MBA Study Water Filter

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Water-Essential to life
Human survival is dependent on water. Water has been ranked by experts as
second only to oxygen as essential for life. We can survive without food for Two
months or more, but we can only survive for a few days without water.
So, water is the most important and most well-known component of the world.
Without water, life could never have developed on this planet and today so-called wetelement covers 70% of the earths surface. H2O is so immensely important for the
emergence and the continuance of biological life, that every place containing water
becomes a location that could eventually contain any type of living organisms.
The term Water means
Works to keep muscles and skin toned.
Aids in weight loss.
Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells.
Eliminates toxins and wastes from the body.
Regulates body temperatures.
It is found that the average adult body contains 55 to 75% water. 2/3 rd of
body weight is water. A human embryo contains more than 80% water. A new
born baby is 75% water. It indicates the water you drink literally becomes you!
The daily demand of drinking water of man is normally 7% of his body weight.
Following diagram shows presence of percentage of water in different organs of
human body.
D.B.A.R.S.S.G.M.C.E, Shegaon
Two third of our body weight is water (40-45 quarts)

Everyday our body must replace 2.5 quarts of water
The water we drink literally becomes us!
Fig.1.1 Showing Presence of Percentage of water in different organs of human

body
1.2 Why Does Human Body Need Water?

Water is most abundant compound in the human body and is necessary for
a.
Elimination: Dissolving waste product of cells, transport of waste out

of the body through kidney, intestines, skin and lungs.
b.
Absorption: Transport of nutrients into cells for utilization.
c.
Digestion: Component of gastric juices, pancreatic fruits and saliva

transport of nutrients through digestive tract; dissolving nutrients.
d.
Temperature: Component of sweat to help the body maintain a

constant temperature.
e.
Circulation: Water is part of the blood system holding dissolved

minerals, like calcium and magnesium, in solution and making them
available to body tissues where they are required for proper health.
f.
Lubrication: Joints and colon lubricated by fluid.
New research is showing that drinking adequate amounts of the right kind of
water can be the difference between merely surviving and optimal health.
1.3 Sources of Water and Reliability

The Primary source of water is rain fall, which may be available in the form of
surface water or ground water.
(a) Surface Water

Perennial streams, lakes, dam and canals with adequate flow are considered
reliable sources of water supply for a town or a city.
Excessive flood water is stored by constructing impoundments across rivers for
use, during the lean period (deficit period).
(b) Ground water

Ground water is taped from aquifers for public or private use through wells,
springs and infiltration galleries. The yield depends on the depth, type of aquifer and
ground water table gradient. Good yielding aquifers can also be considered as reliable
sources of water supply for community purpose.
1.4 Distribution of Water

Water existing on earth may be sub-divided into:
a.
Surface water either still or flowing, comprising fresh water ponds, rivers,
streams.
b.
Ground water which is available in permeable soils (both together comprises

3% if water on the globe).
c.
Seas and oceans, the biggest water bodies on earth, comprises 97% of the total
water available these are not suitable as source of water supply for community
purpose, because of their high salt content.
1.5 Classification of Water

Water can be classified as natural water and pure water.
1.5.1 Natural Water

a) Snow broth
Due to automotive tail gas, smog from factories and houses, radioactive
contaminants from atom bombs and hydrogen bombs of powerful nations, the
atmosphere has been seriously polluted. Snow still looks white, but combines with
heavy metal, radioactive elements, chemicals, inorganic mineral substances and etc.
when falling down. If we use a clean bowl to collect snow, we will find that numberless
dirty substances sink at the bottom when snow melts.
b) Rain Water
Like snow, rain passes the atmosphere full of smog, dirt, bacteria, chemical and
inorganic mineral radioactive elements that pollute rain, and then becomes acid when
falling down.
C) Hard Water
Hard water contains many chemical components and hazardous substances like
calcium, magnesium, ferrum, cuprum, stannum, nitrate, chloride, natrium, bacteria,
virus, and etc. Drainable water, boiled water and bottle water we drink are mostly hard
water.
d) Soft Water
Soft water refers to the water drawn from reservoir, lake and river, Compared
with hard water, it is soft.
e) Mineral Water
As publicly recognized, mineral water is the water with most therapy effects.
The reason is that mineral water can discharge foreign substances and excessive
inorganic compounds in human body.
1.5.2 Pure Water

a) Filtered Water
Filtered water is the water filtered through common filter in water purifier, By
filtering, some solid substance may be filtered out, but the filter does not work to heavy
metal, chemical substances, bacteria and virus, because filter screen mesh is much
bigger in comparison with these substances. Several days later after use. The residues
sinking at the bottom of the filter will breed a large number of bacteria.
The bacteria may flow out with the filtered water due to contra flow.
b) Distilled Water
Distilled water is built up by water vapor during water evaporation, and used
with dextrose and injection. In distilled water, general bacteria and solid substances can
be removed, but the substances with the boiling point lower than that of water like
chloroform and other organic chemical substances may sometimes be included in
distilled water through vaporization.
c) Lon Water
Ion water is the water electrolyzed by ion water electrolyzing machine. Through
electrolysis, ionized inorganic substances in water are separated respectively in anodic
and cathodic water, and thus anodic water becomes alkaline water consisting of positive
ion groups alkaline water is used for drinking while acid water is used for external use.
d) Reverse Osmotic Pressure Water

Reverse osmotic pressure water is filtered and purified by R/O water purifier
which stimulates the transportation process of nutrient contents and excretions in
cellular tissue to separate the substances dissolved in water through R/O membrane to
get pure and lean water. Although R/O membrane in actually a kind of filter, its
international structure is very fine, and water molecule can pass. Therefore, both heavy
metal and extremely fine bacteria can be filtered out soundly.
1.6 World Water Facts

a.
According to world health organization, by 2025 the worlds population will

have increased by 30% and access to safe drinking water will be greatly
reduced. As water expert remind us, freshwater is a finite resource-there is the
Sam amount of water available now, as there was when the earth was formed.
b.
According WHO, less than 1% of the worlds freshwater or 0.007% of all the
water on earth, is readily available for human world consumption.
c.
70 of water withdrawn from freshwater systems go toward irrigation.
d.
8% of fresh water resources go towards human consumption and sanitation

purpose, the majority of fresh water resources: - 70% is allocated for
agricultures purpose, with the remaining 22% used by industries.
e.
Out of 191 nations in the world, 10 nations share 65% of the worlds annual
water resources.
f.
1.2 billion people- or almost 1 out of 5 people in the world- are without access
to safe drinking water and half of the worlds population lacks adequate water
purification systems.
g.
2.4 billion people, or 40% of the worlds population, do not have access to
adequate sanitation.
h.
In 1998, 31 countries faced chronic freshwater shortages. By the year 2025,

however, 48 countries are expected to face shortage, affecting nearly 3 billion
people 35% of the worlds projected population countries in danger of running
short of water in the next of 25 years includes Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nigeria
and Peru.
i.
According to the UN and the world Health organization. 80% of disease in

developing nation stem from consumption of and exposure to unsafe water,
which kills more then 25,000 people each day.
j.
The demand for water from 1900 to 1995 increased six ford-more than twice the
rates of population growth during the same time interval.
k.
The UN estimates that in less than 25 years, if present water consumption trends
continue, 5 billion people will be living in areas where it will be impossible or
difficult to meet basic water need for sanitation, cooking and drinking.
1.7 Water Quality Position in India

The most important sources of drinking water for almost 70% of India
population are ground water and considered less polluted. But lack of sanitation and
improper waste disposal, ground water and source water gets polluted. 40% of more of
the disease are attributed to polluted water consumption. Majority of industries in India
have been located in and around the cities. There are 142 major cities in India. Out of
which 112 cities are distributed among 14 river basins, out of balance 30 cities, 17 are
costal and 13 are non-costal. The river Ganga carries pollution load from 48 major cities
in country. Less than half of urban India has access to a sewage disposal system. Most
of the existing collection systems discharge directly to the receiving water without
proper treatment. Garbage, domestic or otherwise, is directly dumped into water bodies
or roadside, which often later be washed into streams and lakes. Little surprise then that
a recent study by the Society for Clean Environment (So Clean) showed that a
significant percentage of water in many parts of Mumbai city was unportable and
contaminated with excessive bacterial pollution.
Protection and management of water quality is emerging as great public concern
these days in India. Precipitation usually contains minute amounts of silica and other
minerals and dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen and
oxygen witch are present in air and are entrapped as precipitation occurs. As a result,
the PH value of most precipitation is below 7.0 and the water is corrosive.
Ground water pollution is usually traced back to four main origins viz;
industrial, domestic, agricultural and over exploitation. Studies carried out in India
reveal that one of major important cause of ground water pollution is unplanned urban
development without adequate attention to sewage and waste disposal.
The incidence of ground water pollution is highest in urban areas where large
volume wastes are concentrated and discharge into relatively small area. The ground
water contamination, however, is detected only some time after the sub surface
contamination begins.
Surface water is the major source of water for all big cities. In this regard,
bacteriological and physiological studies had been carried out in recent year at different
places
Due to increased industrial and mining activities, a number of metals find their
way to water bodies. The detection of high level of manganese in ground water in
certain part of Ganga Basin, elevated level of molybdenum, arsenic, selenium and
manganese in soil and water in some regions of India and possibly part of heavy metal
load of the coastal and estuarine zones in this subcontinent arise from geo-chemical
activities. Due to improper sanitation, Industrial waste disposal and faulty water
resource management, the percentage of water-borne illness are increasing day by day.
In developing countries like India, 80% of infectious diseases are water borne and 50%
of the deaths among the children are due to diarrhea diseases. The most common waterborne infections are typhoid, cholera, shigellosis, viral associated diarrhea and
infectious hepatitis. The enumeration of total viable counts, aerobic heterotrophy. Total
coliforms and E.coli generally indicates the extent of water pollution.
In India, fecal contamination is still the water quality issue in rivers, especially
where human and animal wastes are not adequately collected and treated. Although, this
applies to both rural and urban areas, the situation is probably more critical in fast
growing cities. Organic pollutants (Most chemicals manufactured artificially by man)
are in important water quality issue in India. They enter rivers as:
a.
Point sources directly from sewers and effluent discharge

(Domestic, Urban and industrial sources)
b.
diffuse sources from the leaching of solid and liquid waste dumps or
agricultural land run off.
c.
indirectly through long-range atmospheric transport and deposition.
River such as Yamuna, which pass through large towns and cities, are often
badly affected with organic pollutants. Another example is that of Damodar River which
is polluted with heavy metals arising mostly from electroplating, tanning and metal
based industries.
CHAPTER - 2
CHEMISTRY OF WATER
2.1 Composition of Pure Water
Pure water consist of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen by volume
and one part of hydrogen and eight parts of oxygen by weight.
It is possible to get 100 pure water from natural water resources?
No water on earth is 100% pure water acquires several types of
impurities in passage from its origin to the place of consumption.
During
precipitation,
rainwater
absorbs
many
impurities
from
atmosphere, such as dust, gases and floating bacteria. When it flows on the earths
surface, in the form of surface water, it picks up suspended, colloidal and dissolved
organic and inorganic impurities. The run off from forests and agricultural lands contain
a considerable quantity of silt and colloidal solids, which add colour, organic impurities
and turbidity. Drainages from agriculture soils contribute fertilizers and pesticides. Food
discharges from mines increase the mineral content and acidity. Discharges from
swampy area contribute colour, odour and taste. Storm water from inhabited areas and
wastewater, either raw a treated from cities increase the suspended solids and
contaminate the water with organic matter and pathogenic bacteria. The discharge of
industrial effluents increases toxicity, acidity, alkalinity, organic matter etc. A part of
surface water which percolate into underground is comparatively free from some of
these impurities may possess objectionable dissolved impurities like iron, manganese,
nitrate, calcium, magnesium and chlorides. The water used for drinking purpose should
be free from these impurities of contain them in permissible limits.
2.2 Quality of Pure Water

Water quality is important parameter to decide the health, socioeconomic and
industrial status of community around that water body.
In determining quality of pure water, we can consider two aspects of water.

