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CHAPTER 23 P i l e Dr i v e a b i l i t y Anal ysi s
Carl W. Fenske, P.E., Seni or Geot echni cal Consul t ant
McClelland Engi neer s, I nc . , Houston, Texas
T. J. Hi r s ch, Ph.D., P. E. , Pr of e s s or of Ci v i l Engi neer i ng
Texas A&M Uni ve r s i t y, Col l ege St a t i o n , Texas
INTRODUCTION
The p i l e pe ne t r a t i ons r e qui r e d t o s uppor t t h e de s i gn l oa ds f o r o f f s h o r e
s t r u c t u r e s a r e us ua l l y obt ai ned from u l t i ma t e p i l e c a pa c i t y cur ves devel oped
by comput at i ons based on s o i l c ondi t i ons as det er mi ned by a ge ot e c hni c a l
i n v e s t i g a t i o n ( s e e Chapt er 21) . When t h i s pr ocedur e i n d i c a t e s l a r g e p i l e s
a r e t o be i n s t a l l e d t o s u b s t a n t i a l pe ne t r a t i ons o r t h e s o i l c ondi t i ons a r e
)
such t h a t t h e p i l e s w i l l have t o p e n e t r a t e dense sand l a y e r s o r o t h e r
s t r ong s o i l s , a que s t i on can a r i s e whet her t h e p i l e s can be i n s t a l l e d t o
t h e r e qui r e d pe ne t r a t i on by dr i vi ng onl y. I nf or mat i on t o a s s i s t i n answer-
i ng t h i s que s t i on may be devel oped by a p i l e d r i v a b i l i t y a na l ys i s .
The a n a l y s i s of p i l e d r i v a b i l i t y c o n s i s t s of t h r e e phases o r s t e p s . The
f i r s t s t e p i s t o u s e a n a n a l y s i s based on t h e one- di mensi onal wave equat i on
t o e s t i ma t e t h e r e s i s t a n c e t h a t can be overcome by t h e p a r t i c u l a r hammer-
p i l e - s o i l syst em. The second s t e p ,is t o e va l ua t e t h e s p e c i f i c s o i l con-
d i t i o n s a t t h e l o c a t i o n t o e s t i a a t e t h e r e s i s z a nc e t h a t t h e s c i l w i l l o f f e r
t o t h e f or ced pe ne t r a t i on of t h e p i l e . The t h i r d s t e p is t o compare t h e
r e s i s t a n c e t h e hammer-pi l e-soi l syst em can overcome wi t h t h e r e s i s t a n c e
6
t h a t t h e s o i l can o f f e r i n or de r t o obt a i n a n i n d i c a t i o n whet her t h e p i l e can
be dr i ve n t o t h e de s i r e d pe ne t r a t i on. Engi neer s shoul d be aware t h a t a
d r i v a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s does not n e c e s s a r i l y pr oduce a d e f i n i t e answer t o t h e
p i l e d r i v a b i l i t y ques t i on. Consi der abl e engi neer i ng judgement i s r e qui r e d f o r
a l l t h r e e s t e p s of a d r i v a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s , and ever yone making a d r i v a b i l i t y
a n a l y s i s may not a r r i v e a t e xa c t l y t h e same concl us i ons . A d r i v a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s
shoul d be made f o r each s p e c i f i c combi nat i on of hammer, p i l e and s o i l c ondi t i ons
bei ng cons i der ed f o r a p r o j e c t .
23.2 WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS
The i mpact of a p i l e d r i v e r r a m on a p i l e can be r epr es ent ed f o r a n a l y t i c a l
pur poses by t h e c o a x i a l i mpact of a s h o r t r od and a l ong rod as shown by
Fi g 23. l ( a ) . Thi s r a m i mpact r e s u l t s i n a s t r e s s wave s t a r t i n g from t h e p i l e
head and t r a v e l l i n g down t o t h e p i l e t i p where i t i s r e f l e c t e d upward. Thi s
pr oc e s s c ont i nue s u n t i l a l l ener gy i n t h e f o r c e pul s e i s d i s s i p a t e d . The
ener gy i s d i s s i p a t e d by p l a s t i c s o i l def or mat i on, s o i l damping, i n t e r n a l
ma t e r i a l damping i n t h e p i l e , and ot he r l o s s e s . The mot i on of t h e stress wave
i s de s c r i be d by t h e one- di mensi onal wave e qua t i on shown on Fi g 23. l ( b) .
The i de a of appl yi ng t h e wave equat i on t o p i l e dr i vi ng pos s i bl y was f i r s t
suggest ed by D. V. I s a a c s i n 1931"). A c l os e d form a n a l y t i c a l s ol ut i on of
t h e one-d' imensional wave equat i on f o r a r e a l hammer-pi l e-soi l syst em i s d i f f i -
c u l t i f n o t i mpos s i bl e. I n 1938, a s o l u t i o n a t t r i b u t e d t o E. N. Fox wa s
publ i shed , but t h e s i mpl i f yi ng assumpt i ons neces s ar y t o a c hi e ve t h i s
s o l u t i o n r educed t h e va l ue of t h e s o l u t i o n f o r a r e a l p i l e dr i vi ng problem.
L ' I n t h e 19501s , E. A. L. ~ m i t h ( ~ ) ( ~ ) ( ~ ) devel oped and proposed a step-by-
s t e p f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n t o t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e qua t i on t h a t
coul d be us ed wi t h t h e hi gh-speed d i g i t a l comput er s emerging a t t h a t time.
Thi s s o l u t i o n and t h e r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g a v a i l a b i l i t y of hi gh-speed d i g i t a l
comput er s h a s l e d t o t h e wi des pr ead u s e of t h e one- di mensi onal wave e qua t i on
t o a n a l y z e p r a c t i c a l p i l e d r i v i n g pr obl ems
( 6) ( 7 )
For a wave e qua t i on a n a l y s i s , t h e p i l e d r i v e r ram, c us hi on, d r i v e
c a p, p i l e and s o i l shown on t h e l e f t s i d e of Fi g. 23-2 a r e modeled as shown on
t h e r i g h t s i d e . The ram i s f r e q u e n t l y r e p r e s e n t e d by a c onc e nt r a t e d mass, t h e
cus hi on by a we i g h t l e s s s p r i n g , and t h e dr - i ve cap by a second p o i n t mass. The
p i l e i s di vi de d i n t o segment s, each r e p r e s e n t e d by a p o i n t mass e qua l t o t h e
mass of t h e segment and by a s p r i n g of s t i f f n e s s e qua l t o t h e s t i f f n e s s of t h e
segment .
S o i l r e s i s t a n c e i s modeled by e l a s t i c - p l a s t i c s p r i n g s and da s hpot s a c t i n g
i n p a r a l l e l wi t h t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s s p r i n g s . The l o c a t i o n and u l t i ma t e r e s i s t a n c e
of each of t h e s o i l s p r i n g s i s s p e c i f i e d s o a s t o r e p r e s e n t t h e e s t i ma t e d
d i s t r i b u t i o n and t o t a l v a l u e of t h e s o i l r e s i s t a n c e . The t o t a l s o i l r e s i s t a n c e ,
RU, i s by d e f i n i t i o n t h e u l t i ma t e st at i c s o i l r e s i s t a n c e f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e
p i l e dur i ng d r i v i n g o r i mmedi at el y a f t e r d r i v i n g i s s t opped. Thi s u l t i ma t e
s t at i c s o i l resi st ance dur i ng d r i v i n g c a n be r e l a t e d t o l oad be a r i ng c a p a c i t y
by c ons i de r i ng s o i l "set-up" a f t e r d r i v i n g ceases. I n t h e c a s e of c o h e s i o n l e s s
s o i l , l i t t l e . i f any s et - up can nor mal l y be a n t i c i p a t e d . I n t h e c a s e of c ohe s i ve
s o i l , f a c t o r s of 2 o r 3 f o r set - up ar e n o t uncommon. The set - up f a c t o r i s
r e l a t e d t o s o i l s e n s i t i v i t y and de gr e e of r emol di ng i n f r i c t i o n .
