1.

4 BASICS OF ELECTROTECHNICS
1.4.1 The electrical energy
Between the electrical energy and other energy or!"# there are
two i!$ortant di%erence"&
a' the electrical energy i" ea"ely tran"$orta(le# e)en wirele""# a"
Ni*ola Te"la $ro$o"ed.
(' it i" ea"ely tran"or!a(le into other enegy or!"# e.g. heat# light
and !echanical energy.
Al"o# it i" o(taina(le ro! other energy or!"# li*e !echanical energy#
che!ical energy and "olar radiation.
1.4.+. The electric c,rrent
The electric c,rrent -ow" only in a clo"ed electric circ,it# ro! the
generator thro,gh a cond,ctor and other ele!ent" o the circ,it# (ac* to
the generator. The ,nit o the c,rrent i" A!$er .A'. 1 A/1 Co,lo!( .0#+4
11
12
electron"' $er "econd. In !etal" c,rrent con"i"t" o electron". In
"e!icond,ctor"# the c,rrent con"i"t" o hole" and electron". For welding
large c,rrent" are ,"ed# ro! 3 A to 1111 A.
The !o"t i!$ortant e%ect" o electric c,rrent are&
heating# it i" ,"ed in wor*ing and li)ing roo!"# (,t it ta*e" $lace
al"o in cond,ctor".
!agnetic e%ect"# ,"ed in electrical !otor"# relai" ,"w.
che!ical e%ect"# in a**,!,latoren# i! gal)ani"ier(ad ,"w.
light e%ect"# occ,ring in ga"e" and "e!icond,ctor" or light
e!i""ion.
$hi"iologi"he e%ect".
1.4.4 Electric $otential and )oltage dro$
The -ow o the c,rrent i" $o""i(le only (etween $oint" .o a
cond,ctor' characteri5ed (y di%erent electric $otential". The di%erence i"
ter!ed the )oltage dro$# or )oltage. The ,nit i" 1 )olt .6'. For the arc
welding )oltage" ro! 13 6 to 41 6 are ,"ed. The electric di"tri(,ting net
",$$lie" )oltage o +41 6 or 411 6# (atterie 1#3 6 7 +4 6 lightning 831 *6
.831111 6'.
1.4.4 The electrical re"i"tance
The re"i"tance o R oh!" o a cond,ctor i" $ro$ortional to it" length
l and in)er"ely $ro$ortional to it" cro"" "ectional area S that i" R/l9S. It i"
gi)en in oh!" .'. The coe:cient i" called "$eci;c electrical re"i"tance
gi)en in !!
+
9!# (y a"",!ing that S i" in !!
+
and the length l i" in
!eter" .!'. S$e5i;"he wider"taende are& 1#11820 or C,# 1#1+82 or Al
and 1#1108 or Ag.
Te"ting o electrical cond,ctor" !ay (e&
a' to )oltage dro$
(' to !echanical "trength
c' to allowa(le heating.
The rea"on" or te"ting are o()io,". Electrical cond,ctor" ha)e their
electrical re"i"tance and they are heated# de$endent on c,rrent den"ity
.A9!!
+
'# ra,!te!$erat,r etc. <elding ca(le" ha)e to carry =,ite large
c,rrent" and !,"t (e )ery -e>i(le and a" light a" $o""i(le. It i" al"o
i!$ortant the in",lation to (e "aety# re"i"tant to heat etc. They are
$rotected again"t heating .?(erla"t,ng' (y "aety ,"e" .Sicher,ngen'.
Three gro,$" o ca(le" are in ,"e& "ingle cond,ctor" ",rro,nded (y
t,(e" .1'# TRS or CS@ in",lated# con"i"ting o )ery !any "trand" o "!all
dia!eter or Ha,"leit,ngen .+' and "ingle (are cond,ctor" in l,t or
electric long di"tance !ain" or ele*tri"che ernleit,ng .4'.
For welding ca(le" it i" )ery i!$ortant the cro"" "ectional area to
(e =,ite large (eca,"e in long ca(le" ein gro""er Teil o electric )oltage
.$ower' i" lo"t# ta(le 1.
Ta(le 1
Cro""A"ection# !!
+
Nenn"tro! der Sicher,ng ,r C,ALeiter (ei Ra,!te!$erat,r (i" +3
1
C
Br,$$e 1 Br,$$e + Br,$$e 4
1 11 13 +1
1#3 13 +1 +3
+#3 +1 +3 43
4 +3 43 31
0 43 31 01
11 31 01 21
10 01 21 111
+3 21 111 1+3
43 111 1+3 101
1.4.3 Oh!" law
The ratio o the "teady )oltage acro"" the end" o a cond,ctor# to
the "teady c,rrent -owing in the cond,ctor i" con"tant .$ro)ided the
te!$erat,re o the cond,ctor i" "teady'.
)oltage9c,rrent / re"i"tance al"o or ,nit"& 1 691 A /
1 oh!
or )oltage dro$ / c,rrent > re"i"tance.
E>a!$le& gi)en I/131 A# R/1#1 . )oltage i" C/131 > 1#1/13 6
E>a!$le& <elding c,rrent i" I/111 A and )oltage i" C/++ 6. The
electrode re"i"tance i" R/++9111/1#+ .
1.4.0 Serial connection o re"i"tance"
Let n re"i"tance"& R
1
# R
+
# # R
n
are connected in "erie". The )oltage
C
g
i" a$$lied at the end" o the circ,it and )oltage" acro"" re"i"tance" are
C
1
# C
+
# # C
n
# re"$.# ;g. 1.
C
g
Fig. 1 Re"i"tance" connected in "erie" .ater D.EiriF'
C
g
/
U
i and al"o R
tot
/
R
i # (eca,"e c,rrent" I
1
# I
+
# # I
n
-owing
thro,gh each re"i"tance R
1
# R
+
# # R
n
are e=,al I
1
/I
+
/ /I
n
.
1.4.8 @arallel connection o re"i"tance"
U
2
U
1
I
3
I
1
I
2
I
G
I
G
R
1
V
A
R
2
V
A
R
3
V
A
V
U
3
Let n re"i"tance" (e connected $arallel .$arallel"chalt,ng'# ;g. +.
A" gi)en# re"i"tance" are R
1
# R
+
# # R
n
# corre"$onding c,rrent" thro,gh
each o the! are I
1
# I
+
# # I
n
and )oltage" acro"" each are C
1
# C
+
# # C
n
. Let
I
B
(e the total c,rrent ",$$lied (y the generator and C
g
(e the )oltage
acro"" the generator $ole".
Fig. + Re"i"tance" connected in $arallel .ater D.EiriF'
I
g
=