These are
1. It should be wholesome or potable.
2 It should be palatable or aesthetically acceptable.
Safe water implies water that is portable and palatable
2.2.1The wholesome water

Wholesome water has the following properties
a.
It is not contaminated and does not cause water-borne disease.
b.
It is free from poisonous substances.
c.
It is free from excessive amount of mineral and organic matter.
a. Free from contamination

Most of the diseases that attack human being are water-borne in nature. They are
caused due to drinking infected water. The infecting agents may be protozoa, worms,
virus, fungi, etc. They enter the water from source polluted by the excreta of persons
who are suffering from disease, or from healthy carriers. Thus, it is imperative that
potable water should not be contaminated.
b. Free from poisonous substance

Poisonous substance may reach the water from mineral formations as a result of
aquatic growth in water, from metallic pipes and as efficient from industrial substance
which is toxic in nature are selenium arsenic, boron, cyanide, hexavalent chromium,
lead, etc.
c. Mineral and organic matter

The presence of organic and mineral water in excessive quantities in the water
supply, cause hardness of water and imparts an unpleasant odour and taste to it.
2.2.2Palatable water
Palatable water means that it is free from excessive temperature, colour,
turbidity, taste, and odour and is well aerated. Even if, the water is not contaminated,
people will not accept it, if it is aesthetically not satisfactory.
10
2.3 Impurities Affecting Quality of Drinkable Water.

Before discussing various impurities, lets see meaning of term polluted water
and contaminated water.
Polluted water refers to the presence of any foreign matter (solid, liquid,
or gaseous form) in water, which restricts its normal usages. The agent of pollution may
be infectious and toxic, or non-toxic in nature.
Contaminated water means that is polluted by infectious agents or toxic
matter which endanger the health of the community and make the water unfit for its
normal usages.
The impurities of water may be settleable, suspended, and colloidal or
dissolves substance, either organic or inorganic, toxic or non-toxic in nature. Impurities
in General may be classified into:
1.
Physical impurities (Colour, odour, taste, turbidity, temperature)
2.
Chemical impurities (Ph, Acidity alkalinity, chlorides, sulphates, iron,

manganese, etc.)
3.
Bacteriological impurities like pathogens (disease-producing bacteria)
2.3.1 Physical Impurities

a.
Colour: - Colour is caused by the presence of colloidal substances, aquatic

growth, etc in water. Colour is also caused by substance in solution and the dyes
derived from the decomposition of vegetation, which is termed as true colour
b.
Taste and odour: Pure water cannot produce a sensation of Odour or taste.
Most organic and some inorganic chemicals contribute taste and odour to the
water. These chemical may originate from municipal and industrial wastes, from
natural resources, such as decomposition of vegetable matter and so on. Taste
refers to gustatory sensations termed bitter, salty, sour and sweet. Water taken
into mouth, for sensory analysis, always produces a flavor depending on the
chemical substance present. The character and intensity of odour and taste
discloses the nature of pollution or the presence of microorganisms. People
dislike consuming water with disagreeable odour and taste due to aesthetic
reasons.
c.
Temperature: The increase in temperature decreases palatability, because at

elevated temperature carbon dioxide and some other volatile gases which impact
11
taste are expelled. The ideal temperature of water for drinking purpose is 5-12 0c
and above 250c, water is not recommended by drinking.
2.3.2. Chemical Impurities

a.
pH: pH value denotes the acidic or alkaline condition of water. PH value of

completely neutral water is 7.0. The recommended pH range for treated drinking
water is 6.5 to 8.5, preferably around 7.0.
b.
Acidity: The acidity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize bases.

Generally, water having pH lower than 8.5 contains acidity. Acidity of water
may be caused by the presence of uncombined carbon dioxide, mineral acids
and salts of strong acids and weak bases. Acidity is nothing but representation of
carbon dioxide or carbonic acids. Carbon dioxide causes corrosion in public
water supply system.
c.
Alkality: The alkality of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. It

is mainly due to presence of carbonate, bicarbonates, hydroxides and less
frequently, borates, silicates and phosphates.
d.
Hardness: If water consumes excessive soap to produce foam or lather, it is

said to be hard. Hardness is caused by divalent metabolic cautions.
These ions are capable of reacting with soap to form precipitates and with
certain anions present in water to form scales. Water is classified based on
hardness which is as follows:-
Hardness Mg/1
0 - 75
75- 150
150-300
300 up
Degree of hardness
Soft
moderately hard
Hard
Very hard.
The Principal hardness causing cautions are calcium, magnesium, strontium,

ferrous and manganese ions. The major anions associated with these cautions are
sulphate, bicarbonates, chlorides and nitrates.
12
The total hardness of water is defined as the sum of the calcium and magnesium
concentration, both expressed as calcium carbonate in mg/l.
e.
Chlorides: Chloride is a major constituent of inorganic iron in natural water.

The chloride ion may be in combination with one or more of the cat ions of
calcium magnesium, iron and sodium chlorides of these minerals are present in
water because of their high solubility in water.
Unusually high concentration in ground water indicates surface contamination
by sewage or seawater intrusion.
f.
Sulphates: Sulphate ion is one of the major ions occurring in natural waters.
Sulphates occur in water due to reaching from sulphate minerals and oxidation
of sulphides. Sulphates are associated generally with calcium, magnesium and
sodium ions. Sulphate in drinking water causes a laxative affect.
g.
Phosphates: Phosphorus is contained in plants, bones of animals and fertile

soils. Phosphate reaches the water by leaching of ores and from agricultural
drainage. The human body releases phosphorous through urine and night soil,
depending upon the probe in intake. When phosphate concentration is more then
0.1 ppm, it gives and odour due to excessive algae growth in reservoirs.
2.3.3 Bacteriological Impurities

Water polluted by sewage contains one or more species of disease producing
pathogenic bacteria, which survive only for a short duration under unfavorable
condition.
Under favorable conditions of food and temperature, a single organism
can multiply into millions. In a short time, Pathogenic organisms cause water-borne
diseases, and many non-pathogenic bacterial such as e-coli, a member of the coli form
group, also live in the intestinal tract of warm- blooded human beings and animals.
The coli form group of bacteria can serve as indicators of contamination of
water with domestic and industrial waste. The Coli form group density which is a
criterion of the degree of pollution, is used as a basis for standards of bacteriological
quality of water supplies.
13
2.4 Diseases Caused by the Pollutants in Water

2.4.1. Bacteria Pollution bacterial coli may give rise to diarrhea, cephalitis,
infantile paralysis, and etc.
2.4.2. Chemical Pollution pesticides, radioactive elements, organic

compounds and chlorine may induce various cancers.
2.4.3 Heavy Pollution

a.
Mercury: neutral paralysis, brain damage, skin disease, steatites,

Nephropathy, cellular necrosis and keratitis.
b.
Plum bum: neutral paralysis, muscle paralysis, brain damage,

coprostasis, anoreia, anemia, nephropathy, dyskinesia, cancer and
neurasthenia.
c.
Arsenium: Cancer, neutral paralysis, consciousness disorder, dermatitis

and peptic diseases.
d.
Cadmium: Cancer, vomit, headache, respiratory disturbance, dermatitis,

high blood pressure, tracheitis, anemia, gastricism, balisterisis,
hypoglobulia and dizziness.
e.
Zinc: Alopecia, skin degeneration, vomit, headache, muscular cram,

leucosis and imbecile.
2.5
f.
Ferrum: Cornea irritation and skin roughness.
g.
Cuprum: Vomit, diarrhea, stomachache, gastricism and infant death.
h.
Natrium: brain damage, diarrhea, vomit, skin damage,
I.
Magnesium: low fertile activity, bone abnormality and neonate ataxia.
j.
Chlorine: decayed teeth caused by uneven absorption amount.
Is boiled water safe?

Many people think boiled water is safe. The fact is not actually like that, the
boiling point of water is 1000 c. By boiling, most bacteria in water can be killed. In past
14
as the water was les polluted, boiling is a kind of effective disinfecting methods.
However, the organic (residue Pesticide, fertilizer, washing powder etc), heavy metal
ions and other hazardous elements in todays water are much more terrible than
bacteria. Boiling is helpless at all. On the contrary, boiling increase the concentration of
hazardous substances. Furthermore, then boiled water content declines sharply, which
goes against metabolism of human body.
According to the report of American News weekly dated October, 3, 1992,
person may be easy to catch rectal cancer and bladder cancer if drinking the boiled
water fro a long time.
The reason is that boiling may stimulate chlorine to combine with organic
substances in water to convert nitrate to toxic nitrate, which may change hemoglobin in
human to nitrate hemoglobin to make red cells lose the ability to carry oxygen.
If people take Nitrate for a long time, nitrite may produce a kind of carcinogen
Nitrosamic by reacting with gastric acid after entering human body.
2.6 Is Chlorine Harmful?