The f ol l owi ng par agr aphs pr e s e nt a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e step-by-
s t e p f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n t o t h e one-di mensi onal wave equat i on proposed
by f o r s i ngl e - a c t i ng s t e a d a i r hammers.
A v a l u e f o r t h e t o t a l s o i l r e s i s t a n c e , RU, i s s e l e c t e d and t h i s r e s i s t -
a nc e i s d i s t r i b u t e d on t h e s i d e and t i p of t h e embedded por t i on of t h e p i l e .
Ca l c ul a t i ons begi n when t h e ram c ont a c t s t h e hammer cushi on. The r a m i s
a s s i gne d a n i ni t i al impact v e l o c i t y which i s based on t h e r a t e d ener gy f o r t h e
hammer, t h e wei ght of t h e r a m and ha mme r e f f i c i e nc y; a l l o t h e r masses a r e
u s u a l l y as s i gned a n i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y of z e r o. A t i m e i n t e r v a l f o r i t e r a t i v e
c a l c u l a t i o n s i s s e l e c t e d. Ca l c ul a t i ons de s c r i bi ng t h e mot i ons of t h e masses
and t h e compr essi ons of t h e s pr i ngs a r e performed a t t i mes cor r espondi ng t o
t h e s e l e c t e d t i me i n t e r v a l s dur i ng t h e ram i mpact event . The i n t e r v a l t o be
used must be small r e l a t i v e t o t h e s h o r t e s t n a t u r a l per i od of o s c i l l a t i o n of
a dj a c e nt spri ng-mass combi nat i ons wi t hi n t h e syst em i n or de r t h a t t h e movements
of t h e segment s can be pr e di c t e d a c c ur a t e l y and that t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s remai n
mat hemat i cal l y s t a b l e ; f o r s t e e l p i l e s t h e t i me i n t e r v a l i s f r e que nt l y on t h e
or de r of 1/5000 s e c f o r a p i l e segment l e n g t h of 8 t o 10 f t .
For one t i me i n t e r v a l , a set of c a l c u l a t i o n s i s performed f o r each mass
o r segment, s t a r t i n g wi t h t h e ram and pr oceedi ng t o t h e p i l e t i p . The c a l -
c u l a t i o n s f o r each mass a r e a s f ol l ows :
1. Ca l c ul a t e t h e new p o s i t i o n of t h e mass by addi ng t h e i n i t i a l
p o s i t i o n a t t h e begi nni ns of t h e t i n e i n t e r v a l t o t h e change i n
p o s i t i o n which i s t h e mass v e l o c i t y mul t i pl i e d by t h e time i n t e r -
v 2 l .
2. Ca l c ul a t e t h e compressi on and f o r c e s i n a l l a dj a c e nt p i l e s p r i n g s ,
s o i l s pr i ngs and das hpot s us i ng t h e a ppr opr i a t e s t i f f n e s s and .
damping c o e f f i c i e n t s .
3 . Ca l c ul a t e t h e n e t f o r c e on t h e mass.
4 . Ca l c ul a t e t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n of t h e mass a s t h e f o r c e di vi de d by
t h e mass.
5. Ca l c ul a t e t h e new v e l o c i t y f o r t h e mass by addi ng t h e pr oduct of
t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n and time i n t e r v a l t o t h e l a s t v e l o c i t y de t e r -
mined.
The c a l c u l a t i o n pr oceeds s e q u e n t i a l l y wi t h t h e c a l c ul a t e d mot i ons and
f o r c e s f o r t h e end of one t i me i n t e r v a l becoming t h e s t a r t i n g poi nt f o r t h e
c a l c u l a t i o n s i n t h e f ol l owi ng i n t e r v a l . The pr oces s cont i nues u n t i l t h e
computed p i l e t i p d e f l e c t i o n r eaches a maximum and begi ns t o de c r e a s e , a t
whi ch t i me t h e wave equat i on a n a l y s i s f o r t h e assumed v a l u e of t o t a l s o i l
r e s i s t a n c e , RU, i s us ua l l y cons i der ed compl et e. Net p i l e pe ne t r a t i on is
u s u a l l y c a l c ul a t e d as t h e maximum gr os s movement of t h e p i l e t i p less t h e
e l a s t i c t i p d e f l e c t i o n . N e t p i l e p e n e t r a t i o n i s us ua l l y cons i der ed as t h e
permanent set of t h e p i l e f o r t h e s i n g l e blow. The i nve r s e of t h e set pe r
blow i s t h e pe ne t r a t i on r a t e , us ua l l y expr essed i n blows per i nc h, o r
blows per f o o t , f o r t h e i n i t i a l l y s e l e c t e d v a l u e of u l t i ma t e s t a t i c s o i l
r e s i s t a n c e , R . I n normal p r a c t i c e , t h e above c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e r epeat ed
u
f o r s e ve r a l va l ue s of R and t h e r e s u l t s a r e summarized on a p l o t of R
u y u
ve r s us Pe ne t r a t i on Rat e (Blows Per Foot ) , c a l l e d a bear i ng gr aph, a s shown
i n Fi g. 23-3. Fi g. 23-3 shows t h a t t h e maximum s o i l r e s i s t a n c e t h a t can be
overcome by t h i s hammer-pi l e-soi l syst em i s about 2900 ki ps and depends t o
some e xt e nt on t h e p i l e pe ne t r a t i on. Because of t h e complex i n t e r r e l a t i o n
between par amet er s, i t ge ne r a l l y i s not w i s e t o a t t e mpt t o e x t r a p o l a t e t h e
e f f e c t s of v a r i a t i o n i n a par amet er from one hammer-pile-soil syst em t o
anot her . Consequent l y, a wave equat i on a n a l y s i s shoul d be performed f o r a
s p e c i f i c hammer-pile-soil syst em us i ng s p e c i f i c va l ue s f o r a s many of t h e
par amet er s a s pos s i bl e . Knowledge o f t h e par amet er s f o r t h e wave equat i on
a n a l y s i s i s i mpor t ant whet her one i s goi ng t o make t h e a n a l y s i s o r onl y
f u r n i s h t h e s p e c i f i c par amet er i nf or mat i on f o r t h e a n a l y s i s .
The i nput par amet er s f o r a wave equat i on a n a l y s i s can be di vi ded i n t o
t h r e e gr oups cor r espondi ng t o t h e t h r e e p a r t s of t h e hammer-pile-soil
syst em. The f ol l owi ng di s c us s i on of t h e p r i n c i p a l par amet er s i s d i r e c t e d
pr i ma r i l y toward t h e syst em used pr edomi nant el y i n of f s hor e c ons t r uc t i on,
namely steam hammers and s t e e l pi pe p i l e s .
Hammer Par amet er s. The p i l e dr i vi ng hammer i s de s c r i be d by (1) t h e
r a t e d hammer ener gy, ( 2) t h e wei ght of t h e r a m o r s t r i k i n g p a r t s , ( 3) t h e
e f f i c i e n c y of t h e hammer, ( 4) t h e wei ght of t h e dr i vehead o r p i l e cap, (5)
t h e capbl ock s pr i ng c ons t a nt , and ( 6) t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s of r e s t i t u t i o n f o r
t h e r a m h i t t i n g t h e capbl ock and f o r t h e p i l e cap- pi l e c ont a c t . The r a t e d
ener gy and t h e ram wei ght are e s t a bl i s he d by t h e make and model of t h e
hammer and may be obt ai ned from manuf act ur er ' s l i t e r a t u r e . I nf or mat i on f o r
some hammers used f o r o f f s h o r e p i l e dr i vi ng i s gi ven i n Tabl e 23-1. The
hammer e f f i c i e n c y , which r e l a t e s t h e a c t u a l ener gy t o t h e r a t e d energy f o r t h e
hammer, depends on t h e c ondi t i on of t h e hammer and t h e ope r a t i ng pr ocedur e a t
t h e t i me of p i l e driv-ing . Hammer e f f i c i e n c y can va r y over a wide r ange and
. .