I
i
#
C
g
/ C
1
/ C
+
# / C
n
.Ger ge"a!te <ider"tand R
g
i" gi)en
(y
1 1 / / R R
g i
=
. Bei 5wei $arallelge"chalteten <ider"tanden gilt& R
g
/ R
1
R
+
9.R
1
H R
+
'.
1.4.2 C,rrent ty$e" .Stro!arten'
A. The direct c,rrent .GC'# Bleich"tro!. Electron" -ow in gleicher
Rict,ng and the c,rrent i" inde$endent on ti!e. B,t# GC c,rrent !ay (e
in $,l"e" o rectang,lar or "in,"oidal or!# when it change" with ti!e. The
la"t one i" o(tained (y recti;cation o alternating c,rrent.
B. The alternating c,rrent .AC'# <ech"el"tro!. Thi" c,rrent i" o a
"in,"oidal wa)e or!# ;g. 4. The diagra! i" gi)en or /31 H5 .th," $eriod
T/+1 !"' and or "i!$licity# I
!a>
/1 A. I the circ,it incl,de" only an oh!ic
re"i"tance# )oltage and c,rrent are in $ha"e# a" ill,"trated (y Fig. 4. I
reactance i" not e=,al to 5ero# c,rrent and )oltage are "hited in $ha"e# or
are not in $ha"e. They are generated (y a coil rotating in a !agnetic ;eld o
an electric generator.
Fig. 4 The alternating c,rrent with /31 H5 .ater D.EiriF'
I )al,e" o c,rrent and )oltage are gi)en# they are e%ecti)e )al,e"#
e=,al 1#818 ti!e" corre"$onding !a>i!,! )al,e# a" "hown in Fig.4. I the
e%ecti)e )al,e o the ",$$ly i" +41 6# the !a>i!,! )al,e i" 4+3 6. Fro!
U
g
I
G
I
3
I
2
I
1
U
3
U
2
U
1
R
3
V
A
R
1
V
A
R
2
V
A
A
V
-1,5
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015 0,020
I
max
time t, s
I
ef
sin(2ft)
f=50 Hz, I
max
=1 A - I
max