Chlorine was first added to a community water system in 1908 in Chicago and
was instrumental in eliminating many types of water borne disease such as cholera and
Typhoid fever. Prior to chlorinating many major cities had death tolls of 1 in 100 people
from Typhoid ail chlorine has been used to disinfect municipal water for over 80 years
& has had some positive effects on public health. In the 1907s it was discovered that
chlorine, when added to water forms Trihalomethanes chlorinated by combining with
certain naturally occurring organic matter such as vegetation and algae. In 1992 the
American journal of Public Health published a report that showed a 15% to 35%
increase in certain type of cancer for people who consume chlorinated water. This report
also stated that much of these effects were due to showering in chlorinated water.
The National cancer institute estimates cancer risks for people who consume
chlorinated water to be 93% higher than for people who do not was debated for decades.
However, most experts now agree that there are some significant risks related to
consuming chlorine and chlorinated by products.
15
Views given by some of renowned organization and doctors are: Cancer risk
among people drinking chlorinated water is 93% higher than among those whose water
does not contain chlorine. 1 US Council of Environmental Quality.
* WATER FIT DRINK (Book), by Corol Keough, A guide to the hidden hazards
of drinking water. The prime suspect in these cancer deaths was chlorine...
* SAVE YOUR LIFE (Book), by Michael Cuiban The death rate from cancer
among drinkers of chlorinated water was 44% higher than those who did not drink
chlorinated water.
16
CHAPTER - 3
WATER SCENARIO AT SAMPLE UNDER STUDY
3.1 Information Yavatmal City and Sources of Drinkable Water
The name derives from Yavat, meaning mountain and mal, meaning row.
Geography. Yavatmal is located at 20.4 N 78.13 E.2 It has an average elevation
of 445 meters (1459 feet).
Yavatmal is a beautiful quiet town situated in south-east Maharashtra. The first thing to
notice about the town is its greenery and welcoming people. Because of its
location and weather it was considered hill station at the time of Britishers.
One can observe the presence of smaller British architectures in the old town.
Yavatmal district has been the birthplace of two Chief Ministers of Maharashtra.
In the earlier days it was spelled as Yeotmal.
As of 2001 India census,
Yavatmal had a population of 2, 40,000. Males constitute
51% of the population and females 49%. Yavatmal has an average literacy rate of 79%,
higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is
74%. In Yavatmal, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The town is also the chief trading centre in the district, and is connected by road with
Dhamangaon station, which is 43 miles from this town. It is also known as cotton city.
During the time of British rules it was considered to be a hill station
A narrow gauge railway called the Shakuntala Express has passed through since the
British era, now running on diesel rather than the original coal.
17
Major business establishment in Yavatmal includes the Raymonds factory which

produces the Jeans Fiber. Its is 100% export unit from Raymonds, which is a famous
cloths brand.
Other local businesses in town are dominated by presence of agricultural supply
facilities which are very useful for the nearby farmer community.
New generation is being modern slowly and there are number of computer learning
centers, educational institutes. There are government medical and engineering colleges
and other educational institutes. Yavatmal has number of educational facilities which
include Engineering, Medical, physical education institutes. The student population is
increasing in the cities which come from all over the country now. Main languages in
Yavatmal city is Marathi, Hindi, Guajarati and Sindhi.
According to census 2006 report, Total population of Yavatmal city is 3, 15,000
Per capita consumption is 70 liters of water. Total supply of drinkable water from
Municipal Corporation is 35 million per day. Sources of drinkable water in Yavatmal
city are Nilona dam, Local (open, bore) and wells.
Nilona and Borgaon dam are one of the scared and most important dams of
Yavatmal. And it provides 60% of water requirement of population and industries, 40%
population depend on ground water.
According to statistical data of Yavatmal district (Finance and statistics, Govt. of
Maharashtra, 1998), several number of deaths occurred by water borne disease in 1998
at Yavatmal. The Nilona dam of Yavatmal city has been grossly polluted from the city
contamination, beside of the dam millions of liter of sewage, domestic waste and
agriculture effluences containing substances varying in characteristics from simple
nutrients to highly toxic substance such as metals. The facts of ground water are also
similar in most of the area in Yavatmal city.
18
3.2 Brief Information about Standard Establish for Drinkable Water

Quality standard recommended for domestic and drinking water purpose are
publish in APHA manual (1992), Indian standards (Is: 2490, 1990 and Is: 10500, 1993),
WHO standards (1993) and ICMR standards (1975). These standards contain the
acceptable and mandatory limits of various elements, compounds and organisms
contained in water and should be strictly followed. For studying Yavatmal water quality,
IS: 10500, 991, was used?
Tables 3.1 to 3.3 shows Yavatmal water quality with reference to standard for drinking
water.
Table 3.1 Physical parameters Exceeds ISI Limits

Drinking water
Sr.
Parameters
No
Sources
Standard
(Is;
Percentage of
sample
Exceeding ISI
limits
100500,1991)
1
PH
6.5 8.5
Alkality
200 mg/L
T. hardness
300mg/L
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallo well
water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
42%
18%
06%
12%
04%
00%
32%
60%
58%
80%
50%
00%
48%
00%
68%
100%
36%
00%
19
Table 3.2 Chemical Parameter Exceeds ISI Limits

Sr.
No
Parameters
Drinking water standards

(Is: 100500, 1991
Sources
Magnesium
(Mg)
30 Mg/ L
Chloride
250 Mg/ L
Nitrate
(No3)
10 Mg/ L
Ammonia
(NH4)
0.5 Mg/ L
Sulphate
150 Mg/ L
Phosphate
0.1 Mg/ L
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Percentages of
sampling ISI
limited
56 %
00 %
94 %
100 %
94 %
00 %
48 %
10 %
00 %
10 %
00 %
00 %
00 %
00 %
00 %
00 %
00 %
00 %
98 %
92 %
46 %
94 %
92 %
00 %
100 %
24 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
00 %
100 %
98 %
86 %
98 %
86 %
20
Tap water
00 %
Continued
Sr.
No
Parameters

(Is: 100500, 1991
Sources
Copper
0.05 Mg/ L
Zinc
5.0 Mg/ L
Chromium
0.05 Mg/ L
10
Cadmium
0.01 Mg/ L
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap Water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap water
Percentages of
sampling ISI
limited
68 %
36 %
04 %
32 %
30 %
00 %
38 %
40 %
04 %
02 %
08 %
00 %
62 %
14 %
06 %
04 %
04 %
00 %
80 %
40 %
00 %
02 %
00 %
00 %
Table 3.3 Bacteriological Parameters Exceed ISI Limits

Sr.
No
Parameters

(Is: 100500, 1991
Sources
E-coil
Should be absent per ml.
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap Water
Percentages of
sampling ISI
limited
100 %
96 %
60 %
76 %
70 %
52 %
21
Continued
Sr.
No
Parameters

(Is: 100500, 1991
Sources
S. typhi
S. queues
P. aerugino
B. cereus
V. Cholere
T. Coliforms
NMT 1/ 100 ml
F. Coliforms
NMT 1/ 100 ml
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap Water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap Water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap Water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap Water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap Water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Shallow well
Tap Water
Nilona dam
Borgaon dam
Bore well
Deep well
Percentages of
sampling ISI
limited
80 %
76 %
10 %
20 %
50 %
16 %
80 %
60 %
04 %
30 %
42 %
04 %
60 %
40 %
00 %
00 %
40 %
00 %
100 %
90 %
80 %
90 %
100 %
80 %
50 %
20 %
00 %
00 %
04 %
00 %
100 %
100 %
94 %
94 %
56 %
98 %
98 %
98 %
90 %
92 %
22
Shallow well
Tap Water
90 %
38 %
3.3 Water Infecting Agents

3.3.1 Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB)
Total heterotrophic bacterial pollution in Nilona dam were recorded from 340 to
28800 cfu / ml , 80 to 3000 cfu / ml in Borgaon dam, 150 to 22500 cfu / ml, in bore
well, 350 to 25525 cfu / ml in Deep well, 150 to 41200 cfu / ml in Shallow well, 330 to
3535 cfu in Tap water.
The water sample collected from borgaon dam at the location of Borgaon
contains the maximum number THB population. The water sample collected from
Nilona dam at Bhosa contains the maximum number of THB population. The water
sample collected from Bore well at Tirupati lay out contain maximum number of THB
population water collected from Deep well at Police mitra society (MIDC) area
contained a maximum THB population whereas in Tap water collected from Tilak wadi
contain number of TBH population.
Water sample collected from Nilona dam found 26 % THB count in the range of
2000-10,000 cfu / ml. 38 % THB count in the range of 500-100 cfu / ml in Borgaon
dam. Water sample collected from Bore well found 24 % THB count between 200-400
cfu /ml. 44 % THB count in the ranged 1000-2000 cfu / ml in Deep well, 38 % sample
in ranged between 400-2000 cfu / ml in Shallow well. In Tap water sample, 30 % THB
count found in the ranged 400-200 cfu / ml.
Although THB densities do not rotate to specific health hazards elevated
microbial density can be associated with densitilization of standard coliform detection.
3.3.2 Total Coliforms and Faecal Coilforms

All sample collected from surface water such as Borgaon dam, Nilona dam are
exceeded the limits of total coliforms and 98%, 94% sample respectively. All samples
23
collected from Borgaon dam, Nilona dam exceed the limits for faecal coliforms where
as
94% samples from bore well, deep and Shallow well exceeded the limits for Total
coliforms and 98%, 92% and 90% samples respectively collected from above sources of
ground water exceed the limits for Faecal Coliforms. 56% and 38% Tap water sample
exceed the limit for total coliforms and faecal coliforms respectively.
The Faecal coliforms group is organisms originating in intestinal tract of
humans and other animals.
High values of Total coliforms and Faccal coliforms at maximum location of
ground water and surface water confirms contaminations of water due to domestic
sewage forms nci by villages and city.
The high concentration of coliforms may be due to the percolation of domestic
sewage.
Maximum sample contained total and Faccal coliforms exceeding the water
quality standard i.e. one per 100 ml of sample as per safe drinking water act. depicting
pollution of the ground and surface water highlights more severe environmental
problem in the region through Faccal contamination.
3.3.3 Other Bacterial Isolates

a. E-Coil was positive in 100% sample of Nilona dam, 96% sample of
Borgaon, 60% sample of Bore well, 76% and 70% samples form Deep and
Shallow well respectively.
E-Coil is widely used as indicators of sewage contamination of ground.
Among Tap water analysis 525 samples were positive for E-coil. For treated
Municipal supply this figure is very high and objectionable.
24
b. S. typhi was positive in 80%, 76%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 16%, sample from
Nilona, Borgaon, Bore well, Deep well, Shallow well, and Tap water
respectively were positive for S. typhi.
c. S. Aureus was positive in 80% of Nilona dam, 60% sample of Borgaon dam,
45 samples from Deep and Shallow well respectively 4% sample from Tap
water staphylococcus is widely distributed in soil and surface water.
d. P. aeruginosa was positive in 60% sample of Nilona dam, 40% sample of
Borgaon dam and 0% sample of Bore well and Deep well respectively, 20%
sample of Shallow well, 0% sample from tap water. Pseudomonas appears to
be particularly common in ground water systems.
e. B. circus was positive in 100% sample of Nilona dam, 90% positive for
Bacillus cereus in Borgaon dam, 80% sample of Bore well, 90% and 100%
sample from Deep and Shallow well respectively, 82 sample from Tap
water.
f. V. Choleric was positive in 505 sample of Nilona dam, 20% sample of
Borgaon dam; it is not found in bore well water, Deep well water and Tap
water sample. But 4 % samples were positive for V. Cholerae from Shallow
well.
This result shows that most of the ground water samples and surface water
sample studied are not satisfying as per drinking water standards.
<
3.4 Water Quality Index (WQI)

