat tra5sfer.
,2e fi5s are 8s8a663 :a7e fro: a68:i5i8: 9eca8se of its 6i>2t =ei>2t.
,2e co57e5sers =it2 t2e si5>6e ro= of t89i5> pro;i7e t2e :ost efficie5t 2eat tra5sfer.
,2is is 9eca8se t2e air te:perat8re rises as it passes t2ro8>2 eac2 ro= of t89i5>. ,2e
te:perat8re 7iffere5ce 9et=ee5 t2e air a57 t2e ;apo8r refri>era5t 7ecreases i5 eac2 ro= of
t89i5> a57 t2erefore eac2 ro= 9eco:es 6o= effecti;e. )o=e;er si5>6e ro= co57e5sers
re<8ire7 :ore space t2a5 :86ti ro= co57e5sers.
C(E"APORATOR
C(;(I*+%&1/=+0&*
,2e e;aporator is a5 i:porta5t 7e;ice 8se7 i5 t2e 6o= press8re si7e of a refri>eratio5
s3ste:. ,2e 6i<8i7 refri>era5t fro: t2e eBpa5sio5 ;a6e e5ters i5to e;aporator =2ere it 9oi6s
a57 c2a5>es i5to ;apo8r. ,2e f85ctio5 of a57 e;aporator is to a9sor9 2eat for: t2e
s8rro857i5> 6ocatio5 or :e7i8: =2ic2 is to 9e coo6e7, 93 :ea5s of t2e refri>era5t. ,2e
te:perat8re of t2e 9oi6i5> refri>era5t i5 t2e e;aporator :8st a6=a3s 9e 6ess t2a5 t2at of t2e
s8rro857i5> :e7i8: so t2at 2eat f6o=s to t2e refri>era5t. ,2e e;aporator 9eco:es co67 a57
re:ai5s co67 78e to t2e fo66o=i5> reaso5sA
i;. ,2e te:perat8re of t2e e;aporator coi6 is 6o= 78e to 6o= te:perat8re of t2e
refri>era5t i5si7e t2e coi6.
%. ,2e 6o= te:perat8re of t2e refri>era5t re:ai5s 85c2a5>e7 9eca8se a53 2eat it
a9sor9s is co5;erte7 to 6ate5t 2eat as 9oi6i5> procee7s.
C(2(C.-660'0=-+0&* O' E5-3&%-+&%6
,2e co::o5 for:s of e;aporators ca5 9e c6assifie7 as fo66o=s
". Accor7i5> to 2e t3pe of co5str8ctio5
". Bare t89e coi6 e;aporator
%. Fi55e7 t89e e;aporator
(. P6ate e;aporator
$. S2e66 a57 t89e e;aporator
#. S2e66 a57 coi6 e;aporator
. ,89e i5 t89e e;aporator
%. Accor7i5> to t2e :a55er i5 =2ic2 6i<8i7 refri>era5t is fe7
". F6oo7e7 e;aporator
%. Dr3 eBpa5sio5 e;aporator
(. Accor7i5> to t2e :o7e of 2eat tra5sfer
". Nat8ra6 co5;ectio5 e;aporator
%.Force7 co5;ectio5 e;aporator
F0:/%, C(C&.1 W-+,% T-*7
$. Accor7i5> to operati5> co57itio5s
". Frosti5> e;aporator
%. No51frosti5> e;aporator
(. Defrosti5> e;aporator
,2e s2e66 a57 coi6 e;aporator is 8se7 i5 t2e =or?.
7(2(;(SHELL AND COIL E"APORATOR (COLD TAN#)
,2e s2e66 a57 coi6 e;aporators are >e5era663 7r3 eBpa5sio5 e;aporators to c2i66 =ater.
,2e coo6i5> coi6 is co5ti58o8s t89e t2at ca5 9e i5 t2e for: of a si5>6e or 7o896e spira6. ,2e
s2e66 :a3 9e sea6e7 or ope5. ,2e sea6e7 s2e66s are 8s8a663 fo857 i5 s2e66 a57 coi6 e;aporators
8se7 to coo6 7ri5?i5> =ater. ,2e e;aporators 2a;i5> f6a5>e7 s2e66s are ofte5 8se7 to c2i66e7
=ater i5 seco57ar3 s3ste:s.
,2e capacit3 of t2e co67 ta5? 8se7 i5 t2e =or? is "# 6itres. ,2e 7i:e5sio5s of t2e ta5?
are of ('' :: 7ia:eter a57 $#':: 2ei>2t. ,2e ta5?, =2ose 7ia:eter is (O0 C, t2ro8>2
=2ic2 t2e refri>era5t f6o=s. ,2e co67 ta5? is p6ace7 9et=ee5 t2e eBpa5sio5 ;a6;e a57 t2e
7rier =2ic2 is p6ace7 5earer t2e co:pressor.
,2e co67 =ater te:perat8re o9tai5e7 i5 t2e =or? is (PCM "0
'
C
7(E?PANSION DE"ICE
7(;(I*+%&1/=+0&*
,2e eBpa5sio5 7e;ice is a5 i:porta5t 7e;ice t2at 7i;i7es t2e 2i>2 press8re si7e a57
6o= press8re si7e of a refri>erati5> s3ste:. It is co55ecte7 9et=ee5 t2e recei;er a57 t2e
e;aporator. ,2e fo66o=i5> are t2e f85ctio5s of t2e eBpa5sio5 7e;ice.
i;. It re78ces t2e 2i>2 press8re 6i<8i7 refri>era5t ot 6o= press8re 6i<8i7 refri>era5t
9efore 9ei5> fe7 to t2e e;aporator.