c ons i de r a bl e exper i ence o r exper i ment al da t a i s needed t o e s t i ma t e it. Spe c i f i c
L '
i nf or mat i on on hammer e f f i c i e nc y us ua l l y i s not a v a i l a b l e when a wave equat i on
a n a l y s i s i s made but i t can be obt ai ned from measurements made i n t h e f i e l d .
dur i ng dr i vi ng ( s e e Chapt er 25) . For hammers wi t h a f i xe d ram s t r o k e , t h e
e f f i c i e n c y pr obabl y i s not g r e a t e r t ha n about 90 per cent even when i n e xc e l l e nt
c ondi t i on and oper at ed pr ope r l y and can be 30 per cent o r l e s s i f t h e hammer i s
i n poor c ondi t i on o r not oper at ed pr ope r l y because of i n s u f f i c i e n t st eam
,
pr e s s ur e a t t h e hammer. Ef f i c i e n c i e s over 100 per cent have been measured f o r
hammers havi ng a v a r i a b l e s t r o k e oper at ed a t less t han maximum s t r oke . Thi s
c a n be a t t r i b u t e d f o r t h i s t ype of hammer t o ove r s t r oke when oper at ed at a
l ower s t r o k e s e t t i n g . The ha mme r e f f i c i e n c y e n t e r s t h e wave equat i on a n a l y s i s
i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e v e l o c i t y of i mpact of t h e ram on t h e p i l e :
-
C
where h = e f f e c t i v e ram s t r o k e ( f o r doubl e a c t i n g o r d i e s e l
hammers t h e a c t u a 1 , p h y s i c a l s t r o k e i s not t h e
e f f e c t i v e s t r o k e ) , L
e = hammer e f f i c i e n c y
g = a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y , L T - ~
Si nc e t h e v e l o c i t y of i mpact f o r t h e ram i s a f unc t i on of t h e s quar e r o o t of
t h e 'hammer e f f i c i e n c y , i t i s not s e n s i t i v e t o small changes i n e f f i c i e n c y .
Most wave equat i on a na l ys e s a r e made us i ng hammer e f f i c i e n c i e s of 60 t o 70
per cent unl e s s t h e r e i s s p e c i f i c knowledge of a more r e a l i s t i c v a l u e f o r a
p a r t i c u l a r hammer.
The d r i v e cap used wi t h any t ype o r model hammer can var y dependi ng on
t h e t ype and s i z e of p i l e t o be dr i ve n and on c ont r a c t or pr e f e r e nc e s . Con-
s e que nt l y, i t i s p r e f e r a b l e t h a t a wave equat i on a n a l y s i s be made us i ng s p e c i f i c
c 1 i nf or mat i on f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r d r i v e cap t h a t is t o be used t o i n s t a l l t h e
p i l e s . The cushi on used wi t h a gi ven hammer a l s o i s va r i a bl e . The area and
t hi c kne s s of t h e cushi on and t h e cushi on ma t e r i a l used i s a f unc t i on t o some
e xt e nt of t h e d r i v e cap used but a l s o may depend on c ont r a c t or pr e f e r e nc e s .
The pr i mar y pur pose of t h e cushi oni ng material i n t h e d r i v e cap i s t o
l i mi t i mpact s t r e s s e s i n t h e p i l e and i n t h e hammer. I n doi ng t h i s , however,
a c e r t a i n amount of t h e i mpact ener gy i s absor bed in nonl i ne a r def or mat i on of
t h e cushi on material. I n t h e i d e a l i z a t i o n of t h e cushi on material, t h e l oad-
def or mat i on behavi or can be r e pr e s e nt e d by two s t r a i g h t l i n e s wi t h d i f f e r e n t
s l ope s a s shown i n Fi g. 23-4. The s l o p e of t h e l oadi ng l i n e i s c a l l e d t h e
s pr i ng c ons t a nt of t h e capbl ock which can be c a l c ul a t e d by:
f
where
-1
k = s pr i ng c ons t a nt of cus hi on, FL
A = c r os s - s e c t i ona l a r e a of cus hi on, L
2
t = t hi c kne s s of cushi on, L
-2
E = dynamic modulus of e l a s t i c i t y of cushi on material, FL
The s l o p e of t h e unl oadi ng l i n e i s e qua l t o t h e s pr i ng c ons t a nt di vi de d by t h e
s qua r e of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of r e s t i t u t i o n . I f t h e cushi on i n t h e d r i v e cap
c o n s i s t s of more t ha n one ma t e r i a l , t he n t h e s pr i ng c ons t a nt of t h e cushi on
i s obt ai ned by :
where n = t h e number of cushi oni ng ma t e r i a l s i n t h e capbl ock.
The va l ue s of k e t c . a r e computed us i ng t h e dynamic modulus of e l a s t i c i t y ,
1 '
E, and t h e t hi c kne s s , t , f o r each of t h e ma t e r i a l s i n t h e cushi on. As f o r . t h e
d r i v e cap wei ght , i t i s p r e f e r a b l e t h a t a wave equat i on a n a l y s i s be made us i ng
i nf or mat i on f o r t h e s p e c i f i c cushi on t h a t wi l l be used. The s p e c i f i c i nf or mat i on
r e qui r e d i s t h e a r e a and t hi c kne s s of t h e cushi on and t h e dynamic modulus of
e l a s t i c i t y and c o e f f i c i e n t of r e s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e cushi oni ng ma t e r i a l . Dynamic
modulus of e l a s t i c i t y and c o e f f i c i e n t of r e s t i t u t i o n va l ue s f o r some t y p i c a l
cus hi on ma t e r i a l s a r e gi ven in Tabl e 23.2; a d d i t i o n a l i nf or mat i on on t h e s e
cus hi on par amet er s i s gi ven i n Chapt er 25. For most of f s hor e p i l e s , t h e d r i v e
cap r e s t s d i r e c t l y on t h e t op of t h e p i l e . Because n e i t h e r t h e d r i v e cap
nor t h e p i l e t op a r e p e r f e c t l y smooth, because t h e d r i v e cap may n o t s i t
s qua r e l y on t h e p i l e t op and because of t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y , t h e r e wi l l be
some ener gy l o s s e s a t t h i s poi nt dur i ng dr i vi ng t h a t can be approxi mat ed by
us i ng a c o e f f i c i e n t of r e s t i t u t i o n of about 0. 9.
P i l e Par amet er s. The f ol l owi ng i n or mat i on i s r e qui r e d t o d e f i n e a pi pe
p i l e i n a wave equat i on a n a l y s i s : (1) p i l e di amet er ; ( 2) s chedul e of wa l l
t hi c kne s s v a r i a t i o n and l e ngt h of each wa l l t hi c kne s s ; ( 3) modulus of e l a s t i c i t y
and u n i t wei ght of t h e p i l e ' ma t e r i a l ; and ( 4) l e ngt hs of t h e i n i t i a l p i l e
s e c t i o n and each add-on. For t h e i de a l i z e d p i l e as shown on Fi g. 23-2, t h e
p i l e is di vi de d i n t o segment s which shoul d be appr oxi mat el y t h e s a me l e ngt h.
The segment l e ngt h shoul d be on t h e or de r of 8 t o 10 f t f o r a s t e e l p i l e .
Thi s means t h a t t h e number of p i l e s e c t i o n s i s pr opor t i ona l t o t h e p i l e l e ngt h.
The st ep-by-st ep f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s o l u t i o n of t h e wave equat i on may become
u n s t a b l e i f t h e segment l e ngt h i s made t oo l ong, whi l e a s h o r t e r segment
l e n g t h j u s t adds t o t h e number of segments and t her eby t o t h e computing t i me.
0
An o f f s h o r e p i l e us ua l l y has a c ons i de r a bl e l e ngt h above t h e s o i l s ur f a c e .