Water quality index (WQI) indicates the quality of water in terms of index
number which represents overall quality of water for any intended use. It is defined as a
rating reflecting the composite influences of different water quality parameter on the
overall quality of water. The indices are among the most effective ways to communicate
25
the information on water on water quality tends to general public or to the policy
makers and in water quality management.
The WQI value of Nilona dam was 366.74, Borgaon dam was found to be
429.52, In ground water WQI value very observed 494.75 for Bore well 435.62 for
Deep well, 459.32 for Shallow well and 68.36 for tap water. The permissible values for
drinking water according to this method are 100 and hence, this implies that the water is
not fit for drinking without proper treatment in all above sources except tap water.
Graph G-3.1 Comparative Water Quality Index of Different water

Reservoir
26
CHAPTER - 4
WAYS TO PURIFY WATER
4.1 Various Means Adopted for Purifying Water
Various means are being used being at home to purify water these are:
4.1.1 Water Strainer

Water strainer is either made up of clothe or plastic net. It can remove only
relatively large particles. Infecting agents and chemical pollutants can easily pass
through it. So it is not effective way of purifying the water.
4.1.2 Boiling
It is the oldest and most inexpensive and sure shot way of purifying water. It
kills all pathogens, including viruses, but it imparts flat taste to water and uses. Up a lot
of fuel. Moreover this cannot remove suspended chemicals.
4.1.3 Alum
Relatively large particles are removed from water by simple settling and
filtration. The removal of colloid solids (0.001to 0.1 micrometer in size) from water
requires coagulation. Salts of aluminum and iron are the coagulants most often used in
water treatment. Of these, alum and filter is most commonly used.
When added to the water, a gelatinous hydroxide is formed carrying Suspended
material with it as it settles. This hydrated aluminum ion is acidic, and When added to
water reacts with base to transform into a gelatinous state.
4.1.4 Chemicals
27
The addition of iodine or chlorine is another option for rendering contaminated

water drinkable. A harmful effect of chlorine has already mentioned. Iodine crystals,
tablets and tincture are inexpensive, lightweight, compact and when used corrected
according to the manufacturers instructions, effective at destroying bacteria, viruses
and most protozoa.
Disadvantages are
i.
It takes time to work
ii.
Its effectiveness depends on the acidity of water (pH),

Temperature (below 10 degree Celsius it is reduced) and siltation level of
water
iii.
It affects the taste of water.
iv.
It should not be used for long term as it affects health. Pregnant women
and persons with thyroid problem or iodine allergies will have to consult
a physician before using iodine.
v.
It also does not remove solids and debris from the water.
4.1.5 Water purifier

A different type of water purifier is being used to purifier water. This are
described as follows-:
a)
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving certain unwanted

substances behind, producing clear, fresh-tasting drinkable water.
The unwanted substances are flushed down the drain. RO uses no chemicals or
electricity. It is regarded as one of the most effective technologies now to purifier water.
It is used tin conjunction with other filter. The out comes is 99% pure
contaminate free water It also removes 99% of minerals. It is general used in residential
homes, in industry and other application where mineral free water is needed. This
method is also used to desalinate seawater.
28
In reverse osmosis system, two types of membranes CTA or cellulose

Triacetate and TFC or thin composition are used.
The CTA membrane is less expensive. It removes about 90% of most pollution
and together with an activated carbon post filter, provides all the filtration required by
people and most aquariums.
The TFC membrane is more expensive. It must have carbon filtration ahead of
the membrane to remove chlorine. Chlorine runes the membrane. This requires water,
both product and waste to flow through the carbon filter, exhausting it much quicker
and requiring frequent changes (5 times as often). Forgetting to change the carbon filter
may cause the membrane to self-destruct. The TFC membrane removes a little higher
percentage of most pollution.
Figure 4.1 Shows The Function of The Membrane.
29
The main difference between CTA and TFC is that nitrate removal for the CTA
is 50 70% and it is about 95% for the TFC. Thus, water purifier using a semi
permeable TFC membrane rejects up to 90 to 99 % of impurities and contaminants from
water. Contaminants such as iron, lead, nitrate, nitrate, copper, sodium, magnesium,
virus and virus bacteria, germs, salts are flushed out to give safe sweet water.
Stages of filtration in Reverse osmosis (RO) process used with carbon block
filter and granulated carbon block filter.
Stage l
10 or 5 micron polypropylene sediment filter extracts all physical impurities
(Dust, Dirt, and Rust).
Stage 2
Granular activated carbon extracts chlorine bi products.
Stage 3
1 micron or carbon block pre filter extracts biological, organic matter from
water.
Stage 4
CTA or TFC membrane removes 90 to 99 % of impurities and contaminants.
Stage 5
Inline coconut shell carbon filter remove odour (Bad smell) and improves taste.
The above steps can be explained with through the figure.
The above steps can be explained well
30
Figure 4.2 Steps in RO
Process of RO
The raw water is first purified by RO process that consists of a sediment filter,
Activated carbon filter, high pressure pump followed by a RO membrane. Essential
natural are than intelligently released into RO purified water by our patented mineral
RO Process. A control value is also provided to adjust T.D.S of the purified water on
site.
The essential mineral incorporated RO water is further sterilized by UV process
to give double protection from bacteria and viruses.
b)
Distillation
Water is boiled creating steam. This steam cools and condenses to form water
droplets, which in turn are deposited in a container. The little remaining water left
contains contaminates and is discarded. The result is pure mineral free water. When it is
used in conjunction with other filter medium such as carbon, the result is 99.9 % pure
contaminate free water. It is generally used in homes and industry where pure mineral
free water is needed. It is one of the most effective way to remove contaminates from
water.
31
c)
ATP
Activated tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydroxyapatite. It is well known for
its ability to remove fluoride and heavy metals through absorption and ion exchange
processes. It is the only known medium that will remove most of the fluoride in water
without removing the natural minerals from water. It uses no electricity. It is uses in
conjunction with other purifying methods.
d)
Lon exchange
It is also known as Resin medium. This medium is design to remove dissolved
salts in the water, such as calcium Lon Exchange soften the water or exchange natural
forming mineral ions in the water with its own ions, thereby neutralizing their harmful
effect of creating scale build up. It uses no electricity. It is used in boilers and other
industry related situations. It is ideal when used in conjunction with other filter medium
such as carbon. It is widely used in residential, home purifying units.
e)
Iodine resin
It is also known as highly effective means in killing pathogenic organisms at the
primary disinfection stage. This method can provide good quality, microbiologically
pure water in very difficult conditions. No electrical energy us required to operate the
device or achieve deactivation of viruses and bacteria and resin system are unaffected
by TDS (total dissolved solids). The shelf life of the resin is considered infinite. Iodine
systems deactivate both bacteria and viruses to very high levels. Iodinated resin systems
are a legitimate option for treating water all over the world. It has the flexibility to be
used in low pressure and gravity flow devices and offer consumers truly
microbiologically safe water.
f)
Ultraviolet purification
Ultraviolet water purifier is growing on popularity in residential, commercial
and municipal applications. Its growing popularity is due in large part to fact that it is
one of the only water technologies that does not involve the additional of chemical to
the water
What is ultraviolet?
32
Ultraviolet light is invisible, violet end of the light spectrum. Even though, we
cant see UV light, we are exposed to UV ray from all light sources, including sun.
How it work?
Ultraviolet purification uses a UV light sources (lamp) which is enclosed in a
protective transparent sleeve (usually quartz). The lamp is mounted such that water
passing through a flow chamber is exposed to the UV light rays. When a harmful
microbe is exposed to UV rays, there nucleic acid absorbs the UV energy, which then
scrambles the DNA structure of the organism. The cell is now considered dead and is no
longer a threat.
What contaminant does ultraviolet removes?

There is no microorganism known to be resistant to UV, unlike chlorination. UV
is known to be highly effective against bacteria, viruses, algae, molds and yeasts in
practice, bacteria and viruses are the cause major water borne pathogenic diseases of
these enteric viruses, hepatitis virus and legion Ella pneumophillia have shown to
survive for considerable period in the presence of chlorines, but are readily eliminated
by UV treatment. For most microorganisms, the removal efficiency of UV for
microbiological contaminants such as bacteria and virus generally exceeds 99.99 %.Ecoil,
salmonella
enteritidis
mycobacentrium
(Gastroentrenteritis),
Tuberculosis
(Tuberculosis),
vibrio
Legion
cholerae
Ella
cholera),
pneumophilia
(Legionnaires disease), Influenza virus, polio virus and Hepatitis. A virus (better than
90 %).
Applications
UV treatment is an excellent choice to eliminate biological contamination from
most home drinking water. Ti is sole purpose is to kill harmful biological contaminants
and therefore should always be combined with other form of filtration (GAC / carbon
block, KDF) for reducing of heavy metal, chlorine and other chemical contaminants.
g)
KDF (kinetic degradation fluxion)

KDF is a patented water treatment system that has been proven to be effective in
removal of chlorine, chloramines, iron, bacteria, algae, fungus and hydrogen sulfate.
Heres how it works
33
The combination copper and zine creates an electro-chemical reaction.