%. It :ai5tai5s t2e 7esire7 press8re 7iffere5ce 9et=ee5 t2e 2i>2 a57 6o= press8re si7es
of t2e s3ste:, so t2at t2e 6i<8i7 refri>era5t ;aporiEes at t2e 7esi>5e7 press8re i5 t2e
e;aporator.
(. It co5tro6s t2e f6o= of refri>era5t accor7i5> to t2e 6oa7 o5 t2e e;aporator
F0:/%, 7(E<3-*60&* "-.5,
7(2(T>3,6 O' E<3-*60&* D,50==,6
,2e fo66o=i5> are t2e ;ario8s t3pes of eBpa5sio5 7e;ices,
". Capi66ar3 t89e
%. )a571operate7 eBpa5sio5 ;a6;e
(. A8to:atic or co5sta5t press8re eBpa5sio5 ;a6;e
$. ,2er:ostatic eBpa5sio5 ;a6;e
#. Lo= si7e f6oat ;a6;e
. )i>2 si7e f6oat ;a6;e
,2e a8to:atic eBpa5sio5 ;a6;e is 8se7 i5 t2e =or?.
7(2(;(AUTOMATIC E?PANSION "AL"E
It is ;a6;e =2ose operatio5 is co5tro66e7 93 t2e 6o= press8re si7e of t2e s3ste:. Its
>e5era663 e:p6o3e7 i5 t2e 6i<8i7 6i5e 48st 9efore t2e coo6i5> coi6 for co5tro66i5> t2e f6o= of
6i<8i7 refri>era5t. Its operatio5 7epe57s 8po5 t2e s8ctio5 press8re of t2e s3ste: 7roppi5>
9e6o= t2e ;a6;e. Setti5> o5 t2e r855i5> part of t2e s3ste: a57 raisi5> a9o;e t2e ;a6;e setti5>
=2e5 t2e s3ste: 7rops.
W&%70*:
As t2e press8re i5 t2e e;aporator or 6o= si7e of t2e s3ste: is re78ce7 93 stic?i5>
actio5 of t2e co:pressor, ca8ses t2e 9e66o= to eBpa57. ,2is 9e66o= forces t2e 5ee76e to a=a3
fro: t2e seat a57 a66o=s t2e 6i<8i7 refri>era5t to e5ter i5 to t2e e;aporator. @2e5 t2e
refri>era5t press8re rises i5 t2e e;aporator or 6o= si7e of t2e s3ste: ca8ses t2e 9e66o= to
co5tract, t2e5 t2e 5ee76e >oes 9ac? to its seat a57 stops t2e e5tr3 of t2e 6i<8i7 refri>era5t to
e;aporator. ,2is actio5 repeats itse6f a>ai5 a57 a>ai5.
,2e <8a5tit3 of refri>era5t a7:itte7 i5 to t2e e;aporator is >o;er5e7 93 t2e ;a6;e
setti5>. It is 7o5e 93 t8r5i5> t2e a748st:e5t scre= to 6eft or ri>2t.
$(REFRIGERANTS
A53 s89sta5ces capa96e of a9sor9i5> 2eat for: a5ot2er re<8ire7 s89sta5ces ca5 9e
8se7 as refri>era5t. EBa:p6eA1ice, =ater, air, etc. A :ec2a5ica6 refri>era5t =2ic2 =i66 a9sor9
t2e 2eat for: t2e so8rce +=2ic2 is at 6o= te:perat8re) a57 7issipate t2e sa:e to t2e si5?
+=2ic2 is at 2i>2er te:perat8re t2a5 so8rce). Eit2er i5 t2e for: of se5si96e 2eat +as t2e case
of air refri>era5t) or i5 t2e for: of 6ate5t 2eat +as t2e case of ;apo8r refri>era5t)
$(;(C.-660'0=-+0&* O' R,'%0:,%-*+6
,2e refri>era5ts are c6assifie7 i5 to t=o >ro8psA1
". Pri:ar3 refri>era5ts
%. Seco57ar3 refri>era5ts.
Pri:ar3 refri>era5ts 7irect63 ta?e part i5 t2e refri>eratio5 s3ste:, =2ere seco57ar3
refri>era5ts are first coo6e7 =it2 t2e 2e6p of t2e pri:ar3 refri>era5ts a57 are f8rt2er 8se7 for
coo6i5> p8rpose.
$(2(S,.,=+0&* O' R,'%0:,%-*+
,2e t2er:o735a:ic, p23sica6 as =e66 as safe =or?i5> properties s2o867 9e ta?e5 i5 to
acco85t 9efore se6ecti5> a refri>era5t for a partic86ar p8rpose. ,2ere is 5o si5>6e 9est
refri>era5t =2ic2 ca5 9e 8se7 for a66 refri>eratio5 p8rposes.
,2e fo66o=i5> properties :8st 9e ta?e5 i5 to acco85t 9efore se6ecti5> t2e refri>era5t,
". @or?i5> press8re ra5>e a57 press8re ratio
%. Corrosi;e5ess a57 f6a:e a9i6it3
(. Space 6i:itatio5
$. ,e:perat8re re<8ire7 i5 t2e e;aporator
,2e refri>era5t 8se7 i5 t2e =or? is FREON1"% +Di1c26oro 7i1f68ro :et2a5e).