The p o s i t i o n of t h e s o i l s u r f a c e shoul d be t aken i n t o account i n di vi di ng t h e
p i l e i n t o segment s. The l e ngt h of a n o f f s h o r e p i l e us ua l l y i s i nc r e a s e d i n
s e c t i o n s , o r add-ons, as i t i s bei ng dr i ve n. The p i l e f o r a wave equat i on
a n a l y s i s shoul d i nc l ude t hos e s e c t i o n s t h a t would be i n pl a c e f o r a gi ven p i l e
pe ne t r a t i on. The wei ght of t h e p i l e and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of w a l l t hi c kne s s e s
c a n have a ve r y s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t in t h e maximum r e s i s t a n c e t h a t can be
overcome by a gi ven hammer-pile-soil syst em as det er mi ned by a wave equat i on
a n a l y s i s . Consequent l y, i t i s i mpor t ant f o r a d r i v a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s t h a t t h e
p i l e used i n t h e wave equat i on a n a l y s i s i s s i mi l a r i n make-up t o t h e a c t u a l
p i l e that wi l l be dr i ve n.
S o i l Par amet er s. The par amet er s in a wave equat i on a n a l y s i s t h a t a r e
r e l a t e d t o t h e s o i l i nc l ude t h e f ol l owi ng: ( 1) t h e e l a s t i c ground compr essi on,
commonly r e f e r r e d t o as quake, on t h e s i d e s and at t h e t i p of t h e p i l e ; ( 2) t h e
damping c ons t a nt on t h e s i d e and a t t h e t i p of t h e p i l e ; ( 3) t h e t o t a l s t a t i c s o i l
r e s i s t a n c e t o dr i vi ng f o r t h e p i l e ; and ( 4) t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e t o t a l s t a t i c
s o i l r e s i s t a n c e t o d r i v i n g between t h e s i d e and t h e t i p of t h e p i l e . For t h e
i de a l i z e d p i l e shown on Fi g. 23-2, t h e f i r s t two par amet er s a r e r e pr e s e nt e d by
t h e s pr i ng and dashpot shown on t h e s i d e of each el ement below ground l i n e and a t
t h e p i l e t i p . The l oad- def or mat i on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e i de a l i z e d s o i l s pr i ng
i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fi g. 23-5(a). The s pr i ng can deform e l a s t i c a l l y t o a maximum
def or mat i on, 0, a f t e r which t h e r e i s no a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e from cont i nued
def or mat i on. The v a l u e of Q i s t h e quake which i s t h e f i r s t s o i l par amet er
gi ven above. The maximum s t a t i c r e s i s t a n c e f o r t h e s i d e of each p i l e el ement and
f i a t t h e p i l e t i p i s obt ai ned from t h e l ast two s o i l par amet er s l i s t e d above.
Wi t h t h e maximum s t a t i c r e s i s t a n c e e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e s pr i ng c ons t a nt f o r t h e .
s o i l s pr i ng a t t h e s i d e of each p i l e el ement and a t t h e t i p i s gi ven by:
where k = s o i l s pr i ng c ons t a nt , FL-I
R = maximum s t a t i c s o i l r e s i s t a n c e a t s i d e of
p i l e el ement o r p i l e t i p , F
Q = s o i l quake, L
The dashpot i n p a r a l l e l wi t h t h e s pr i ng a t t h e s i d e of each el ement and a t t h e
p i l e t i p i s i ncl uded t o account f o r t h e dynamic, o r ve l oc i t y- r e l a t e d, e f f e c t s
on t h e s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e of t h e s o i l s pr i ng and
I
dashpot under dynamic l oad i s i l l u s t r a t e d on Fi g. 21- 5( b) The r e s i s t a n c e of
t h e dashpot i s assumed t o be d i r e c t l y pr opor t i ona l t o t h e v e l o c i t y of t h e
a s s oc i a t e d segment dur i ng t h e di spl acement . Because of t h e d i r e c t p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y
t o v e l o c i t y , t h i s r e s i s t a n c e w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o h e r e as l i n e a r vi s c ous damping.
The r e l a t i o n between t h e dynamic s o i l r e s i s t a n c e a t t h e s i d e of a p i l e el ement
o r a t t h e p i l e t i p i s gi ven by:
where
Rd = dynamic s o i l r e s i s t a n c e , F
Rs = s t a t i c s o i l r e s i s t a n c e , F
-1
J = s o i l damping c ons t a nt , TL
- 1
V = v e l o c i t y of t h e p i l e el ement , LT
I nf or mat i on on t h e v a r i a t i o n of va l ue s f o r s o i l quake, Q , and t h e s o i l
damping, J , f o r va r i ous s o i l t ype s and c ondi t i ons i s not e xt e ns i ve and i s .
s t i l l t h e s ubj e c t of much s t udy. Thi s i nf or mat i on i s ge ne r a l l y obt ai ned by
f u l l - s c a l e p i l e l oad t e s t s where t h e r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng dr i vi ng i s measured
by o r e xt r a pol a t e d from t h e l oad t e s t r e s u l t s . Wave equat i on a na l ys e s a r e
made wi t h var yi ng va l ue s f o r quake and damping t o det er mi ne t hos e va l ue s
which g i v e t h e be s t agreement wi t h t h e measured r e s i s t a n c e t o dr i vi ng and
t h e obser ved r a t e of pe ne t r a t i on f o r t h e p i l e . A h i s t o r i c a l summary of
quake and damping va l ue s i s gi ven i n Tabl e 23-3
( 5) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10) ( 11) ( 12) . Values
of damping pr es ent ed i n t h i s t a b l e a r e f o r l i n e a r vi s c ous damping a s des cr i bed
above. Care must be used i n s e l e c t i n g va l ue s of quake and damping from
s our c e s such a s t hos e used f o r Tabl e 23. 3. The quake and damping va l ue s
from a gi ven s our c e shoul d be used t oge t he r because bot h va l ue s pr obabl y
wer e used i n t h e i r development from f i e l d tests. The va l ue s of quake and
damping f o r each s our ce on Tabl e 23. 3 depend t o some e xt e nt on t h e s o i l
and p i l e c ondi t i on f o r which t hey were devel oped. For example, t h e va l ue s
of quake and damping devel oped by Roussel ( I 2) were from a na l ys e s of
d r i v i n g d a t a f o r l a r g e , hi gh- capaci t y o f f s h o r e pi pe p i l e s i n t h e Gulf of
Mexico. Because t h e t i p r e s i s t a n c e f o r t h e s e p i l e s i s small r e l a t i v e t o
t h e s i d e r e s i s t a n c e , hal vi ng o r doubl i ng of t h e r e por t e d damping va l ue s a t
t h e t i p pr obabl y would not have s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d t h e c o r r e l a t i o n .
Consequent l y, t h e va l ue s f o r quake and damping proposed by Roussel may
n o t be s u i t a b l e f o r s ma l l e r , s h o r t e r p i l e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y where t h e r e s i s -
t a n c e i s pr i ma r i l y i n end bear i ng.
Resear cher s a r e publ i s hi ng l a bor a t or y t e s t r e s u l t s ( I 3) pr e s e nt i ng s o i l
damping va l ue s based on nonl i ne a r damping not d i r e c t l y pr opor t i ona l t o
C
t o v e l o c i t y . Care shoul d be t aken i n us i ng t h e s e va l ue s because most
computer programs would need modi f i c a t i on t o handl e them pr oper l y. I n
a d d i t i o n , most of t he s e nonl i ne a r vi s c ous damping va l ue s have not been
c o r r e l a t e d wi t h l oad t e s t r e s u l t s . Engi neer i ng j udgme nt shoul d be used t o
s e l e c t va l ue s f o r quake and damping t h a t a r e most a ppr opr i a t e f o r t h e p i l e
and s o i l c ondi t i ons bei ng anal yzed and t h e wave equat i on a n a l y s i s computer
program bei ng used.