During this reaction, electrons are transferred between molecules and new elements are
created. Some harmful contaminants are charged into benign water soluble chloride,
which is then called harmlessly through water supply. Similarly, some heavy metals
such as copper, lead, mercury and others, react to plate out on to the mediums surface,
thus being effectively removed from water supply.
A high purity copper zinc alloy, which eliminates from water by utilizing the
principle of electrochemical oxidation reduction (redox) to remove chlorine, hydrogen
sulfide, water soluble heavy metals and microorganisms from water
KDF controls and inhibits microorganisms by setting up an electrolytic field and
also by forming peroxide and hydroxyl radical by reactions. It uses special high purity
zinc and copper alloys very effective in removing lead and other heavy metals. It is
designed to remove inorganic conjunction with carbon, which is more effective than
KDF in organic contaminates, results in an extremely effective water purifier. It uses no
electricity.
h)
Ozone
Air is drawn in to an ozone generation at which point the air is charged with
high voltage. The air is made up of diatomic oxygen (O 2) and nitrogen (N2). Diatonic
oxygen is a molecular composed of two oxygen atoms (O) held together by four equally
shared electrons. As the air is drawn through the ozone generator, the high voltage splits
some oxygen molecules in to oxygen atoms.
Some of these atoms then quickly react with oxygen molecules to from ozone
(O2+O= O3 ) Ozone secondary only to fluorine as the most powerful oxidant. Ozone
inactivates and oxidizes organic metals, contaminates and pesticides, viruses and
bacteria faster than chlorine. Ozone also functions as a micro flocculating agent to
polish water and improve clarity and taste.
It kills every harmful organism known. It is used in home and industrial water
treatment. It is very effective and powerful method to purity water.
4.1 6 Filters
34
a)
Carbon block filters

Activated carbon is pulverized into curse flour like consistency and is
compressed to form a block. Water is forced through this medium and filters particles
down to 0.5 micron. In essence each water molecule is polished by the carbon leaving
behind most contaminants such ass pesticides, organic material, bacteria, viruses and
cysts in addition to cryptosporidium, giardia, asbestos, dad tastes and bad odors.
It is widely used in conjunction with RO, Distillation, ultraviolet, ozone and
other systems types. It does not remove minerals and uses no electricity.
b)
Granular activated charcoal (GAC)

Granular activated charcoal same as above expected the carbon pieces are much
larger. It is very effective in removing offensive tastes and odors. It removes most
contaminates but due to large size places not as effective ass carbon block to more sub
micron particles. It is used with many other system types.
It is ideal if used as a post filter. It does not remove minerals. It does not use
electricity.
c)
Ceramic
The tiny pores of a ceramic filter element make it an extremely efficient filter
for the removal of particulate matter and fine sediment for the influent product water.
Ceramic candle with micro rating between 1to45 microns also qualify as a certified
product for the disinfection water, which may be contaminated with bacteria. This
particular sub-micron rating allows for the physical removal of bacteria and cysts giving
them a Bacteriological sterile rating. High quality candle will contain silver that is
impregnated through the ceramic wall to prevent the growth of bacteria within the pores
of the ceramic thereby ensuring that they meet the standard of being bacteriostatic
also known as mitosis.
4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Purification System

a)
Advantages of granulated activated carbon/ carbon block

i.
It removes chlorine, taste, odour and chemicals.
ii.
Carbon block, if pore size is 3 micron absolute or less, can remove cysts.
35
Disadvantages
i.
It does not remove heavy metals ( carbon block can remove un-dissolved
lead)
ii.
Bacteria can multiple in filter. (Silver is often used, but is consider a

toxin)
iii.
Limited life because of dual duty-chlorine and chemicals. Carbon block

filter can along with sediment long before filter is exhausted.
b)
Advantages of ultraviolet
i.
It is one of the few affordable techniques for the home that effectively
kills the majority of bacteria, viruses and other harmful microorganisms.

ii.
Energy efficient (requires about the same amount of energy as a 60 watt
light bulb).
Disadvantages
i.
Requires electrical connection usually standard plug-in
ii.
Require pre-filtration to maintain effectiveness- sediment and other

contaminants can create a shadow which prevent the UV rays from
reaching the harmful microorganisms.
c)
Advantages of reverse osmosis (RO)

i.
It removes chlorine, taste, odour and chemicals (with carbon pre- filter or
post filter).
ii.
It removes heavy metals, such as lead.
iii.
It can remove cysts.
Disadvantage
i.
Slow-2 hours to make 1 gallon of treated water.
ii.
It wastes water 4-5 gallons of water go down the drain to treat 1 gallon.
iii.
It remove healthful mineral such as calcium and magnesium.
36
d)
iv.
Removal of these minerals leaves flat tasting water.
v.
Expensive to maintain
Advantages of distillation
i.
It removes chlorine, taste and chemicals (with carbon post- filter).
ii.
It removes heavy metals such as lead.
iii.
It kills bacteria and cysts.
Disadvantages
i.
Slow- 5 hours to make 1 gallon of treated water.
ii.
It wastes energy.
iii.
It removes healthful minerals, such as calcium and magnesium.
iv.
Removal of these minerals leaves ma flat tasting water.
v.
It requires frequent cleaning of tanks, frequent replacement of carbon

post filter.
e)
4.3
Advantages of KID / GAS FILTER

i.
No water or energy waste.
ii.
Removes wide range of contaminants, including heavy metals.
iii.
It leaves healthful mineral intact, leaving tastier mineral water.
iv.
Low maintenances, Low operating costs.
v.
KDF media inhibits bacteria growth throughout the units. Uses no silver.
vi.
5 to 10 times longer life than GAS only filter.
vii.
Optional ceramic pre- filter can remove bacteria and cysts.
Benefits of Pure Water Purified by Water Purifier
4.3.1 Pure water in disease prevention and beautification

a) Preventing aging
b) Routing blood pressure to normal
c) Preventing fitness
37
d) Improving body condition

e) Dispelling alcohol and detoxification
f)Effective to treat anus diseases.
g) Effective to treat diabetes
h) Preventing diseases
i) Preventing and treating dandruff, dermatophytosis, malaria and whelk by
drinking pure water and using pure water for bath for a long time.
j) Skin beautification eliminating the wastes in face horny layer. Even astringent
is nonuse, pure water also make face clean and bright.
k) Preventing cancer, constipation, diarrhea, oppressed felling in chest and
dyspepsia
4.3.2 Other benefits of pure water

a)
Fish farming
If we use tap water or underground water to culture fish, there will be lichen in
the fish jar in less than one month. However, if we use pure water, there will be no
lichen even in three and four months.
b)
Ikebana
If vase is filled with pure water, the color and fragrance of flower can remain for
more than a week.
c)
Brush pen handwriting

If pure water is used to make ink, the ink will be blacker than made with tap
water, and the writing will also be more vivid.
d)
Humidifier
Humidifier will not generate sediment if using pure water and people can
breathe in clean and safe air.
e)
Ironing clothes
Electric iron will make clothes more even and straight if using pure water. If
steam iron is used, pure water will be able to prolong if service life.
38
4.3.3 Pure water in daily life

a)
Drinking
Pure water has no peculiar smell, and is suitable for drinking, for it can stimulate
Gastric gland, increase appetite, discharge waste in vivo, and be helpful in preventing
b)
Rice cooking
Pure water can save rice cooking by half. With pure water, we can cook soft and
delicious cooked rice without foreign flavor, and cooked rice can also be kept for a long
time.
c)
Dish cooking
Dishes cooked with pure water will look pleasing, smell good and taste delicious
because pure water will not destroy the original nutrients (protein, vitamin, calcium and
etc.) in raw cooking materials.
d)
Washing vegetable and fruits

If vegetable and fruits are washed with pure water, they will remain fresh and
bright for a longer time, and the pesticide and unclean substance on the surface of
vegetables and fruits can also be cleaned completely.
e)
Salting vegetable
If we use pure water to salt vegetables, salted vegetable will not be easy to go
sour, and have pleasing color.
f)
Fruit juice
When we use tap water to make fruit juice, honey or white sugar is usually
added to increase the viscosity of fruit juice. If we use pure water, fruit juice will taste
very luscious without adding honey or white sugar.
g)
Boiling eggs
It takes only 15 minutes to make an eggs fully boiled, and only 10 minutes to
make it half boiled. After an egg is boiled, its can shall be removed easily.
i)
Making Ice
Hexagonal ices frozen with pure water are as transparent as crystal, and hard to
melt.
39
j)
Boiling Medicine Herbs

Using pure water to boil medicine herbs can dissolve the ingredients in medicine
herbs rapidly and improve the efficient of medicine.
CHAPTER - 5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research Problem. In
research methodology, we study the various steps that are generally adopted by
researcher in studying his research problem along with logic behind them so that
research results are capable of being evaluated either by researcher Himself or by any
other person.
Various steps adopted in research are
Problem Formulation
40
Evolution of Appropriate Research Design
Selection of Sample
Data Collection Strategy
Data processing
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Figure 5.1 Showing Steps in Research Process
5.1 Problem Formulation

In 21st century, we are moving in the direction of developed nation. Large
number of family has also been entering into the middle class segment since
independence. Earning capacity and standard of living of people have also been raised.
People are capable of buying two-wheelers, refrigerators, Television for the purpose of
entertainment and convenience.
But, with the development, new problems have also evolved. Environment
pollution is huge problem before developed society. Water pollution is the part of
Environment pollution?
Water pollution made me anger to measure awareness among people. About
quality of drinkable water and requirement of water purifier.
After prolong discussion with the guide and friends, it leads to the. Formation of
specific research problem. The problem which I have formulated in consultation with
41
guide is ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO- WATER

PURIFIER A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY.
The problem definition stage leads to the development of clear of research

object. Objective direction to the research. It mobilizes the work of research toward
predetermined goals. They act as motivators.
Objective of the present research are:

1) To assess awareness about purified water.
2) To evaluate peoples attitude about requirement of water purifier.
3) To explore new opportunities for RO-water purifier.
5.2 Evolution of Appropriate Research Design.