$(2(;(FREON-;2
,2is is :ost =i7e63 8se7 a57 :ost pop86ar refri>era5t of 2a6ocar9o5 >ro8p. It
co57e5ses at :o7erate press8res 857er 5or:a6 at:osp2eric co57itio5s. ,2is propert3 :a?es
t2is refri>era5t s8ita96e for a66 p8rposes a57 it ca5 9e 8se7 =it2 a66 t2ree t3pes of co:pressors
+Reciprocati5>, Ce5trif8>a6 or Rotar3). ,2is ca5 9e 8se7 =it2 a66 t3pes of co57e5si5> 85its
+=ater coo6e7, air coo6e7 a57 e;aporati;e t3pe)
P%&3,%+0,6
EBp6osi;e te57e5c3 No51sta96e
,oBic 5at8re No51toBic
F6a::a96e No51f6a::a96e
O7o8r No o94ectio5a96e o7o8r
Corrosi;e5ess Corrosi;e to r899er
Oi6 so689i6it3 co:p6ete63 :isci96e
C2e:ica6 sta9i6it3 to =or?i5> te:perat8re >oo7
E6ectrica6 i5s86atio5 EBce66e5t
Co1efficie5t of perfor:a5ce $.!
Critica6 te:perat8re ""%."
'
C
Critica6 press8re +9ar) $'.
Bo6i5> poi5t at at:osp2eric press8re 1%..0
'
C
A33.0=-+0&*6
Most =i7e63 8se7 refri>era5t of Freo5 >ro8p is 8se7 i5 air1co57itio5i5> p6a5ts,
refri>erators, froEe5 foo7s a57 ice crea: ca9i5ets, =ater coo6ers, =i57o= air co57itio5ers,
a8to:o9i6e air co57itio5ers etc.
-$(3(LEA# DETECTING DE"ICES
,2e 6ea?s occ8r co::o563 is e;er3 refri>eratio5 s3ste:. ,2e 6ea?s s2o867 9e 7etecte7
a57 rectifie7. Lea?s i5 refri>eratio5 s3ste: are 8s8a663 ;er3 ti53. ,2erefore 7etecti5> 7e;ices
:8st 9e ;er3 se5siti;e. Most co::o563 8se7 are soap 98996es, t2e 2a6i7e torc2 7etector a57
e6ectro5ic 7etector.
$(3(;(S&-3 B/99.,6
,2e soap 98996e :et2o7 of 6ea? 7etectio5 8ses a =ater soap so68tio5. ,2is so68tio5 is
9r8s2e7 o;er a5 area s8specte7 of 6ea?i5>. A53 >as =i66 ca8se 98996es. Pa5 ti5te7 so68tio5s
:a3 9e 8se7 i5stea7 of soap. ,2ese pro;i7e a stro5>er, 6o5>er16asti5> 98996e fi6: t2a5 t2e
soap so68tio5.
$(3(2(H-.01, T&%=2 L,-7 D,+,=+&%
Propa5e, acet36e5e a57 :ost ot2er torc2es 98r5 =it2 a5 a6:ost co6or6ess f6a:e. If a
strip of copper is p6ace7 i5 t2is f6a:e, t2e f6a:e =i66 co5ti58e to 9e a6:ost co6or6ess.
)o=e;er, if e;e5 t2e ti5iest <8a5tit3 of 2a6o>e5 refri>era5t is 9ro8>2t i5 to co5tact =it2 t2is
2eate7 copper, t2e f6a:e =i66 i::e7iate63 ta?e o5 a 6i>2t >ree5 co6o8r. ,2is pri5cip6e is 8se7
i5 2a6i7e torc2es to 7etect 6ea?s i5 refri>era5t s3ste:s.
$(3(3(E.,=+%&*0= L,-7 D,+,=+&%
,2e :ost se5siti;e 6ea? 7etector of a66 is t2e e6ectro5ic t3pe. ,2ree t3pe 2a;e 9ee5
8se7Q
". Io5 so8rce 7etector
%. ,2er:istor t3pe +9ase7 o5 c2a5>e of te:perat8re)
(. Die6ectric t3pe +:eas8res a 9a6a5ce i5 s8rro857i5> air a57 t2e5 respo57s o563 to
2a6o>e5 >as)
,2e pri5cip6e of operatio5 is 9ase7 o5 t2e 7ie6ectric 7iffere5ce of >ases. I5 operatio5,
t2e >85 is t8r5e7 o5 a57 AD-*S,ED IN A NORMAL A,MSP)ERE. ,2e 6ea?17etecti5>
pro9e is t2e5 passe7 o;er t2e s8rface s8specte7 of 6ea?i5>. If t2ere is a 6ea?, 5o :atter of 2o=
ti53, t2e 2a6o>e5ate7 refri>era5t is 7ra=5 i5to t2e pro9e. ,2e 6ea? >85 =i66 t2e5 >i;e o8t a
pierci5> so857, or a 6i>2t =i66 f6as2, or 9ot2, 9eca8se t2e 5e= >as c2a5>es t2e resista5ce i5
t2e circ8it.
,2is is pro9a963 t2e :ost se5siti;e of a53 of t2e 6ea? 7etecti5> 7e;ices. It 8ses
tra5sistoriEe7 circ8itr3. F6as2 6i>2t 9atteries s8pp63 t2e e5er>3. ,2e p6astic ti> >8ar7 s2o867 9e
8se7 o563 i5 sit8atio5s t2at :a3 9e pote5tia663 co5ta:i5ati5> to t2e se5si5> tip.
$((CHARGING OF REFRIGERANT (FREON ;2)
,2e fo66o=i5> proce78res are a7opte7 for c2ar>i5> t2e refri>era5t i5 t2e ;apo8r
co:pressio5 s3ste:.
E5-=/-+0&* -*1 D,2>1%-+0&*
,2e :oist8re, air a57 ot2er 5o51co57e5sa96e are ;er3 9a7 for t2e refri>eratio5 s3ste:.