23. 3 RESISTANCE TO DRI VI NG OFFERED BY SOIL
The second s t e p i n a d r i v a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s i s t o estimate t h e r e s i s t a n c e t h e
s o i l wi l l overcome when a p i l e i s f or c e d i n t o t h e ground by blows from t h e
d r i v i n g hammer. The s t a r t i n g poi nt f o r t h e e s t i ma t i on can be an u l t i ma t e
p i l e c a pa c i t y cur ve devel oped from a ge ot e c hni c a l i nve s t i ga t i on. Proce-
dur e s f o r computing u l t i ma t e p i l e capaci t y( 14) ( 15) ( a l s o s e e Chap. 21) a r e
semi - empi r i cal i n n a t u r e and are based on c o r r e l a t i o n s wi t h r e s u l t s from
p i l e l oad t e s t s made s e v e r a l days a f t e r t h e p i l e s were i n s t a l l e d . For many
s o i l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y cohes i ve s o i l s , t h e u l t i ma t e p i l e c a pa c i t y s e v e r a l days
a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n can b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t han t h e u l t i ma t e c a pa c i t y
dur i ng dr i vi ng and i mmedi at el y a f t e r dr i vi ng s t ops . Thi s i s i l l u s t r a t e d by
t h e l oa d t e s t r e s u l t s
(16)
shown on Fi g. 23-6 which show measured i nc r e a s e s i n
p i l e c a pa c i t y wi t h t i me f o r s t e e l f r i c t i o n p i l e s i n cohes i ve s o i l s . These
r e s u l t s s ugges t that t h e u l t i ma t e c a pa c i t y of a f r i c t i o n p i l e i n c l a y s is not
obt ai ned u n t i l a month o r more a f t e r dr i vi ng. There a r e ot he r s o i l s , ge ne r a l l y
c ohe s i onl e s s s o i l s , t h a t e x h i b i t r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e change i n u l t i ma t e
c a pa c i t y wi t h t i me a f t e r dr i vi ng. One method t o e s t i ma t e t h e r e s i s t a n c e
of f e r e d by t h e s o i l dur i ng p i l e dr i vi ng from t h e u l t i ma t e p i l e c a pa c i t y
some t i me a f t e r dr i vi ng i s t o e va l ua t e t h e e f f e c t s of dr i vi ng on t h e com-
ponent s of t h e s t a t i c p i l e c a pa c i t y which a r e t h e f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e on t h e s i d e
and t h e end bear i ng on t h e t i p of t h e p i l e .
L '
Si de Fr i c t i o n . The p i l e - s o i l s t a t i c f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e can change
dur i ng d r i v i n g and a f t e r dr i vi ng ha s ceas ed. The magni t ude of t h i s change .
depends t o some e xt e nt on t h e t ype of t h e s o i l . For p i l e s i n sand, t h e
s t a t i c r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng dr i vi ng us ua l l y i s assumed t o be equal t o t h e
s t a t i c r e s i s t a n c e s e v e r a l weeks a f t e r dr i vi ng. There i s some f i e l d evi -
dence of t h i s because when t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t del ay i n dr i vi ng a p i l e i n
sand, t h e r a t e of pe ne t r a t i on f o r t h e p i l e f r e que nt l y i s about t h e same a f t e r
t h e de l a y as it was j u s t be f or e t h e de l a y.
For many c l a y s , t h e s t a t i c f r i c t i o n r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng dr i vi ng may be
s i g n i f i c a n t l y less t ha n t h e s t a t i c f r i c t i o n r e s i s t a n c e a few weeks o r some-
t i mes even hour s, a f t e r dr i vi ng. To i l l u s t r a t e t h i s , cons i der Fi g. 23-7
which shows t y p i c a l i n s i t u and remolded s t r e n g t h p r o f i l e s f o r a normal l y-
[ '
c ons ol i da t e d cl ay. During d r i v i n g of a l ong o f f s h o r e p i l e , t h e c l a y can be
remolded al most compl et el y dur i ng cont i nuous dr i vi ng. The r e duc t i on i n
f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e a t a gi ven dept h pr obabl y is a f unc t i on of t h e l e ngt h
of p i l e that ha s passed that dept h a s suggest ed by t h e " f r i c t i o n f a t i g u e "
t he or y proposed by ~eerema' ' ' ). However, u n t i l t h e r e a r e methods t o
e va l ua t e t h i s , t h e s t a t i c r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng d r i v i n g of l ong of f s hor e p i l e s
i n c l a y s can be es t i mat ed by assuming t h e c l a y s t o be compl et el y remolded.
Af t e r dr i vi ng c e a s e s , t h e p i l e - s o i l f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e f o r many c l a y s
i nc r e a s e s u n t i l i t appr oaches, a f t e r a few weeks, t h e s t a t i c r e s i s t a n c e a s
es t i mat ed by one of t h e comput at i onal pr ocedur es f o r u l t i ma t e p i l e c a pa c i t y.
Thi s can pr oduce t h e d i f f e r e n t p i l e c a p a c i t i e s shown on Fi g. 23-8. The
r a t i o of t h e f i n a l c a pa c i t y t o t h e s o i l r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng dr i vi ng i s c a l l e d
. .
s o i l "set -up. " I nf or mat i on from a l i mi t e d number of t e s t s on f u l l - s c a l e
C , - ) p i l e s dr i ve n i n c l a y i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e magni t ude of t h e "set-up" may be
on t h e or de r of t h e r a t i o of t h e undi s t ur bed t o t h e remolded s o i l s he a r
s t r e n g t h , r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e c l a y. Thi s l e nds some
cr edence t o t h e us e of t h e remolded s he a r s t r e n g t h of c l a y s t o e s t i ma t e t h e
f r i c t i o n r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng dr i vi ng i n c l a ys .
End Bear i ng. End bear i ng r e s i s t a n c e t o d r i v i n g of a p i l e pr obabl y i s
r e l a t e d t o t h e undi s t ur bed s he a r s t r e n g t h of t h e s o i l , and u n i t end bear i ng
r e s i s t a n c e can be computed on t h i s assumpt i on. The pri mary v a r i a b l e i n t h e
end bear i ng r e s i s t a n c e i s t h e e f f e c t i v e end a r e a . For p i l e s wi t h s o l i d
c r os s - s e c t i ons o r wi t h end c l os ur e s , t h e e f f e c t i v e end a r e a i s t h e gr os s
end a r e a . Most o f f s h o r e p i l e s , however, a r e s t e e l pi pe s dr i ve n wi t h open
ends. I n t h e i n i t i a l d r i v i n g , t h i s p i l e t ype us ua l l y wi l l "core" t h e s o i l
so t h a t t h e s o i l s u r f a c e i n s i d e and o u t s i d e t h e p i l e a r e a t about t h e same
l e v e l . The end bear i ng i n t h i s c a s e is onl y on t h e c r os s - s e c t i ona l end
a r e a of t h e pi pe walls. When t h e p i l e i s dr i ve n t o g r e a t e r pe ne t r a t i ons o r
pos s i bl y when i t encount er s a s t r onge r ma t e r i a l such a s sand o r har d c l a y ,
t h e p i l e may "plug" so t h a t t h e s o i l i n s i d e t h e p i l e moves wi t h t h e p i l e a s
i t moves downward. Wi t h t h e pr e s e nt s t a t e of t h e ar t , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o
p r e d i c t when a p i l e wi l l pl ug, but i t pr obabl y i s t r u e t h a t a deep-
pe ne t r a t i ng p i l e wi l l r each r e f u s a l t o dr i vi ng wi t hi n a few f e e t a f t e r i t
pl ugs . Duri ng cont i nuous dr i vi ng i n c l a y , l a r g e di amet er pi pe p i l e s a r e
n o t l i k e l y t o pl ug. I f dr i vi ng c e a s e s f o r s e v e r a l hour s o r days, however,
a pl ug can f or m due t o s o i l set - up.
It can be s een from t h e above di s c us s i on t h a t t h e r e i s no uni que
r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng dr i vi ng f o r a p i l e . We can, however, t a ke t h e s o i l
L '
i nf or mat i on and devel op es t i mat ed r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng dr i vi ng f o r s e v e r a l
c ondi t i ons that coul d devel op dur i ng t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n . Curve 1 on Fi g.