A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection for collection
and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research
purpose with economic procedure. In fact, the research design is the conceptual
structure within which research is conducted. It contributes the blue print of the
collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Since, we have to measure awareness among people ability of water and
requirement of water purifier. We will have to adopt Descriptive research design as
descriptive research designs are related with studying characteristics of the
population.
In the descriptive design, statistical method has been used
Statistical method
Here a large number of cases are investigated to study few factors.
Statistical method focus on classes, average, percentage etc. in this method,
questionnaires, survey method and observations are used in very comprehensive
manner.
Reason for selecting statistical method
1)
Involves relatively large number of observations.
2)
Analysis is more objective.
3)
Average and percentage are calculated.
42
4)
Permit the researcher to make more accurate generalizations.
5.3 Selection of Sample

Sample allows us to concentrate our attention upon a relatively smaller number
of people/items and hence, to devote more energy to ensure that the information
collected from them is accurate. The main reason for resorting to sampling is that
sampling saves time and money and provides accurate information about population.
5.3.1 Steps in sampling design are

Seep I: Defining the population
The group of individual or their attributes which can be directly or indirectly
specified numerically is known as population. The characteristics of the population
must be described in term of specification. A properly designated population must be
defined in term of elements, sampling units, extent and time. In present study,
population is characterized by
Element
Men and women having purchasing power and their

Education qualification
Extent
Yavatmal city
Time
During the period September 2007 to February 2008
Step II: Specifying sample unit

The sample unit is the basic unit containing the elements of population to be
sampled. In present study, sampling units are north zone, south zone, east zone and west
zone
Step III: Selection of sample design

It is the procedure of selecting sample unit in the sample. Present study, nonprobability convenience sampling has been used for selecting sample units. This method
has been adopted to cover all samples from Yavatmal city.
43
Step IV: Determination of sample size

Since degree of heterogeneity is less, small size of sample as a representative of
population can be used to study characteristics of population. In present study, 100
samples have been selected to study characteristics of population
Step V: Selecting the sample

The final step is actual selection of the sample elements. Convenience sampling
technique has been used
5.3.2 Convenience Sampling

The unrestricted non-probability samples are called as convenience sample.
The reason for selecting this method

1)
Less expenditure
The first advantage of the sampling is its cost effectiveness.
In the
convenience sampling, due to number of units to be studied, the cost of

collection is less expensive
2)
Less Time consuming

The time required for collecting information through convenience
sampling is comparatively less.

The desired information can be collected and analyzed quickly.
5.4
Data Collecting Strategy

The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and
research design / plan chalked out. The keys in creating useful data collection systems
are: selectively in the collection of data and linking that selectively to analysis and the
decision issues of the action to be taken. The following are the main steps in data
collection process.
5.4.1 Steps in data collecting process

1)
The type of information required in the investigation

Data can be classified in terms of its nature and source. In present study, we are
using quantative data, primary data and secondary data

44
a)
Quantative data:
In case of Quantative characteristics, direct Quantitative measurement viz,
heights weight of the phenomenon is not possible e.g. awareness, honesty, intelligence
etc. These
are known ass attributes. Here only the presence or absence of characteristics in the
population can be ascertained
b)
Primary data:
These are generated in an investigation according to the need of the problem in
hand. Primary data are those which are collected a fresh and forr the first time and thus
it is an original one.
c)
Secondary data:
Secondary data are those, which have already been collected by someone else
for other purpose. Secondary data may either be published data or unpublished data.
2)
Identification of sources from where the information can be available

The availability and the quality of information are mainly dependent on the
source of information. The various sources of information can broadly classified in two
categories, namely
a. Secondary
b. Primary
a)
Secondary Sources
The search for information should being among secondary sources. These are
the sources where the data are developed for some purpose other than the problem at
hand but are applicable to the present investigation.Secondary sources used for present
study are
i)
Books
Various books relater to water population are available in the library. These
books have been uses for getting through knowledge about water pollution
ii)
Web Sites
45
Different web sites concerned with water and pollution acted as huge source of
information.
iii)
Report Preposation
For measuring awareness among people about water quality. Dduring this
research study the required information about quality of ground and tap water in
Yavatmal city are collected thes information through already published research thesis.
List of books, web sites, research report have been given in bibliography.
Precaution taken while using Secondary source

The information, though easily available from secondary, needed be used with
caution. The following precautions have been considered while collecting information
from secondary sources:
1.
Pertinence to the problem.
2.
Organization or person collecting information.
3.
Reasons for publishing data
4.
Evidence of careful work.
Reason for using secondary sources

1)
Economy
Data gather from secondary sources are cheap. The amount of money spent in
acquiring secondary data is generally a great deal less than that need to obtain primary
data. The various secondary data from library can be obtained at no cost.
2)
Quickness
Most of these data are instant. Since they already exist and merely need to be
discovered. Thus the time in collecting secondary data required few hours or day.
3)
Quality
It was not possible for me to carry in depth study of determining the quality of
ground and the tap water in Yavatmal city. So, to get accurate data, I have resorted to
research thesis
46
b)
Primary Sources
The sources from which information is gathered for the first time is known as
primary source and information thus gathered is called primary data. In the case of
primary sources, more efforts and thinking is required for designing data collection
procedure. Here the sources expected to have desired information are contacted through
various method of data collection
3)
Selection of appropriate primary data collection method

In present study, survey methods has been used as means of collecting primary
data Survey means a planned efforts to collect the desired information from a
representative sample of the relevant population. It can also be termed as systematic
gathering of the data from respondent through questionnaires.
Personal interview with questionnaire technique has been used to collect
primary data.
a)
Personal interview
In this method, the interviewers contact the respondent at some convenient place
and the time and initiate the investigation through some pre-designed schedule in the
form of questionnaire. Here the investigation questions the respondent in face to face
meeting. Here the information is obtained with the help of structured questionnaire
through direct and in-depth interview of the sample
The main stages of the personal interview are
1)
Location of sampled respondent
2)
Interview with the respondent and
3)
Queries from questionnaire schedule and recording the replies according

to given instructions or format
Reason for the selection of this method

1) There is more degree of reliability, validity and confidence in the
information gathered due to personal interaction between the investigator
and the respondent.
47
2) Ambiguity or vagueness in the questioner, if any, can be removed by the

interview.
3) The language of the interview can be adopted to the ability of education
level of the person interviewed and ass such misinterpretation concerning
can be avoided.
b)
Questionnaire
A Questionnaire is a list of question to be asked from the respondents. It also
contains suitable space where the answer can be recorded.

A questionnaire is a method of obtaining specific information about a defined
problem so that the data after analysis and interpretation, results in a better appreciation
of the problem
Its main function is measured of desired information and is one of the most
common from of measurement in business research. It is a device for securing answers
to questions by using a form which the respondent fills in him.
A)
The content of individual question

This can be done by asking the following questions with respect to each
questions formulated in the questionnaire.

i) Is the questionnaire and pertinent? Does it relate to the objectives of the
study? This will depend on need of the data ability of the question to
produce the data. The information provided by the questions should play a
definite, precise role in analysis and solution of the problem.
ii)
Does the respondent possess the requisite answer the question?
iii)
Is it within the capacity and experience of the respondent to understand

and answer the question?
iv)
Will respondent like to disclose the information? Respondent may not

give any answer if the question may require some prestige or
normative information. Disclosing the self income is such type of
information.
In order to know the purchasing power of respondent, we must know
Income of the respondent. Most of the respondent does not disclose correct
48
earning capacity. So for knowing purchasing power, the following question has
been asked to the respondent
Que. Which of the following do you have? (Tick all that apply)
a. Colour T.V
b. washing machine
c. Refrigerator
d. Personal computer
e. Two-wheeler
f. Water purifier
If the respondents possess at least Colour T.V and two-wheeler it indicates he

has enough purchasing power to by water purifier.
B)
Types of answer / response designed

This implies that whether the questions should be structured or non-structured,
disguised or non-disguised i.e. can these be open, multiple or dichotomous.
a)
Multiple choice questions

These questions list a number of specific alternative answer from which the
respondent can select one or more answer of his choice. Here care should be taken to
avoided overlap among alternative i.e. answer listed must be mutually exclusive. Here
respondent is generally asked to make exactly one choice out of the given responses or
he may be asked to make a choice more then one and give a ranking of his choice.
These questions are faster to administer, suitable for desired statistical analysis,
facilities data processing and eliminates interviewers bias. In present study,
In the present study, (7) seven multiple choice questions have been asked to respondent.
b)
Dichotomous questions
It is an extreme form of multiple choice types. There are only two choices for
the answer of such questions. These questions are quick and easy for the investigators.
In the present study, (3) three dichotomous questions have been asked to respondent.
c)
Scales
49
Likert scale has been used to assess awareness about purified water and to
evaluate peoples attitude about requirement of water purifier.
In Likert scale, a series of statement has given to know to what extent
respondent agree or disagree with statement for instance,
One statement is Buying water purifier means wasteful expenditure.
Strongly
Slightly
Neither agree
Slightly
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Nor Disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Respondent will tick to the point when he agree or disagree with the statement.
5.5
Processing of Data
The data which is gathered in the form of a help of field questionnaire is not
suitable for further analysis and interpretation. These are of no use unless arranged in a
neat and systematic manner.
The information collected may be illegible and inaccurate to certain extent. The
raw data should be presented in summarized, simple and organized form. This can be
done by editing, and coding individual questionnaires, establishing categories in to
which different responses can be classified i. e. classification and finally arrange the
information into rows and columns i.e. tabulation or by representing the data with the
help of diagrams.
Thus data processing consists of there activities
a)
Editing
Raw data have been inspected, Corrected and modified to ensure that
information is available correctly, adequately and relatively.
b)
Coding
Coding refers to assigning of number digit, letter or both to various responses to
enable tabulation of information easy. The purpose coding is to classify the answer to a
question in to meaningful categories, which is essential for tabulation.
50
c)
Tabulation
Tabulation is the orderly arrangement of the data in rows and column. It is the
counting in numbers of cases which fall into established category. Tabulating means
bringing together similar data and totaling them in an accurate and meaningful manner.
These collected data can be shown with the help of graph and diagrams. A
common man generally dislikes numerical statement and has preference and love for
beautiful pictures.
Simple bar chart and pie diagrams have been used to present information.
5.6 Analysis and Interpretation

Analysis implies looking at each group of collection data separately and finding
the key point contained therein. Raw data becomes information only when placed in a
meaningful form. Averages and percentages have been used to convert raw data into
convert row into information. Interpretation involves drawing conclusion from gathered
data.
5.7 Limitation of Present Study

1.
It was not possible to cover all the area / region of Yavatmal

because of far distance location and time limit.
2.
Some respondent showed indifferent attitude to fill in

questionnaire
3.
One or two question in the questionnaire was not properly

answered because respondent were not that much aware about the
fact related to water purification system.
4.
Few of the respondents are not filling up questionnaire because

they do not feel important of knowing quality of drinkable and
requirement of water purifier.
51
5.
Peoples response may change with time. The respondent not

felling importance of water purifier during survey may feel
importance of row-water purifier in future.
CHAPTER - 6
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Keeping objective in view questionnaire has been designed to collect the desired
data. The data collected through the questionnaire is required to be processed to convert
it into useful information. 115 questionnaire was distributed among respondent to know
there perception about the requirement of RO-water purifier and their awareness about
the quality of water they are drinking. Out of 115, 106 respondents cooperate with me
for expressing their view. Out of 106, 100 questionnaires have been selected for the
study. Pie chart and simple bar diagram have been used to represent facts.
52
6.1 Analysis of educational qualification and awareness about purpose

of ro- water purifier
Table 6.1 Showing Educational Qualification
Educational Qualification
Total Response
Percentage of Response
Post Graduate
17
17
Graduate
68
68
Up to H.S.S.C
15
15
Total
100
100
From the above table it is clear that in the total sample 68% respondent are
Graduate, 17% are Post graduate and only 15% are Up to H.S.S.C
Graph G- 6.1 Data Showing: Educational Qualification
53
Table 6.2 Showing awareness about the purpose of RO water purifier
54
Educational Qualification
Post Graduate
Graduate
Up to H.S.S.C
Total
Aware
17
68
6
91
Not Aware
9
9
From analysis, we can say that education qualification may affect awareness about
RO water purifier
Graph G- 6.2: Data Showing: Awareness about purpose of RO Water Purifier
6.2 Purchasing power of respondent