Moist8re for:Ps as ice at 6o= te:perat8re i5 t2e pipe6i5es of t2e refri>eratio5 s3ste:. For a
refri>erator t2e o8t6et fro: eBpa5sio5 ;a6;e is i5 a 6o= te:perat8re, t2e :oist8re =i66 freeEe
at t2is poi5t, a57 restricts or e;e5 co:p6ete63 96oc?s t2e f6o= of 6i<8i7 refri>era5t to
e;aporator. A :i58te 7rop6et of =ater i5 t2e s3ste: ca5 co:p6ete63 96oc? orifice.
A6so :oist8re ca5 for: 237ro1c26oric a57 237ro1f68oric aci7 =it2 Freo51"%+=it2 a66
Freo5 >ro8ps).
,2ese aci7s are corrosi;e a57 =i66 spoi6 t2e co:po5e5ts of t2e s3ste:. ,2e =i57i5>s
i5 t2e sea6e7 85its >et 7irect63 eBpose7 to t2ese aci7s a57 >et 7a:a>e7. &a6;e ree7s a57 seats
>et corro7e7. L89ricatio5 oi6 >ets co5ta:i5ate7 a57 s687>e is for:e7.
,2e 689ricati5> properties of oi6 are t28s a7;erse63 affecte7 s2orte5i5> t2e 6ife of
9eari5> a57 4o8r5a6s. ,2e press8re of air a57 5o51co57e5sa96e i5creases t2e 2i>2 si7e
press8re of t2e s3ste:, o;er16oa7i5> t2e co:pressor a57 re78ci5> t2e refri>eratio5 capacit3.
,28s 9efore a s3ste: ca5 9e c2ar>e7 =it2 refri>era5t, it s2o867 9e proper63 e;ac8ate7 a57
7e237rate7 93 7ra=i5> a 2i>2 ;ac88:.
C2-%:0*:
E;e5 t2o8>2 t2ere are ;ario8s :et2o7s of c2ar>i5> of refri>era5t i5 t2e s3ste:, t2e
c2ar>i5> t2ro8>2 t2e s8ctio5 ;a6;e >a8>e port is app6ie7.
C2-%:0*: +2%&/:2 +2, S/=+0&* 5-.5,
A s:a66 i5sta66atio5, =2ic2 5ee7s a fe= ?i6o>ra:s of refri>era5t, is 8s8a663 c2ar>e7
t2ro8>2 s8ctio5 ser;ice ;a6;e >a8>e port. ,2e s3ste: is f8663 e;ac8ate7 a57 c2ar>e7 as
fo66o=sA
". ,2e s8ctio5 ;a6;e B is 9ac?1seate7 a57 ;a6;e A is 7isc2ar>e7.
%. C2ar>i5> 6i5e is co55ecte7 to t2e s8ctio5 ;a6;e >a8>e port. Attac2 a >a8>e to t2e
7isc2ar>e ;a6;e a57 ope5 2a6f t8r5.
(. ,2e ot2er e57 of t2e c2ar>i5> 6i5e is co55ecte7 to a refri>era5t c36i57er, =2ic2
s2o867 9e sta57i5> 8pri>2t.
$. ,2e C36i57er ;a6;e is ope5e7 s6i>2t63 a57 t2e f6are o8t is 6oose5e7 at t2e
co:pressor e57. ,2is operatio5 re:o;es air fro: t2e 6i5e. @2e5 t2e so857 of
escapi5> >as is 2ear7, t2e 58t is ti>2te5e7.
#. S8ctio5 ;a6;e is t8r5e7 i5to c6ose t2e s8ctio5 6i5e, t28s 7ra=i5> t2e >as 7irect63
for: t2e c36i57er 93 t2e co:pressor.
. Co:pressor is starte7 7ra=i5> t2e re<8isite <8a5tit3 of refri>era5t. ,2e s8ctio5
press8re s2o867 5ot 9e a66o=e7 to eBcee7 % 9ar >a8>e.
!. ,2e c36i57er ;a6;e is c6ose7 a57 t2e co:pressor is a66o=e7 to r85 s8fficie5t ti:e i5
t2e c2ar>i5> 6i5e to ' 9ar >a8>e.
0. Co:pressor is stoppe7 a57 t2e s8ctio5 ;a6;e is 9ac?1seate7. ,2e c2ar>i5> 6i5e is
7etac2e7 a57 co:po857 >a8>e is attac2e7. ,2e ;a6;e is t8r5e7 i5 o5e 2a6f t8r5. ,2e
s3ste: is t28s rea73 for testi5> a57 5or:a6 operatio5.
!(REFRIGERATION AND ACCESSORIES
A 58:9er of accessor3 ite:s are 8se7 i5 refri>eratio5 circ8it for specific p8rposes a57
t2eir re<8ire:e5t i5 a partic86ar s3ste: 7epe57s o5 t2e app6icatio5.
!(;(RECEI"ERS
It is t2at part of ope5 t3pe ;apo8r co:pressio5 s3ste: =2ic2 recei;es t2e 6i<8i7
refri>era5t for: co57e5ser a57 s8pp6ies it to e;aporator t2ro8>2 refri>era5t co5tro6 7e;ice. It
is :a7e of cast stee6 or cast iro5. It is 8s8a663 6ocate7 48st after co57e5ser i5 ;ertica6 or
2oriEo5ta6 positio5s. It is 8se7 for ser;ici5> p8rposes a57 for ta?i5> care of ;ariatio5s i5 t2e
a:o85t of 6i<8i7 refri>era5t i5 t2e s3ste:. Refri>era5t is store7 i5 t2e recei;er =2e5 t2e part
of t2e :ac2i5e is ta?e5 apart for repairi5> p8rposes.
A15-*+-:,6
". It s8pp6ies 6i<8i7 refri>era5t to t2e e;aporator.