23-9 i s t h e es t i mat ed r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng cont i nuous dr i vi ng. Thi s cur ve i s
obt ai ned by computing s i d e f r i c t i o n in c l a y s us i ng remolded s he a r s t r e n g t h s ,
s i d e f r i c t i o n i n sands us i ng t h e s t a t i c s i d e f r i c t i o n , and t h e end bear i ng
on t h e p i l e wa l l end a r e a (no pl ug) . There i s no r e l i a b l e way t o d i s t i n g u i s h
between t h e f r i c t i o n on t h e o u t s i d e of t h e p i l e from t h a t from t h e s o i l
column i n s i d e t h e p i l e . The pr ocedur e f o r e s t i ma t i ng s i d e f r i c t i o n gi ven
above us i ng t h e o u t s i d e s u r f a c e a r e a of t h e p i l e i s consi der ed t o r e pr e s e nt
t h e combined s i d e - f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e f o r t h e p i l e dur i ng cont i nuous
d r i v i n g . Curve 2 on Fi g. 23-9 i s t h e es t i mat ed r e s i s t a n c e dur i ng dr i vi ng
i f t h e p i l e pl ugs so t h a t t h e s o i l i n s i d e t h e p i l e moves downward wi t h t h e
p i l e . Thi s c ur ve i s obt ai ned by us i ng t h e same s i d e f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e
a s f o r Curve 1 but wi t h end be a r i ng on t h e gr os s end a r e a of t h e p i l e .
Curve 3 on Fi g. 23-9 i s t h e computed u l t i ma t e compr essi ve c a pa c i t y f o r t h e
p i l e and i s a n e s t i ma t e of t h e r e s i s t a n c e t o dr i vi ng a f t e r a l ong de l a y i n t h e
dr i vi ng. Curves 1 and 3 on Fi g. 23-9, t h e r e f o r e , r e pr e s e nt t h e r ange of
es t i mat ed r e s i s t a n c e t o dr i v2ng t h a t mi ght be encount er ed i n t h e i n s t a l -
l a t i o n of a p i l e by dr i vi ng.
INTERPRETATION OF DRIVABILITY
The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of d r i v a b i l i t y c o n s i s t s of comparing t h e r e s i s t a n c e t h a t
can be overcome by a gi ven hammer-soi l -pi l e syst em t o t h e r e s i s t a n c e t h a t
t h e s o i l w i l l o f f e r t o p i l e pe ne t r a t i on. One method t o i n t e r p r e t d r i v a b i l i t y
i s i l l u s t r a t e d on Fi g. 23-9. Curves 1, 2 and 3 r e pr e s e nt t h e es t i mat ed
r e s i s t a n c e t h a t t h e s o i l w i l l o f f e r t o p i l e dr i vi ng under d i f f e r e n t c ondi t i ons
d?
and ci r cumst ances t h a t mi ght be encount er ed dur i ng t h e p i l e i n s t a l l a t i o n .
I nf or mat i on on t h e r e s i s t a n c e that can be overcome by t h e hammer-pile-soil .
syst em i s pr es ent ed on Fi g. 23-3. Because of damage t o t h e pi l e - dr i vi ng
hammer and o t h e r equipment wi t h har d d r i v i n g , most hammer manuf act ur er s and
consequent l y p i l e i n s t a l l a t i o n c o n t r a c t o r s w i l l pl a c e a l i mi t t o t h e number
of blows pe r f o o t of p i l e pe ne t r a t i on a t which t hey w i l l c ont i nue t o ope r a t e
hammers f o r any g r e a t per i od of t i me. I f t h e assumpt i on i s made t h a t t h i s
l i mi t i s 200 blows per f o o t , va l ue s f o r t h e g r e a t e s t r e s i s t a n c e t h a t can be
overcome by t h e p a r t i c u l a r hammer-pile-soil syst em a t d i f f e r e n t de pt hs can
be obt ai ned by t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e l i n e f o r 200 blows pe r f o o t wi t h t h e
c ur ve s on Fi g. 23-3. These va l ue s a r e p l o t t e d a t t h e r e s p e c t i v e de pt hs on
Fi g. 23-9 and a r e used t o c ons t r uc t t h e dashed l i n e r e pr e s e nt i ng t h e t r e nd
C
wi t h p i l e pe ne t r a t i on f o r t h e r e s i s t a n c e t h a t can be overcome by t h e
hammer-pi l e-soi l syst em used f o r t h e wave e qua t i on a na l ys i s . Thi s t r end
l i n e i n t e r s e c t s Curve 3 at a pe ne t r a t i on of about 210 f t and Curve 1 a t a
pe ne t r a t i on of about 330 f t . Thi s i mmedi at el y i n d i c a t e s two f a c t o r s concer ni ng
p i l e d r i v a b i l i t y . The f i r s t i s t h a t t h e r e shoul d be no problem f o r t h i s
hammer t o d r i v e t h i s p i l e a t ' t h i s l o c a t i o n t o a pe ne t r a t i on of about 210
f t . The second f a c t i s t h a t even under t h e be s t ci r cumst ances it may not
be pos s i bl e t o d r i v e t h i s p i l e wi t h t h i s hammer t o a pe ne r r a t i on more t han
about 330 f t . For p i l e pe ne t r a t i ons between 210 and 330 f t , p i l e d r i v a b i l i t y
i s l e s s d e f i n i t e because t h e pe ne t r a t i on t o which t h e p i l e can be dr i ve n
nay depend on f a c t o r s t ha t a r e not e a s i l y pr e di c t a bl e .
One f a c t o r t h a t i s not e a s i l y p r e d i c t a b l e i s pl uggi ng of t h e p i l e .
Ther e i s ver y l i t t l e i nf or mat i on a v a i l a b l e a t t h i s t i me t o p r e d i c t wi t h any
I '
c e r t a i n t y i f a p i l e w i l l pl ug dur i ng d r i v i n g o r t h e dept h a t which it
mi ght pl ug. The t r e nd l i n e i n t e r s e c t s Curve 2 a t a pe ne t r a t i on of about
305 f t which i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t may not be p o s s i b l e t o d r i v e a p i l e below
t h i s pe ne t r a t i on i f t h e p i l e shoul d pl ug. Whi l e t h e e f f e c t of t h e p i l e
pl uggi ng on t h e pe ne t r a t i on t o which t h e p i l e can be dr i ve n i s r e l a t i v e l y
minor f o r t h e hammer-pi l e-soi l syst em of Fi g. 23-9, t h e e f f e c t i s more
s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e syst em shown on Fi g. 23-10. The i nf or mat i on on Fi g.
23-10 would i n d i c a t e that t h e p i l e would r e a c h r e f u s a l al most i mmedi at el y
i f i t pl ugs a f t e r t h e t i p e n t e r s t h e sand l a y e r found a t a pe ne t r a t i on of
about 240 f t .
A second f a c t o r t h a t may not be p r e d i c t a b l e i s t h e number and l e ngt h
of any de l a ys dur i ng t h e p i l e i n s t a l l a t i o n . I f t h e r e i s a de l a y dur i ng
d r i v i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e p i l e i s bei ng dr i ve n i n pr edomi nat el y c l a y a s
t h e c a s e f o r Fi g. 23-9, t h e r e s i s t a n c e of t h e s o i l t o t h e p i l e pe ne t r a t i on
w i l l t end t o i nc r e a s e from t h a t i ndi c a t e d by Curve 1 t owards t h e r e s i s t a n c e
i ndi c a t e d by Curve 3 . A s t h e pe ne t r a t i on f o r t h e t r e nd l i n e f o r t h e g r e a t e s t
r e s i s t a n c e that can be overcome by t h e hammer-pi l e-soi l syst em i nc r e a s e s
below t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e t r e nd l i n e and Curve 3 t owar ds Curve 1, t h e
p e n e t r a t i o n t o which t h e p i l e can be dr i ve n becomes more s us c e pt i bl e t o t h e
l e n g t h of any de l a y dur i ng dr i vi ng. Long o f f s h o r e p i l e s a r e dr i ve n i n
s e c t i o n s and t h e r e a r e de l a ys i n dr i vi ng a s t h e s e c t i ons a r e st abbed and
welded ont o t h e dr i ve n por t i on of t h e p i l e . These de l a ys a r e neces s ar y and
whi l e t h e number i s known, t h e l e ngt hs a r e n o t . The i nf or mat i on such as t h a t
pr es ent ed on Fi g. 23-9 and 23-10 may be used t o pl a n t h e l o c a t i o n s of t h e
p i l e add-ons t o mi ni mi ze t h e e f f e c t s of t h e neces s ar y de l a ys . Thi s i nf or -
mat i on a l s o can be used t o make a n e va l ua t i on of t h e pos s i bl e e f f e c t s of
'
unf or eseen de l a ys due t o weat her , equipment breakdowns and ot he r caus es .