A=
Colour T.V + Refrigerator + Two wheeler + Washing machine + Personal

computer
55
B=
Colour T.V + Refrigerator + Two wheeler + Washing machine
C=
Colour T.V + Refrigerator + Two wheeler
D=
Colour T.V + Refrigerator + Washing machine + Water purifier
E=
Colour T.V + Two wheeler

Table 6.3 Showing Purchasing Power of respondent
Different White goods
No. of persons
22
43
25
Persons having at least color T.V. and two-wheeler indicate their

purchasing power to buy RO water purifier. There is more possibility that person having
color T.V., Two wheeler and refrigetor can take quick decision for buying RO water
purifier. From study, it is also found that number of persons having RO water purifier is
onlt 2.
Graph G-6.3 Data Showing: Purchasing Power of respondent
56
6.3 Different Sources of Drinkable Water

Table 6.4 Showing Different Sources of Drinkable Water
57
Sources of drinkable water
No. of Respondent
Tap water
35
Ground water
18
Both (Tap + Ground)
46
Optional
From
table
it
is
the
above
clear that-
46 % respondents have both tap water and ground water sources.
35 % totally depend on tap water.
18 % totally depend on ground water.
1 % respondent opts for optional resource in case of non- availability of tap

water. These resources are tanker and bottled water. Majority of the respondent
depend on totally tap water may shift to ground water sources in summer.
Graph G 6.4 Data Showing; Different Sources of Drinkable water
58
6.4
Perception of Respondent About Meaning of Drinkable Water

A
Free from contaminations and poisonous substance
59
Tasty
Colorless + Odorless + Tasty
Colorless + Odorless + Free from contaminations and poisonous
substance
E
Colorless + Odorless + Free from contaminations and poisonous
substance + Tasty
Table 6.5 Showing Perception of Respondent about Meaning of Drinkable Water
Perception of Respondent
A
B
C
D
E
Total
No of respondent
3
7
13
24
53
100
From the above table it is clear that
3% respondent agrees with statement that it is free from contaminations and

poisonous substance. They do not concern about Colour and odour.
7% respondents agreed with statement that it is tasty. There perception is that

water has particular taste. If water has particular taste, they consider it is
drinkable water.
24% respondents think drinkable water should be colorless, odourless, and free
from contamination and poisonous substance. They think that water has no taste.
13% respondents think that drinkable water means it is colorless, odourless and
tasty. If these three conditions are satisfied, they consider it drinkable water.
53% respondents consider all factors in deciding meaning of drinkable water.
Graph G- 6.5 Data Showing: Perception of Respondent about

Meaning of Drinkable Water
60
6.5 Means Adopted for Purifying Water

Table 6.6 Showing Means Adopted for Purifying Water
A
Water strainer
61
Water strainer + Boiling (some times)
Water strainer + Alum (some times)
Filter (General)
Other
Mean
No of Respondent
64
20
64 % Uses water strainer to purifier. Because, they think that water strainer
remove all impurities from water.
8 % adopts boiling along with water strainer. They boil drinkable water in rainy
season.
5 % uses sometime alum along with the water strainer. Alum is used to clean
muddy water.
20 % respondent uses filter to purifier. It indicates that they are slightly aware
about quality of Yavatmal water.
3 % uses clearway and other chlorine liquid as an option to purifier water.
Graph G-6.6 Data Showing: Means Adopted for Purifying Water
62
63
6.6Awareness about RO Water Purifier

Table 6.7 Showing Awareness about RO Water Purifier
Respondent Awareness
No of Respondent
Yes
40
No
60
Total
100
40% respondents are aware about the RO water purifier they are also user of
water purifier.
60% respondent not aware about RO water purifier

Graph G-6.7 Data Showing: Awareness about RO Water Purifier
Yes, 40
No, 60
64
6.7 Effective Adevertising Media

Table 6.8 Showing Effective Advertising Media
A
T. V Advertisement
T. V Advertisement + News Paper + Word of Mouth
Word of Mouth
News Paper
Other
Different Media
A
B
C
D
E
Total
No of respondent
52
27
3
5
3
100
52% respondent gets aware about RO water purifier through T.V advertisement.
27% respondent comes to know about RO purifier through news paper, word of
mouth along with T.V advertisement.
3% respondent known about RO water purifier through word of mouth

communication.
5% respondent known about RO water purifier through news paper.
3% respondent knows about RO water purifier through other media like

magazine, internet.
From collected data, I come to know that T.V advertisement is the most effective
media through which persons get aware about RO water purifier.
Graph G- 6.8 Data Showing: Effective Adevertising Media
65
6.8 Different Brand of Water Purifier
66
Aquaguard
Aquaguard + Crystal
Aquaguard + Other
No one
Table 6.9 showing Different Brand of Water Purifier

Different Brands of Water Purifier
No of Respondent
A
B
C
D
80
7
3
10
Total
100
From the abovr table it is clear that
80% respondent know only Aqua guard brand name. The credit goes to T.V
advertisement. Only 10% respondent knows other brand. Out of 10%, 7% knows
crystal brand along with Aqua guard and 3% known other (Novak brand name)
along with Aqua guard.
Only 10% respondent known the purpose of water purifier but unknow about
any brand of water purifier.
Graph G 6. 9 Data Showing: Different Brand of water Purifier
67
6.9 Intention of respondent to buy water purifier

Table 6.10 Showing Intention of respondent to buy water purifier
68
Intention
No of Respondent
Yes
34
No
66
Total
100
Out of 100% respondent only 34% think about buying RO water purifier for
home purpose in near future. 66% still have indifferent attitude towards buying water
purifier.
Graph G 6.10 Data Showing: Intention of Respondent to Buy Water Purifier
6.10 Preferences to Factor of Consideration at the Time of Purchasing
69
Table 6.11 Showing Preferences to factor of consideration at the time of

purchasing
Different Factor
Preference Score
Purifying Ability
275
Durability
304
Technology
376
Price
402
Total
From above analysis, it is cleared that respondent prefer first purifying ability
while buying water purifying. Is the most important factor is making decision about
buying RO water purifier.
Respondent will give second preference to durability.
After these, respondent will rate technology as third preference.
Least important factor will be price while purchasing RO water purifier.
Graph G-6.11 Data Showing: Preference to Different Factor
70
6.11 Number of Persons Known to Other Benefit of Water Purifier
71
Table 6.12 Showing Number of Persons Known Other Benefit of RO Water

Purifier.
Other Benefit of Purified Water
No of Respondent
Yes
No
96
Total
100
96% respondents indicate that purified water can only protect us from water
borne-diseases. It cannot be used for other purposes.
4% respondents indicate that it can be used in cooking.

Graph G 6.12 Data Showing: No of Person Known Other Benefit
6.12 Analysis of Respondents opinion towards Following Statements
72
Strongly
Slightly
Strongly
Agree
Agree
+2
Neither
Agree
nor disagree
+1
Slightly
disagree
-1
disagree
-2
S.1 Chlorination process used for purifying the tap water is capable of
removing all infecting agent (bacteria, protozoa, warms, virus, fungi

etc.)
O
+2
+1
-1
42 Responded +2
30 Responded +1
22 Responded -1
42 X +2
+84
30 X +1
+30
22 X -1
-22
06 X -2
-12
-2
Responded -2
+80
+80
Average response =
= +0.8
100
This is an average response to the statement for the group of 100 persons. It
shows tendencies to agree-side. It means that people think chlorination process can
remove all infecting agent.
S.2 Drinking chlorinated water for prolong time is not harmful .

73
O
+2
+1
30 Responded +2
37 Responded +1
21 Responded -1
12 Responded -2
30 X +2
+60
37 X +1
+37
21 X -1
-21
12 X -2
-24
-1
-2
+52
+52
Average response =
= +0.52
100
While answering this statement, the respondents are between agreed and neither
agrees nor disagrees. Because, respondent are in confusion about harmful effects of
chlorinated water.
S.3 Ground Water (well, spring etc.) is pure for drinking.
74
O
+2
+1
17 People Responded +2
+34
61 X +1
+61
15 X -1
-15
7 X -2
-14
-2
61 People Responded +1
15 People Responded -1
17 X +2
-1
7 Responded -2
+66
+66
Average response
= + 0.66
100
While answering this statement, the respondent are near slightly agree side
(+0.66). The respondents think that ground water is pure for drinking. But they have
minute doubt about it.
S.4 Consuming boiled water for prolonging time is safe.

75
O
+2
+1
-1
67 Responded +2
13 Responded +1
15 Responded -1
3 Responded -2
67 X +2
+134
13 X +1
+13
2X0
00
15 X +1
-15
3 X +2
-6
-2
+126
+126
Average response
+1.26
100
The result lies between strongly agree and agree (+1.26) for the statement. It
means that respondent think consuming boiled water for prolong time is safe.
S.5 Buying water purifier means wasteful expenditure.