%. S6i>2t63 eBcess or s2ort of refri>era5t 7oes 5ot a6ter t2e =or?i5> of t2e :ac2i5e.
(. Gas ca5 9e store7 i5 t2e 6i<8i7 recei;er =2e5 t2e part of t2e :ac2i5e is to 9e
repaire7.
$. Gas is store7 i5 t2e 6i<8i7 recei;er =2e5 t2ere is to 9e stoppe7 for 6o5> perio7, so
t2at i5 :a3 5ot 6ea? o8t fro: t2e s3ste:.
!(2(DRIERS
A refri>eratio5 s3ste: is e<8ippe7 =it2 a 7rier to re:o;e :oist8re as =e66 as :i58te
partic6es to 2a;e its 5or:a6 f85ctio5i5>.
,2e :oist8re is a9sor9e7 93 t2e 7rier 78e to t2e =ater cr3sta66iEatio5. ,2e a:o85t of
a9sorptio5 of =ater 7epe57s 8po5 t2e t3pe of 7esicca5t a57 t2e siEe of its >ra586es. ,2e 7rier
co5sists of a s2e66 co5tai5i5> 7esicca5t >ra586es =it2 a pro;isio5 for 85ifor: 7istri98tio5 of
co57e5satio5 o;er t2e e5tire 7esicca5t partic6es.
,2e s2e66 co5tai5i5> 7esicca5t is 8s8a663 ca66e7 cartri7>e =2ic2 ca5 9e fi66e7 a>ai5
a57 a>ai5. At t2e eBit perforate7 pipe is pro;i7e7 =it2 a ;ie= to pre;e5t t2e f6o= of 9i>>er
>ra586es. ,2e fi6ter is i5corporate7 to e5trap t2e fi5e partic6es. I5 or7er to ?eep t2e fi6ter i5
positio5, a spri5> is 8se7. ,2e 7riers are 8s8a663 ?ept i5 t2e 6i<8i7 6i5e.
!(2(;(T>3,6 &' D%0,%6
,2ere are t=o t3pes of 7riers 5a:e63,
". ,2ro=1a=a3 t3pe
%. Refi66 t3pe
,2e refi66 t3pe is e:p6o3e7 i5 t2is s3ste:. I5 t2e refi66 t3pe t2e 7esicca5t >ra586es are
rep6ace7 93 fres2 c2ar>e after re:o;i5> t2e f6a5>e. ,2e 7esicca5ts for co::o5 8se are
a68:i5a s86p2ate, si6ica1>e6, Eeo6ite, etc., =it2 t2e si6ica1>e6 9ei5> t2e 9est a57 :ost co::o5
a:o5> t2e:.
!(3(INSULATION
Si5ce 2eat a6=a3s f6o=s fro: 2i>2er te:perat8re re>io5 to o5e of 6o=er te:perat8re,
t2ere is a co5ti58o8s f6o= of 2eat for: o8tsi7e to t2e refri>erate7 space. ,o 6i:it t2e a:o85t
of s8c2 f6o= it 9eco:es 5ecessar3 to 8se >oo7 i5s86ati5> :ateria6. @2e5 t2e te:perat8re
7iffere5ce 9et=ee5 t2e o8tsi7e a57 refri>erate7 space is 6ar>e it 9eco:es a9so68te63 esse5tia6
to 8se i5s86atio5.
)eat tra5sfer occ8rs 78e to co578ctio5, co5;ectio5 a57 ra7iatio5. ,2e 2eat f6o= 78e to
co5;ectio5 ca5 9e re78ce7 93 8se of :ateria6s 2a;i5> a 6o= 2eat co578cti;it3 :ateria6.
)a;i5> ;er3 s:a66 c6ose7 air ce66s i5 t2e i5s86atio5 :ateria6 ca5 re78ce t2e 2eat
tra5sfer t2ro8>2 co5;ectio5. ,28s a5 i5s86ati5> :ateria6 s2o867 2a;e 6o= 2eat co578cti;it3
a57 a 58:9er of s:a66 c6ose7 air ce66s for >oo7 i5s86atio5.
S,.,=+0&* &' I*6/.-+0&* 4-+,%0-.
,2e fo66o=i5> factors are of pri:e i:porta5ce i5 t2e se6ectio5 of t2e i5s86atio5 :ateria6A
". Lo= t2er:a6 co578cti;it3
%. &apo8r per:ea9i6it3.
(. Resista5ce to fire.
$. Mec2a5ica6 stre5>t2 a57 ri>i7it3 of its o=5
#. Resista5ce to ;er:i5 a57 f85>8s.
. Less :oist8re a9sorptio5
!. Ease of app6icatio5 a57 cost.
!((TUBING
Most t89i5> 8se7 i5 refri>eratio5 s3ste: is :a7e of copper. )o=e;er, so:e
a68:i5i8:, stai56ess stee6 a57 p6astic t89i5> is 8se7. A66 t89i5> 8se7 i5 refri>eratio5 s3ste:
are caref8663 processe7 to 9e s8re t2at it is c6ea5 a57 7r3 i5si7e.
Copper t89i5> is 8se7 i5 t2e =or? to pro;i7e >oo7 refri>eratio5 =or? i5 t2e s3ste:.
Copper t89i5> is a;ai6a96e i5 soft a57 2ar7 t3pes. Bot2 are a;ai6a96e i5 to=1=a66 t2ic?5ess, K
a57 L. ,3pe K is a 2ea;3 =a66, t3pe L is :e7i8: t2ic?. Most t89i5> 8se7 at prese5t is of L
t2ic?5ess.
