Appendix

A: 3D TRANSFORMATION MATRICES Rotation about the z-axis

T3D

cos2()

sin2()

2sin()cos()

sin2()

cos2()

2sin()cos()

0 cos() sin()

0 sin() cos()

sin()cos() sin()cos() 0

T3D

cos2() sin2()

cos2()

sin2()

2sin()cos()

sin2()

cos2()

2sin()cos()

0 cos() sin()

0 sin() cos()

sin()cos() sin()cos() 0

cos2() sin2()

1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
R

0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 2

R.T3D.R

cos2()

sin2()

sin()cos()

sin2()

cos2()

sin()cos()

0 cos() sin()

0 sin() cos()

2sin()cos() 2sin()cos() 0

cos() sin() 0
0

cos2() sin2()

cos() sin() 0

Q
sin() cos() 0
0

sin() cos() 0
0

A-1

Appendix

B: LOCAL & GLOBAL MATRICES

7he types of material considered in this work have properties that are direction
dependent. The formulation is based on piezoelectric and non-piezoelectric materials that are,
at most, orthotropic. The structure of the property matrices, in terms of their local or material
coordinate system, is shown below. But when these materials are incorporated into structures,
they may be put in various orientations. It is then useful to work with a common or global
coordinate system - i.e. a coordinate system with respect to the whole structure. So the material
matrices would have to be transformed for rotation about the z-axis by using the transformation
matrices in Appendix A, in order to correspond to the global coordinate system of the structure.
Looking at the structure of the global matrices shown below, note that the global property
matrices in general contain more non-zero terms than their corresponding local orthotropic
matrices. It is this set of global material matrices that will be used in the constitutive equation
to model the structure.

Stiffness Matrix ( = local material constants)

c11 c12 c13

cl

c11 c12 c13

c16

c12 c22 c23

c26

c13 c23 c33

c36

c12 c22 c23

c13 c23 c33

c44

c55

c66

cg

c44 c45

c45 c55

c16 c26 c36

Piezoelectric Stress Constant Matrix

B-1

c66

(B.1)

e15 0

el
0

e24

e31 e32 e33

e31cos2()e32sin2()

e31sin2()e32cos2()

e33

(B.2)

e2g

(e15 e24)sin()cos() e15sin2()e24cos2()

e15cos2()e24sin2() (e15 e24)sin()cos()

(e31 e32)sin()cos()

From Eq. (2.30), there is no assumption that e1g = Transpose(e2g) but it can be shown that
they are indeed the transpose of each other after the rotation transformation.

Piezoelectric Strain Constant Matrix

d15 0

d24

dl

(B.3)

d31 d32 d33

Since the constitutive equation in the TODL-FE formulation is of the "Piezoelectric

Stress Formulation", for cases where the Piezoelectric Strain Constant matrix (dij) is given, the
piezoelectric Stress Constant matrix (eij) is found by el = dl . cl . And it can be shown that the
global eg calculated by rotating this el or by rotating dl first and then multiplied by the stiffness
cg is the same.

Electrical Permittivity Matrix

311

3l
0

322

311cos2()322sin2() (311 322)sin()cos()

0
;

3g
(311 322)sin()cos() 311sin2()322cos2()

333

0
0

B-2

333

(B.4)