A second method t o i n t e r p r e t d r i v a b i l i t y i s i l l u s t r a t e d on Fi g. 23-11
which pr e s e nt s t h r e e cur ves of es t i mat ed dr i vi ng r a t e i n blows per f o o t of
pe ne t r a t i on ve r s us p i l e pe ne t r a t i on. These cur ves were obt ai ned from t h e
es t i mat ed r e s i s t a n c e t o dr i vi ng of f e r e d by t h e s o i l gi ven i n Fi g. 23-9
and t h e r e s i s t a n c e t h a t can be overcome by t h e hammer-pile-soil syst em
gi ve n i n Fi g. 23-3. The l ower cur ve on Fi g. 23-11 wa s devel oped by obt ai n-
i ng va l ue s f o r t h e est i mat ed r e s i s t a n c e of f e r e d by t h e s o i l a t va r i ous
pe ne t r a t i ons from Curve 1 on Fi g. 23-9 and us i ng t h e s e va l ue s t o obt a i n
es t i mat ed dr i vi ng r a t e s a t t h e pe ne t r a t i ons from t h e cur ves on Fi g. 23-3.
The ot he r two cur ves on Fi g. 23-11 wer e devel oped i n a similar manner us i ng
Curves 2 and 3 on Fi g. 23-9.
The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of d r i v a b i l i t y us i ng i nf or mat i on a s pr es ent ed on
Fi g. 23-11 i s s i mi l a r t o t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n us i ng i nf or mat i on a s pr es ent ed
on Fi g. 23-9. Assuming t h a t a dr i vi ng r a t e of 200 blows per f o o t r epr e-
s e n t s t h e dr i vi ng l i mi t , i t may be seen on Fi g. 23-11 t h a t t h e r e shoul d be
no problem t o d r i v e t h e p i l e t o a pe ne t r a t i on of about 210 f t . It a l s o can
be seen t h a t i t may be d i f f i c u l t , even under t h e be s t c ondi t i ons , t o d r i v e
t h e p i l e t o a pe ne t r a t i on much g r e a t e r t ha n about 330 f t . I n between t h e s e
two dept hs , t h e pe ne t r a t i on t o which t h e p i l e can be dr i ve n w i l l depend on
whet her t h e p i l e pl ugs , on t h e dur a t i on of any de l a ys dur i ng dr i vi ng and
t h e pe ne t r a t i on a t which t hey occur , and on ot he r f a c t o r s that a r e n o t
e n t i r e l y pr e di c t a bl e .
It shoul d be evi dent from t h e i nf or mat i on pr es ent ed he r e t h a t a
d r i v a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s does not n e c e s s a r i l y pr oduce a s i n g l e o r uni que answer
C)
t o t h e quest i on about t h e a b i l i t y of a gi ven hammer t o i n s t a l l a pa r t i c ul a r
p i l e t o a s p e c i f i c penet r at i on a t a l ocat i on. It should be recogni zed t h a t
pr eci s e, s i ngul ar r e s u l t s a r e not obt ai ned from e i t h e r t he wave equat i on
a na l ys i s t o obt ai n t h e r e s i s t a nc e t h a t can be overcome by t he hammer-pile-
s o i l system o r t h e anal ys i s t o es t i mat e t h e r e s i s t a nc e t h a t t he s o i l w i l l
o f f e r t o dr i vi ng. Because of t h i s , cons i der abl e engi neeri ng judgment must
be used wi t h t he s e r e s u l t s t o obt ai n an eval uat i on of p i l e d r i v a b i l i t y . It
us ual l y i s pos s i bl e t o s e l e c t a penet r at i on where it i s almost c e r t a i n a
p i l e can be dr i ven and a l s o t o s e l e c t a penet r at i on beyond which a p i l e
probabl y cannot be dr i ven. Thi s l eaves a r ange of penet r at i on, which may
be s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r ge , where t h e a c t ua l penet r at i on t o which t h e p i l e can
be dr i ven may depend on f a c t o r s t h a t cannot be predet ermi ned. However, t he
r e s u l t s of t h e d r i v a b i l i t y a na l ys i s used wi t h engi neeri ng judgment w i l l
permi t a b e t t e r eval uat i on of t he pr obabi l i t y of i n s t a l l i n g a p i l e t o a
gi ven penet r at i on wi t h a pa r t i c ul a r hammer t han wi t h no i nformat i on a t a l l .
Thi s i nformat i on a l s o has been found t o be us ef ul t o eval uat e t he e f f e c t s
of unforseen event s occur r i ng duri ng p i l e dr i vi ng in a r r i vi ng a t deci s i ons
t h a t have t o be made dur i ng pi l e i n s t a l l a t i o n .
REFERENCES
1. I s a a c s , D. V. , "Rei nf or ced Conc r e t e P i l e Formul a ," Transactions of the
I ns t i t ut i on of Engineers, Aust ral i a, Vol . 1 2 , pp. 312-323 ( 1931) .
2. Gl a n v i l l e , W.H., Gri me, G. , Fox, E.N., and Davi es , W. W. , "An I n v e s t i -
g a t i o n of t h e S t r e s s e s i n Rei nf or ced Conc r e t e P i l e s Dur i ng Dr i vi ng, "
Technical Paper No. 20, B r i t i s h Bu i l d i n g Res ear ch Boar d, 1938.
3. Smi t h, E.A. L. , " P i l e Dr i vi ng I mpact , " Proceedings, I ndust ri al Camp-
t at i on Seminar, Sept ember 1950, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Bus i ne s s Machi nes Cor p. ,
New Yor k, N. Y. (1951) .
C:
4. Smi t h, E.A. L. , "Impact and Lo n g i t u d i n a l Wave Tr ans mi s s i on, I ' Transactions,
ASME, pp. 963-973, August 1955.
5. Smi t h, E.A.L., " P i l e Dr i vi ng Ana l ys i s by t h e Wave Equat i on, " Transactions,
ASCE, Vol . 127, P a r t I, pp 1145-1171 ( 1962) .
6. Hi r s c h, T. J. , Carr, L. and Lowery, L. L. , Pi l e Driving Analyses-Wave
Equation User' s Manual, TTI Program I mpl ement at i on Package, Vol . I,
11, 111 and I V , 1976.
7 . Gobl e, G. G. and Rausche, F., 2ave Eput i on Analysis of PCZe D ~ v i n g ,
WED Pr ogr am I mpl ement at i on Package, Vol . I , 11, 111 and IV 1976.
REFERENCES ( cont i nued)
8. Forehand, P.W. and Reese, J. L. , Jr. , " Pr edi ct i on of P i l e Capaci t y by
t h e Wave Equat i on, " Journal, s o i l Mechanics and Foundation Division,
ASCE, Vol. 90, NO. SM2, pp. 1-25 (1964).
9. Lowery, L.L., Hi r sch, T . J . , Edwards, T.C., Coyle, H. M. , and Sampson, C. H. , Jr.
Pi l e Dr-iving Analysis s t at e of t he A r t , Texas Tr ans por t at i on I n s t i t u t e Research
Report 33-13, Texas A&M Uni ver s i t y (1969).