!(A(SOFT COPPER TUBING
It is 8se7 i5 7o:estic =or? a57 i5 so:e co::ercia6 refri>eratio5 =or?. ,2e copper
t89e is 8se7 i5 t2e =or? of (O0D o8tsi7e 7ia:eter a57 '.'(%D =a66 t2ic?5ess. ,2e copper t89e
is a55ea6e7 +2eate7 a57 t2e5 a66o=e7 to coo6) So t2at t2e 9e57i5> of t2e t89e is eas3 a57
f6eBi96e. So67eri5> process is carrie7 o8t to =o857 t2e copper t89es aro857 t2e 2ot a57 co67
+e;aporator) ta5?s.
!(C(SOLDERING
So67eri5> is a process of app63i5> :o6te5 :eta6 to :eta6s t2at are 2eate7 98t are 5ot
:o6te5. It is a 5 a72esio5 process. ,2e :o6te5 so67er f6o=s i5 to t2e pores of t2e s8rface of
t2e :eta6s 9ei5> 4oi5e7, a57 as t2e so67er so6i7ifies +2ar7e5s) a >oo7 9o57 is o9tai5e7.
P%&3,%+0,6 O' C&33,%
". De5sit3 1 0.#$ ?>O:
(
%. ,2er:a6 7iff8si;it3 1 '.$'$ :
%
O2r
(. Specific 2eat 1 '.'." ?ea6O?>
'
c or '.(0" ?4O?> ?
$. ,2er:a6 co578cti;it3 1 (0 =O:?
F0:/%, $(W-+,% D063,*6,% W0+2 AC
;0(LIST OF MATERIALS
S.(N&( P-%+6 B+>( M-+,%0-.
i. Co:pressor " Mi67 Stee6
ii. Co57e5ser " A68:i5i8:
iii. Air Co57itio5er B6o=er " A68:i5i8:
i;. Co67 @ater ,a5? " A68:i5i8:
; Copper ,89e =it2 -oi5ts 1 Copper
;i EBpa5sio5 &a6;e " Copper
;ii Fra:e " Mi67 Stee6
&iii Refri>era5t " Freo5s
iB Fa5 " Mi67 Stee6
B @ater ,ap % P6astic
Bi @ires 1" Copper
J )ot =ater ,a5? " A68:i5i8:
Ji P8:p " Mi67 Stee6
T-9., N&(2
;;(COST ESTIMATION
;( MATERIAL COSTD
T-9., N&(3
S.( N&( PARTS B+>( M-+,%0-. A4&/*+ (R6)
i.
Co:pressor " Mi67 Stee6 (#''
ii.
Co57e5ser % A68:i5i8: (''
iii.
Air Co57itio5er B6o=er " A68:i5i8: ##'
i;.
Co67 @ater ,a5? " Si6;er (''
;
Copper ,89e =it2 -oi5ts 1 Copper (#''
;i
EBpa5sio5 &a6;e " Copper %#'
;ii
Fra:e " Mi67 Stee6 "0''
&iii
Refri>era5t 1 Freo5s "#''
iB
Fa5 " Mi67 Stee6 .#'
B
@ater ,ap % P6astic "''
Bi
fi6ter " Copper #'
T&+-. E R6(;)AA0F-
;2(AD"ANTAES AND DISAD"ANTAGES
AD"ANTAGES
Si:p6e i5 co5str8ctio5
,2is s3ste: is 5oise6ess i5 operatio5
It is porta96e, so it ca5 9e tra5sferre7 easi63 fro: o5e p6ace to ot2er p6ace
Po=er co5s8:ptio5 is 6ess
Mai5te5a5ce cost is 6o=
DISAD"ANTAGES
It 7oes 5ot p8rif3 air
;3(APPLICATIONS
Do:estic App6icatio5
Office a57 Ba5? App6icatio5
It is ;er3 :8c2 8sef86 i5 Co66e>e a57 Sc2oo6s
;((DESIGN OF EBUIPMENTS AND CALCUATIONS
;(;(DESIGN CALCULATIONS
C-3-=0+> O' C&&.0*: U*0+
D8ratio5 of test G " 2r
&o68:e of =ater &= G " B 9 B 2
" G '.(# :, 9 G '.(#:, 2 G '.%:
G '.(# B '.(# B '.% :(
G '.'%$# :(
Mass of t2e =ater M= G = B &=
G "''' B '.'%%#
G %$.# K>
Mass f6o= rate of =ater G %$.# O (''
G .''0 ?> O Sec.
I8a5tit3 of 2eat re:o;e7 Ir " G M= B Cp= B +,= " ,= %)

+,= " G %0Rc Q ,= % G "%Rc)
G .''0 B $."0 B +%0 "%)
G .$##$( K- O Sec.
Capacit3 of =ater coo6i5> 85it G .$##$( O (.#
G ."('"% , O R
C&&.0*: =-3-=0+> &' %&&4 C&&.,%
Mass of air GH a B A7 B &a
A7 G S O $ +D%)
&a G + S B D B N ) O '
G ".% BS O $ B '.%"T B + S B '.%" B "(' ) O '
G '.%'. K> O Sec.
Ass8:e t2at fa5 efficie5c3 G 0' L
,2erefore Ma G '.%'. B '.0
G '.$..% K> O Se
I
DBT
DB, " G (! Rc
@B, " G %%Rc
DB, % G %Rc
@B, % G "Rc
Fro: ta96e , 2 " G # K- O K>Q 2 % G $# K- O K>
)eat re4ectio5 Ir G Ma B +2" 2%)
G '.$..% B +# $#)
Ir G ...($$ K- O Sec.