76
O
+2
+1
-1
52 Responded -2
16 Responded -1
20 Responded +1
12 Responded +2
52 X -2
-104
16 X -1
-16
20 X -1
+20
12 X -2
+24
-2
-76
-76
Average response
-0.76
100
The average response lies near slightly disagree side (-0.76). It signifies that
respondents do not consider buying RO water purifier as a wasteful expenditure.
S.6 It is necessary to install RO water purifier for purifying water at home.
77
O
+2
+1
-1
27 Responded -2
36 Responded -1
16 Responded +1
21 Responded +2
27 X +2
-54
36 X +1
-36
16 X -1
+16
21 X -2
+42
-2
-32
-32
Average response
-0.32
100
The average response lies near the point neither agree nor discharge side.
Respondents are showing indifferent attitude towards having RO water purifier.
S.7 RO Water purifier need not be installed at public place water supply
(viz. Government office, Railway station, Bus stand, Restaurant).
78
O
+2
+1
80 Responded -2
-1
-2
12 Responded -1
8 Responded +1
80 X +2
-160
12 X +1
-12
8 X -1
+8
+164
+164
Average response
+1.64
100
The average response lies near strongly disagree side. It means that respondent
think that RO water purifier must be installed at public place water supply viz.
restaurant, railway station etc.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions
79
a. Educational qualification may affect awareness about product. (Refer Graph

G-6.1, G-6.2)
b. Drinkable water means water should be potable and palatable. It should be
colorless, oduorless, tasty and free from contamination and poisonous
substance. Many respondents have right perception about drinkable water. At
the same time, there are some respondent are not agreed with all statement.
It means that their perception about drinkable water is not right. (Refer
Graph G-10 and Section 2.2)
c. Most of respondent still resort to water strainer made up of clothe or plastic
net as purified means. Their thinking is that, by using water strainer, they can
get purified water. Some respondent use alum, boiling along with water
strainer as means to get pure water. Some uses filter or chemicals to purify
water. These respondents are slightly aware about the quality of water.
(Refer Graph G-6.5 and section 4.1.1)
d. As per WQI of water reservoirs, ground water is not fit for drinking without
use of proper purification system. Most of the respondent, use ground water
sources can be prospective customer of water purifier. (Refer Graph G-6.4
and Section 3.4)
e. Awareness among respondent about product is generated through T. V
advertisement, newspaper, and worl of mouth communication, magazine,
and internet. But T. V advertisement is most effective media for generating
awareness about product. (Refer Graph G-6.6)
f. Most of respondent known only one brand name i.e. aqua guard. This
awareness is the
result of T.V advertisement. (Refer Graph G-6.6 and G-
6.8)
g. Few respondent show intentions that will buy water purifier in near future.
Most of respondent do not consider it is a desirable goods at home to purify
water.(Refer Graph G-6.7)
h.
Most of respondent think that purified water can only be used to protect
them from water- borne diseases. But purified water because of certain
advantages can also be used for other purpose like rice cooking, dish
cooking, washing vegetable and fruits etc. So awareness among the people
80
about other benefit of purified water is very less (Refer Graph G-6.9 and
Section 4.3)
i. Tendency of respondent about purify of ground water lies toward agree side.
But, they have minute doubt about it. As per drinkable water standards, WQI
of ground water of Yavatmal city is very high and it is not fit for drinking
purpose without proper treatment. (Refer statement S.3 and Section 3.4)
Thus consuming water with high concentration of hazardous substances may
be harmful to human body.From overall discussion, we can say that people are
unaware about quality of water they drink.
j. If the respondent decided to buy RO water purifier, the first priority that they
would give to RO purifying ability. After that they would consider durability
and technology of the product. Price does not matter to them. (Refer Graph
G-11)
Suggestions
1. It is found from the research the growth potential for water purifier is
very high. By generating awareness among people for good health to
survive for long time.
81
2. It is also found that the most of the people are not aware quality of
drinkable water. It is good for marketer of Ro water purifier to
increase awareness programmed of drinkable water.
3. It is good opportunity for marketer to increase adoption rate of RO
water purifier by giving effective demonstration and by providing
information about quality of drinkable water.
4. Most of the respondent thinks that buying of RO water purifier is not
a waistful expenditure. But, they relate their agreed view about water
purifier to the public place water supply. The perception of
respondent is that water in public place like restaurant, offices, bus
station, hospital etc. is not pure for drinking. So, they think that water
purifier must be installed at public places. On the contrary, there
perception is that water they get from different resources is pure for
drinking. So, they possess negative attitude towards having RO water
purifier at home.
5. The AIDA model will be helpful to make the product popular among
customer. First marketer must generate awareness among people
about quality of water they are using for drinking. If the quality of
water is not upon the mark, people will try to find solution for it. This
may create desire about RO water purifier and this desire may lead to
the purchasing of RO water purifier.
Questionnaire
Dear Sir/ Madam,
82
I am conducting a project on topic ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER

AWARENESS ABOUT RO WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL
CITY. It is a part of curriculum which is conducted with prior permission of Amravati
University, Amravati, I kindly request you to fill in the Questionnaire.
Vishal S. Pinjarkar
(MBA II yr)
D.B.A.R.
SSGMCE, Shegaon
1.
Name of the Respondent
_________________________________
2.
Address
_________________________________
_________________________________
3.
Educational Qualifications:
Up to HSSC
Graduate
Post-graduate
4.
Which of the following do you have? (Tick all that apply)

a. Colour TV.
b. Washing Machine
c. Refrigerator
d. Personal computer
e. Two-Wheeler
f. Water purifier
5. What are the sources of drinkable water available to you ?

a. Tap Water
b. Ground water
(Bore well, open well)
c. Both
6.
d. Any other (Please specify ______
Drinkable Water means

a. It is colourless
b. It is testy
c. It is odourless
d. It is free from Contamination
83
e. All of the above

7.
Which is the following do you adopt to purify water daily?

a. Water strainer
b. Alum
c. Boiling
d. Filter
e. Any other
________
e. No one
(Please specify
8.
Are you aware about purpose of water purifier?

a. Yes
9.
b. No
If yes, by which media do you come to know about the purpose of

Water purifier?
a. T.V.Advertisement
c. News Paper
b. Word of mouth communication

d. Any other ____________
(Please specify)
Please Indicate ( ) your opinion as to what extent you agree or disagree with
the following statements.
84
10. Chlorination process used for purifying the tap water is capable of removing
all infecting agent bacteria, protozoa, worms, virus, fungi, etc.
Strongly
Slightly
Neither
Agree Slightly
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Nor disagree
disagree
disagree
11. Drinking chlorinated water for prolong time is not harmful.
Strongly
Slightly
Neither
Agree Slightly
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Nor disagree
disagree
disagree
12. Ground Water (Well, spring, etc) is pure for drinking.
13.
Strongly
Slightly
Neither
Agree Slightly
Agree
Agree
Nor disagree
disagree
Consuming boiled water for prolong time is safe.
Strongly
disagree
Strongly
Slightly
Neither
Agree Slightly
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Nor disagree
disagree
disagree
14. Buying water purifier means wasteful expenditure.
Strongly
Slightly
Neither
Agree Slightly
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Nor disagree
disagree
disagree
15. It is not necessary to install water purifier for purifying water at home.
Strongly
Agree
Slightly
Agree
Neither
Agree Slightly
Nor disagree
disagree
Strongly
disagree
16. Water purifier need not be installed at public place water supply (viz.
Government offices, Railway station, bus stand, Restaurant).
Strongly
Agree
Slightly
Agree
Neither Agree Slightly

Strongly
Nor disagree
disagree
disagree
85
17.
Which brand of water purifier do you know?

a. aquaguard
b. Crystal
c. Any other
d. No one
18.
Are you going to buy water purifier in near future?

a. Yes
b. No
If you want to buy water purifier, which factors will you consider / (Please
rank them 1, 2,3,4,5 as per your preference)
a. Price
b. Purifying ability
19.
c. Technology
e. Any other
d. Durability
__________
(Please specify)
20.
Do you know other benefits of purified water in daily life?

a. Yes
21.
b. No
if yes, please mention it
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Thanking you,
Signature of Respondent
86
Bibliography
1. Raju BSN, Water Supply and Waste engineering, Tata McGraw-hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1996.
2. Mohan I, Environment pollution, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi,
1989.
3. Tripathi A. k and Pandey S.N., Water pollution Ashish Publishing House,
New Delhi 1995.
4. Goel B. S., Marketing Research, Pragati Prekashan 1996.
5. Tull Donald S. and Hawkins Deli, Marketing Research (Measurement and
Method0, Plentic hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi, 2000
6. Arun murthi TVS and Wakde D. G., Research Methodology (For
Management Decision), Principle, SSGMCE., Shegaon.
7. Fokmare Anil K., Studies on Physiological Responses of Micro organism to
Water pollution, ph. D. Thesis
8. Web Sites :
www.feelgoodagain.com
www.who.org
www.waterandyourhealth.com
www.star-machinerty.com
www.clean-india.com
www.nic.co.in
87

MBA Study Water Filter

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

MBA Study Water Filter

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

Two third of our body weight is water (40-45 quarts)

Fig.1.1 Showing Presence of Percentage of water in different organs of human

1.2 Why Does Human Body Need Water?

Elimination: Dissolving waste product of cells, transport of waste out

Absorption: Transport of nutrients into cells for utilization.

Digestion: Component of gastric juices, pancreatic fruits and saliva

Temperature: Component of sweat to help the body maintain a

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

Circulation: Water is part of the blood system holding dissolved

Lubrication: Joints and colon lubricated by fluid.

1.3 Sources of Water and Reliability

(a) Surface Water

(b) Ground water

1.4 Distribution of Water

Ground water which is available in permeable soils (both together comprises

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

1.5 Classification of Water

1.5.1 Natural Water

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

1.5.2 Pure Water

d) Reverse Osmotic Pressure Water

1.6 World Water Facts

According to world health organization, by 2025 the worlds population will

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

70 of water withdrawn from freshwater systems go toward irrigation.

8% of fresh water resources go towards human consumption and sanitation

In 1998, 31 countries faced chronic freshwater shortages. By the year 2025,

According to the UN and the world Health organization. 80% of disease in

1.7 Water Quality Position in India

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

Point sources directly from sewers and effluent discharge

indirectly through long-range atmospheric transport and deposition.

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

2.2 Quality of Pure Water

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

In determining quality of pure water, we can consider two aspects of water.

2.2.1The wholesome water

It is not contaminated and does not cause water-borne disease.

It is free from poisonous substances.

It is free from excessive amount of mineral and organic matter.

a. Free from contamination

b. Free from poisonous substance

c. Mineral and organic matter

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

2.3 Impurities Affecting Quality of Drinkable Water.

Physical impurities (Colour, odour, taste, turbidity, temperature)

Chemical impurities (Ph, Acidity alkalinity, chlorides, sulphates, iron,

Bacteriological impurities like pathogens (disease-producing bacteria)

2.3.1 Physical Impurities

Colour: - Colour is caused by the presence of colloidal substances, aquatic

Temperature: The increase in temperature decreases palatability, because at

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

2.3.2. Chemical Impurities

pH: pH value denotes the acidic or alkaline condition of water. PH value of

Acidity: The acidity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize bases.

Alkality: The alkality of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. It

Hardness: If water consumes excessive soap to produce foam or lather, it is

The Principal hardness causing cautions are calcium, magnesium, strontium,

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMER AWARENESS ABOUT RO-WATER PURIFIER: A STUDY AT YAVATMAL CITY

Chlorides: Chloride is a major constituent of inorganic iron in natural water.

Phosphates: Phosphorus is contained in plants, bones of animals and fertile