10. Foye, R. , Jr. , Coyle, H. M. , Hi r s ch, T. J. , Bar t oskewi t z, R.E. and Mi l ber ger , L. J.
Wave Equation Analyses of FUZZ-Scale Test Pi l es Using Measured Field Data,
Texas Tr a ns por t a t i on I n s t i t u t e Research Report 125-7, Texas A&M Uni ver s i t y ( 1972) .
rj
11. Hi r s ch, T. J . , Lowery, L.L., Coyle, H.M. and Samson, C. H. , Jr. , " Pi l e Dr i vi ng
Anal ysi s by One-Dimensional Wave Theory: S t a t e of t h e A r t , " riighway Research
Record No. 333, Highway Research Board, pp. 33-54 (1970) .
. ..
12. Roussel , H. J. , Jr . , Pi l e Driving AnaZysis of Large Diameter li'igh Capacity
Offshcre ,Piles, Ph. D. Di s s e r t a t i on, Department of Ci vi l Engi neer i ng,
Tul ane Uni ver s i t y (197 9) .
13. Heerema, E.P. , " Rel at i ons hi ps Between Wall Fr i c t i o n , Dispiacernent Vel oci t y
and Xor i zont al S t r e s s i n Clay and i n Sand, f o r P i l e Dr i ve bi l i t y -Analysis, "
Growzz Zngineering, Vol. 1 2 , No. 1, pp. 55-61, 65 (1979).
REFERENCES ( cont i nued)
14. American Pet r ol eum I n s t i t u t e , Recornended Practice for Planning, Designing,
and Constructing Fized 0,rfshore P2at f oms, AeI RP 2A, 12t h e d i t i o n (1981).
15. Vi j ayver gi ya, V. N. and Focht , J . A. , Jr. , "A New Way t o Pr e d i c t t h e Capaci t y
of P i l e s i n Cl ay, " Offshore Teciinology Conference, (1972) , Vol. 2 , pp. 865-874.
16. Ves i c, A.S., Pri nci pl es of Pi l e Foundation Design, S o i l Mechanics Se r i e s
No. 38, School of Engi neer i ng, Duke Uni ve r s i t y, (1975).
17. Heerema, E. P. , " Pr e di c t i ng P i l e Dr i v a b i l i t y : Heat her a s a n I l l u s t r a t i o n
of t h e " Fr i c t i on Fat i gue" Theory, " Boceedi ngs, European Offshore Pet rol em
Conference and Exhibition, Vol. 1, pp 413--422 (1978).
TABLE 23. 1 PROPERTIES OF SOME H A t R S
Ha me r
Vulcan 6300
HBM 4000
Nenck 12500
HBM 3000A
Menck 8000
Vul can 5150
Elenck 7000
HBM 3000
Vulcan 5100
Menck 4600
HBM 1500
Menck 3000
Vulcan 3100
Vulcan 560
Kobe K-150
Delmag D80-12
Vulcan 540
Menck 1800
Vulcan 360
MKT OS-60
Delmag D62-02
Mi t s ubi s hi MB 70
Vul can 530
MKT OS-40
Vul can 340
Delmag D55
Kobe K-60
Vulcan 400C
Delmag D46-02
Kobe K-45
Menck 850
Vul can 030
Delmag D44
Delmag D36-02
Kobe K-42
HBM 500
De l mg D30-02
Vulcan 020
S T OS-20
Rat ed Energy
f t - l b
Wei ght
Ram
1 b
300, 000
205, 000
275, 580
152, 000
176, 370
150, 000
154, 000
138, 890
100, 000
101, 410
55, 000
66, 140
100, 000
62.500
33, 100
19, 500
40. 000
38, 580
60, 000
60, 000
14, 000
15, 840
30, 000
40, 000
40, 000
12, 100
13, 200
40, 000
10, 120
9, 900
18, 960
30, 000
9, 500
7, 900
9, 200
9, 480
6, 600
20. 000
20, 000
Weight
Impact Bl ock
1 b
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
%e i ght
Dr i ve Cap
3 ~ x p l o s i v e
For ce
l b
' ~n f o r ma t i o n t a ke n from ma nuf a c t ur e r ' s publ i s hed data.
7
' of f s hor e d r i v e c a p obt a i ne d f r om manuf act ur er when a v a i l a b l e ; o t h e r d r i v e c a ps may be us ed.
3Xaximum e x p l o s i v e f o r c e on p i l e .
0 TABLE 2 3 . 2 - TYPICAL PROPERTIES FOR COMMONLY-USED CAPBLOCK CUSHION MATERIALS
Material
Aluminum P l a t e s
Dynamic Modulus
of E l a s t i c i t y
1
2
Coe f f i c i e nt of
ki ps / in. Re s t i t u t i o n
Asbest os 150
0.5
Conbest
Hardwood ( l oa d
p a r a l l e l t o gr a i n)
Mi car t a 450 0.8
St e e l P l a t e s
I
Val ues f o r wel l -compressed, used ma t e r i a l and t h e s hear l e v e l s of
of f s hor e p i l e dr i vi ng.
2
When t h e s e metal p l a t e s a r e used i n combi nat i on wi t h anot her
cushi on ma t e r i a l t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of r e s t i t u t i o n of t h e ot he r
ma t e r i a l shoul d be used.
u N
Pl b
- 4
X
0 fa,
m ? 1
0 0
Fi g. 23-1
Fi g. 23-2
Fi g. 23-3
Fi g. 23-4
Fi g. 23-5
Fi g. 23-6
Fi g. 23-7
Fi g. 23-8
Fi g. 23-9
Fi g. 23-10
Fi g. 23-11
Chapt er 22 I l l u s t r a t i o n Capt i ons
One di mens i onal wave e qua t i on
Hammer-pile-soil s ys t em r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
Bear i ng gr aphs f r om wave e qua t i on a n a l y s e s
For ce- def or mat i on p r o p e r t i e s of capbl ock
S o i l l oad-def ormat i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
P i l e c a p a c i t y g a i n wi t h t i me f o r s t e e l p i l e s i n c ohe s i ve s o i l s
St r e n g t h l o s s by r emol di ng f o r nor mal l y- cons ol i dat ed c l a y s
P i l e c a p a c i t y g a i n wi t h s et - up.
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of p i l e d r i v e a b i l i t y - r e s i s t a n c e t o d r i v i n g
pr ocedur e, Example 1
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of p i l e d r i v e a b i l i t y - r e s i s t a n c e t o d r i v i n g
pr ocedur e, Example 2
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of p i l e d r i v e a b i l i t y - r at e of p e n e t r a t i o n
pr ocedur e
Pile
Disturbance
C
Material Properties --nr
-
Resistance
E = Modulus of Elasticity
p = Mass Density
C = d E / p = Stress Wave Velocity
x
idealized Pile
3000
----
I
0
Vulcan 3100 Hammer
I
48in.-Diameter Pipe Pile
I
500--Symbol %at Tip. Pen., f t Max. Camp.-Stress, ksi -
--0--
10.5 21 0 20.9
---
10.5 321 21.3
10.5 366 21.7
0 1 I I I I
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Rate of Penetration, Blows Per Foot
Force
Deformation
Load
FQ+
. (a) Static
(b) Dynamic
(A+- f f w54, 1.j 70)
Shear Strength of Soil, ~ i ~ s / ~ t
Typical In Situ Soil
Shear 'Strength for
Normally Consolidated Clay
Ultimate Pile Capacity, Kips
1. Estimated Resistance to Driving, Ru , based on
remolded side friction in clay, static side friction
i n sand and end bearing on pile wall end area.
2. Estimated Resistance to Driving, Ru , based on
remolded side friction in clay, static side friction
i n sand and end bearing - on pile gross end area.
3. 'computed Ultimate Compressive -- Pile Capacity, Q,
f'-
B
Ultimate Static Pile Capacity, Qu , Kips
Resistance to Driving, Ru , Kips
-1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
--
L
48-in.-Diameter Pipe Pile
1. Estimated Resistance t o Driving, R, , based on
remolded side friction in clay, static side friction
in sand and end bearing on pile wall end area.
2. Estimated Resistance to Driving, Ru , based on
remolded side friction in clay, static side friction
in sand and end bearing on pile gross end area.
3. Computed Ultimate Compressive Pile Capacity, Q,