Coo6i5> capacit3 of roo: coo6er G ...($$ O (.#
G %.0(0$ , O R
;(2(SPECIFICATION
C&&.,%
Na:e A &OL,AS ,*SAR
Co:pressor A DAN FOSS "O )P
Co57e5ser A .D U .D SiEe
Capacit3 A "# 6iters
Coo6i5> A Fa5 Coo6i5> ,3pe
&o6ts A %%' &, #' c3c6es
A:ps A ".! A
E;aporator A P6ate ,3pe
E;aporator ,e:perat8re A $# De>ree F
Po=er Co5s8:ptio5 A " V 85it per 2o8r
R-10-+&%
Core A A68:i5i8:
,89e A A68:i5i8:
)ea7er A P6astic
,89e Le5>t2 A (%' ::
Fi5 Le5>t2 A (#' ::
Fi5 ,2ic?5ess A '.$ ::
Gap 9et=ee5 t=o fi5s A " ::
,ota6 No. of t89es A $.
Capacit3 A ".%# 6itres
FAN
Na:e A A*E
,3pe A S2a7e7 po6e
)P A "O0'
RPM A "('
O8tp8t po=er A . =att
AMPS A '.( A
&o6ts A %(' &
Fre<8e5c3 A #' )E
;A( FABRICATION
BODY OF THE UNIT
Mac2i5e a57 too6s re<8ire7 are,
Dri66i5> :ac2i5e.
-i> Sa=.
C2ise6.
Nai6s.
A68:i5i:8: S2eets.
,2er:o Co6e.
@oo7.
,2e 78ct is t2e :ai5 9o73 of o8r pro4ect =2ic2 is fa9ricate7 93 t2e 8se of =oo7,
A68:i5i:8: S2eet, ,2er:o Co6e, P63=oo7.
First t2e =oo7e5 96oc? is :a7e 93 t2e 8se of c8tti5> operatio5 a57 it is reasse:96i5>
as per t2e 7ia>ra: s2o=5.
I5 t2e 9ac? part of t2e ra7iator is p6ace7 93 :er>i5> it =it2 t2e =oo7e5 96oc?. ,2e
:er>i5> operatio5 is 7o5e 8p a57 7o=5 to p6ace t2e ra7iator. ,2e 2o6es i5 t2e =oo7e5 96oc?
to p6ace ra7iator is 7o5e 93 t2e 7ri66i5> :ac2i5e.
NeBt t2e fa5 is p6ace 48st i5 fro5t of t2e ra7iator 93 t2e 8se of reaper a57 t2is reaper is
c8t 93 t2e 8se of -i> Sa= =2ic2 is i5 c8r;e7 pat2 as s2o=5 i5 fi>8re. ,2is reaper is p6ace7
o5 t2e ce5tre of t2e =oo7e5 96oc? 93 t2e 8se of 9o6t a57 58ts =it2 7ri66i5> :ac2i5e
operatio5. @it2 t2e 2e6p of 6at2 :ac2i5e t2e 536o5 s2aft is :a7e accor7i5> to t2e
7i:e5sio5s.
,2e 9otto: 2ea7 of t2e ra7iator is co55ecte7 to t2e s8ctio5 pipe of t2e p8:p. ,2e
o8t6et of t2e p8:p is a>ai5 fe7 i5to t2e =ater coo6er.
,2e o5e e57 of t2e :ac2i5e7 536o5 s2aft is co55ecte7 to t2e i:pe66er of t2e p8:p a57
t2e ot2er e57 is co55ecte7 to a p866e3. I5 or7er to e6i:i5ate t2e ;i9ratio5 of t2e s2aft a
9eari5> is co55ecte7.
,2e :ac2i5e7 536o5 s2aft of t2e p8:p =it2 its p866e3 is co55ecte7 to t2e :otor s2aft
p866e3 93 :ea5s of rope.
,2e a68:i5i:8: s2eet is co;ere7 o;er t2e 78ct =it2 t2e 2e6p of 5ai6 a57 accor7i5> to
t2e 7i:e5sio5s. O;er t2is a68:i5i:8: s2eet t2e t2er:o Co6e is paste7 =it2 t2e 2e6p of
fe;ico6.
At 6ast63 =2o6e 96oc? is co;ere7 =it2 t2e p63=oo7 a57 it is :a7e to 9e fiBe7 =it2 t2e
2e6p of 5ai6s a57 fe;ico6.
;C(CONCLUSION
I5 t2is c2a5>i5> :o7er5 =or67 e;er3 7a3 t2ere is a 5e= 7isco;er3 i5 a66 fie67s of
scie5ce a57 tec25o6o>3, 9e5efiti5> t2e :a5?i57. I5 t2is =or? t2e 7esi>5 of =ater coo6er is
s6i>2t63 :o7ifie7 =it2 a5 a77itio5 air coo6er. If o5e 8ti6iEes e5er>3 =2ic2 >oes as =aste e;e5
:ore 8sef86 t2i5>s ca5 9e :a7e.
;7(APPENDI?
;7(;(BASIC CONCEPTS OF AIR CONDITIONING
D%> A0%
,2e :iBt8re of 5itro>e5 a57 oB3>e5 5e>6ecti5> t2e =ater ;apo8r a57 ot2er >ases are
?5o=5 as 7r3 air.
M&06+ A0%
It is t2e :iBt8re of 7r3 a57 =ater ;apo8r.
M&06+/%,
,2e <8a5tit3 of =ater ;apo8r prese5t i5 air is ?5o=5 as :oist8re.
D%> B/.9 T,43,%-+/%,
,2e te:perat8re of air :eas8re 93 or7i5ar3 t2er:o:eter is ?5o=5 as 7r3 9869
te:perat8re.
