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Communication Engineering
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Communication is easily overlooked, but
the ability to communicate effectively is
necessary to carry out the thoughts and
visions of an organization to the people.
The importance of speech and words
whether through a paper or a voice is a
communication medium to convey
directions and provide synchronization.
Without communication, there is no way to
express thoughts, ideas and feelings.
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There are many ways to provide
communication from the organization to the
people of your community.
Whether through a phone, fax, email, letter,
website, instant message softwares, social
networking websites (facebook, twitter,
myspace) and etc you are able to
communicate your organization to the
world.
Things can be expressed, ideas can be
shared, and thoughts can be joined.
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Communication is a necessity as we use it
to network, spread ideas, and promote.
Communicate effectively through well
known mediums and convey it simply and
precisely.
The importance of communication is crucial
to the success of your organization because
you need to reach out in order to fulfill your
mission.
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Present Trends:
Operators are moving from 2.5G to 3G
in both the GSM/CDMA technologies
Awareness of Data among the subscribers
have increased
4G Services such as WiMAX has been
launched.
License for 3G auctioned will have more
operators operating in 3G.
Wifi has come into major use from 2006-
2008.
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Classification of signals:
1. Deterministic or Random (Stochastic )
Also Classified as
Discrete-time(digital)
Continuous time(analog)
Further Classified as
1. Periodic
2. Aperiodic
Also classified as
Energy signal 0<E< infinity, and P=0
Power signal 0<P< infinity, and E is infinity
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Fourier Series:
Every periodic signal can be ex pressed as an
Infinite summation of complex exponential
Sinusoidal functions i.e.,
x(t) = c
n
exp ( jn
0
t).
Where c
n
are called the Fourier Coefficients which have
both magnitude as well as phase.
c
n
=
= |c
n
| exp (j
n
)
x(t) must satisfy the Dirichlets conditions.

2 /
2 /
0
0
0
0
) exp( ) (
1
T
T
dt t jn t x
T

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Dirichlets condition:
For the Fourier series to exist, a signal x(t) must
satisfy three conditions:
1. It must be absolutely integrable ie.,
that is as t , the function decays to zero.
2. It must have a finite number of maxima and minima
in any finite interval.
3. It must have a finite number of discontinuities in any
finite time interval.

< dt t x | ) ( |
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Bandwidth Estimation:
Given a periodic signal one would like to know the
spectral extent or spectral occupancy of the signal.
This is one of the primary reasons we employ the
alternate method of viewing a signal in the other
domain namely, the frequency domain.
If one knows the spectral extent ,this information is
useful to compute the bandwidth required to transmit
a signal. In the next slide one period of a pulse train
is shown and we shall compute the power within the
first null of the spectrum of the signal.
We make use of the Parsevals theorem and calculate
The power contained within the first null.
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P = |C
0
|
2
+ |C
1
|
2
+ |C
2
|
2
+ |C
3
|
2
+ |C
4
|
2
Cn = (/To) Sin(n/To)/( n/To)
C
0
= , C
1
= 4.35*10
-3
, C
2
= 4.31*10
-3
,
C
3
= 4.24*10
-3
, C
4
= 4.15*10
-3
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Bandwidth estimation(contd.)
The example illustrates the use of the Parsevals
theorem for power computation in the frequency
domain as well as the computation of the bandwidth.
One can observe that approximately about 90% of the
power is contained within the first null.
This bandwidth estimation can be taken as the
bandwidth required for a rough estimation or to get
the order of the value required.
If the width of the pulse is 0.1 msec the bandwidth can
be taken to be the reciprocal which is 10 KHz.
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The Fourier transform of a signal x(t) which is
aperiodic is given by
X () =
x(t ) =[1/2]
Similarly we can define in terms of f where
can be replaced by 2f. In the inverse transform there
would be change in the sign of the exponent and no
division by 2.

d t j X ) exp( ) (

dt t j t x ) exp( ) (
Fourier Transform
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Dirichlets condition:
For the Fourier transform to exist, a signal x(t)
must satisfy three conditions:
1. It must be absolutely integrable ie.,
2. It must have a finite number of maxima and minima
in any finite interval
3. It must have a finite number of discontinuities in
any finite time interval.
The generally accepted condition for the
existence of a Fourier transform is that the energy
of the signal is finite i.e..,

< dt t x | ) ( |
<

dt t x
2
| ) ( | 19

= dt t j t x X ) exp( ) ( ) (

= d t j X t x ) exp( ) ( ] 2 / 1 [ ) (
X() =| X() | arg(X() )
=| X() |exp[j()]

= dt ft j t x f X ) 2 exp( ) ( ) (

= df ft j f X t x ) 2 exp( ) ( ) (
Fourier transform
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For a real signal X() = X(-) even function of
() = -(-) odd function of
Magnitude spectrum: A plot of | X() | versus
Phase spectrum : A plot of () versus
Energy Spectrum : A plot of | X() |
2
versus
[Also called Energy Spectral Density (ESD) or the
Energy Density Spectrum ]
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x(t)
A
-/2 /2
t
X()

x(t) = A -/2 < t < /2

= 0 otherwise
X() = A [sin(/2)/(/2)]
|X()| = |Asin(/2)/(/2)|
() = 0 or
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()

-8/ -6/ -4/ -2/

2/ 4/ 6/ 8/

-
Caution:
x x x c / ) (sin sin . 1
=

x x x c / ) (sin sin . 2

=
-8/ -6/ -4/ -2/ 2/ 4/ 6/ 8/

|X()|
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An Early Use of Modulation
On-off keying to transmit Morse
code
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S O S
. . . ___ ___ ___ . . .
Message
Encoded
RF
Still in use because of its many advantages
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Why Use Modulation?
Allows simultaneous transmission of multiple
information (baseband) signals by frequency
translation to RF bands
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f
BB
2
BB
1
Carrier
1
Carrier
2
High-frequency carriers use smaller, more efficient antennae
RF frequencies