W,+ B/.9 T,43,%-+/%,
,2e te:perat8re of air :eas8re7 93 a t2er:o:eter =2e5 its 9869 is co;ere7 =it2 =et
c6ot2 a57 is eBpose7 to a c8rre5t of air is ?5o=5 as =et 9869 te:perat8re.
D,8 P&0*+ T,43,%-+/%,
It is 7efi5e7 as t2e te:perat8re at =2ic2 t2e :oist8re prese5t i5 t2e air 9e>i5s to
co57e5se =2e5 t2e air is coo6e7.
H/4010+>
It is t2e :iBt8re of :oist air a57 7r3 air. It si>5ifies t2e a:o85t of :oist8re i5 7r3 air.
S3,=0'0= H/4010+>
It is t2e :ass of =ater ;apo8r prese5t =it2 " K> of 7r3 air. It is >e5era663 >i;e5 i5
>ra:s per ?> of 7r3 air.
R,.-+05, H/4010+>
It is approBi:ate63 e<8a6 to t2e ratio of :ass of =ater ;apo8r i5 a >i;e5 ;o68:e, to t2e
:ass of =ater ;apo8r i5 t2e sa:e ;o68:e of air is sat8rate7 at t2e sa:e te:perat8re.
E'',=+05, T,43,%-+/%,
Co:forta96e air coo6i5> ca66s for t2e caref86 co5si7eratio5 of co5tro6 of t2e fo66o=i5>
factors.
". ,e:perat8re
%. Air :o;e:e5t
(. I8a5tit3 of air
$. Noise
I5 a77itio5 to t2e fo8r fore>oi5> factors, =2e5 t2ere are :a53 ot2er factors s8c2 as
". C6ot2i5>
%. Eco5o:ica6 states of perso5s
(. C6i:ate to =2ic2 perso5 is acc8sto:e7
*5fort85ate63, it is 5ot practica663 feasi96e to st873 t2e co:9i5e7 effects of a66 t2e
factors o5 28:a5 co:fort, t2erefore it is 8s8a6 practice to co5si7er for a foresai7 fo8r factors
for :ost app6icatio5s =2ic2 are i5c687e7 i5 a ter: ca66e7 t2e effecti;e te:perat8re.
;7(2(AIR CONDITIONING
Air co57itio5i5> :ea5s co57itio5i5> of air for :ai5tai5i5> specific co57itio5s of
te:perat8re, re6ati;e 28:i7it3 a57 6o= 78st 6e;e6s i5si7e a5 e5c6ose7 space.
Ge5era663 air1co57itio5i5> is s897i;i7e7 i5to i578stria6 air1co57itio5i5> a57
co:fort air1co57itio5i5>. ,2e co5tro66e7 at:osp2ere =2ic2 >i;es :aBi:8: co:fort to t2e
28:a5 9ei5> is ?5o=5 as co:fort air1co57itio5i5>. ,2e co5tro66e7 at:osp2ere =2ic2 is
re<8ire7 for t2e :a58fact8ri5> process for e5>i5eeri5> >oo7s is ?5o=5 as i578stria6 air1
co57itio5i5>.
,2e co:fort air1co57itio5i5> is f8rt2er s897i;i7e7 i5to s8::er air1co57itio5i5>
a57 =i5ter air1co57itio5i5>. ,2e air coo6i5> a57 7e28:i7ificatio5 8se7 i5 s8::er is ?5o=5 as
s8::er air1co57itio5i5> a57 t2e 2eati5> a57 28:i7if3i5> 8se7 i5 =i5ter is ?5o=5 as =i5ter
air1co57itio5i5>.
N,,1 F&% A0%-C&*10+0&*0*:
)8:a5 9ei5>s >i;e off 2eat aro857 a5 a;era>e of "'' ?ca6 per 2o8r per perso5, 78e
to =2at is ?5o=5 as W:eta9o6is:P. ,2e te:perat8re of aro857 #.. 7e>ree C +.0.$ 7e>ree F).
B8t t2e s?i5 te:perat8re ;aries accor7i5> to t2e s8rro857i5> te:perat8re a57 re6ati;e
28:i7it3. ,o 7issipate t2e 2eat >e5erate7 93 :eta9o6is: i5 or7er to :ai5tai5 t2e 9o73
te:perat8re at t2e 5or:a6 6e;e6, t2ere :8st 9e a f6o= of 2eat fro: t2e s?i5 to t2e s8rro857i5>
te:perat8re is ;er3 6o=, as o5 a co67 =i5ter 7a3 t2e rater of 2eat f6o= fro: t2e 9o73, a57 so
t2ere ca55ot 9e f6o= of 2eat fro: t2e s?i5 to t2e s8rro857i5>, t28s t2e perso5 fee6s 2ot. I5
s8c2 a sit8atio5 =ater fro: t2e 9o73 te:perat8re. B8t if t2e s8rro857i5> air is 5ot o563 2ot 98t
2i>263 28:i7 as =e66, ;er3 6itt6e e;aporatio5 of =ater ca5 ta?e p6ace fro: t2e s?i5 s8rface a57
so t2e perso5 fee6s 2ot a57 85co:forta96e.
;$(REFERENCE
a. AIR CONDI,IONING ENGINEERING
@.P. -o5es, ELBS +"..$)
9. REFRIGERA,ION AND AIR CONDI,IONING S/S,EMS
R.S.K28r:i F -.K.G 8pta, S.C2a57 F Co +".!')
c. REFRIGERA,ION AND AIR CONDI,IONING
A.S.Sarao, P.S.Gaa9i
7. ,*RBO MAC)INES
K.Pa57ia5
e. A*,OMOBILE ENGINEERING
K.R.Go;i57a5