t
max
=0,005 s
t
min
=0,015 s
I
ef
=0,707 I
max
i
,


A
an AC ",$$ly o the "a!e rated )oltage" a GC ",$$ly it i" $o""i(le to get
!,ch greater "hoc*. Thi" i" why the earthing o AC a$$arat," i" "o
i!$ortant. For networ* re=,ency /31 H5# the $eriod i" +1 !". The n,!(er
o change" o c,rrent direction i" 111 $er "econd.
AC i" oten a $,l"ed c,rrent with rectang,lar "ha$e. Now# the"e
$,l"e" change their "ign". A $eriod incl,de" a $o"iti)e and a negati)e
$,l"e# not necce""arily o e=,al width.
ThreeA$ha"e AC c,rrent con"i"t" o three e=,al AC c,rrent" "hited
in $ha"e or 1+1
1
.
For the 4A$ha"e electric di"tri(,ting net# ;)e cond,ctor" !,"t (e
,"ed. The )oltage (etween any two $ha"eAcond,ctor" .R#S#T' e=,al" 411 6
.421 6' and (etween a $ha"e cond,ctor and the 5eroAcond,ctor .N' e=,al"
+41 6 .++1 6'. Bro,nd cond,ctor i" connected to the ho,"ing o an electric
a$$arat," .iron# rerigerator etc.' or the "aety rea"on".
1.4.I <or* and $ower in the GC circ,it
The con",!er o electric $ower .heater# Ta,"h"ieder' gi)e" !ore
energy .Ar(eit' i
- the )oltage i" higher
- the c,rrent i" increa"ing
- die Jeit 5,ni!!t#
that i"# it i" gi)en (y !,lti$lication o li"ted actor" A / C I t. <enn !an
die Ar(eit a, die Jeiteinheit (e5ieht# one o(tain" electric $ower. The
$ower i" wor* in die Jeiteinheit @/C I . A i" gi)en in <" .K'# or in *<h. @ i"
gi)en in < or *< .a" it i" *nown# 1 *</1111 <'.
1.4.11. @ower in the AC circ,it
Let ," con"ider an AC circ,it with only an oh!ic re"i"tance. Thi" i"
L,"t the ca"e o the Licht(ogen. Gann the c,rrent i" in $ha"e with the
)oltage# Fig. 4.
I with R i" "erially connected a reactance in the circ,it# the
e%ecti)e $ower i"
@/C I co" # .<'
@ i" the $ower ,"ed (y a con",!er. The angle de;ne" the ratio (etween
@ and the a$$arent $ower S/C I.
Fig. 4
I
P
U
T
time
The a$$arent $ower S .die Scheinlei"t,ng'# i" gi)en in 6 A. It i" i!$ortant
or tran"or!er"# ca(le" etc. @ i" the orthogonal $roLection o S to the
direction o C# ;g. 3.
co"/@9S
Fig. 3
I an ind,cti)e reactance i" connected in "erie"# !agnetic ;eld i"
alternati)ely (,ildA,$ .created' a(o,t the coil and then ade" o,t. Thi" i"
the $art o $ower S# denoted (y M in ;g. 3. It i" gi)en in ,nit" )ar. The
c,rrent i" no !ore in $ha"e with the )oltage. The angle (etween the oh!ic
re"i"tance R and the i!$edance J .ele*tri"che I!$edan5' i" al"o
co"/R9J
where J i" o(tained ro! the oh!ic re"i"tance R and the total reactance
L A 19.C' (y addition two corre"$ondong orthogonal )ector"&
Z R L
C
= +
2 2
1
( )

i" circ,lar re=,ency e=,al to +.

1.4.11 Thyri"tor"
A thyri"tor i" a "olid "tate "witch which con",!e" )ery little $ower
and i" "!all and co!$act. Thyri"tor" can (e ,"ed or a )ariety o "witching
o$eration"# in !otor control# re"i"tance welding and control o welding
$ower "o,rce". Large thyri"tor" can carry c,rrent" o "e)eral h,ndred
a!$ere". It i" "i!ilar in con"tr,ction to a "olid "tate diode.
The "y!(ol or a thyri"tor i" gi)en in Fig. 0.
The arch on the let hand "ide tell" that
thyri"tor ha" the gate ter!inal.
Fig.0
1.4.1+ The recti;er and the in)erter
A recti;er change" AC c,rrent to GC c,rrent (y the ,"e o an AC
!otor dri)ing a GC generator. Static ricti;er" $eror! thi" o$eration
witho,t the ,"e o !o)ing $art" and the ty$e" ha)ing welding a$$lication"

Q=UIsin
S=U I
P
voltage
are "eleni,! and "ilicon. They are ,"ed or ",$$lying GC or !an,al !etal
arc# TIB# DIB# CO
+
# etc.
A recti;er "ho,ld ha)e a low re"i"tance in one direction .orward' "o
a" to allow the c,rrent to $a"" ea"ely# and a high re"i"tance in the
o$$o"ite direction .re)er"e' "o that )ery little c,rrent will $a"".
The in)erter i" an electric de)ice which con)ert" GC to AC# that i"# it
i" o$$o"ite to a recti;er. It i" characteri5ed (y low weight co!$aring to
tran"or!er". A ,nit or e>a!$le# o 311 A o,t$,t weight" 31 *g and i"
th," !,ch lighter than the con)entional tran"or!er.
1.4.14 B,iding !ar*" and ter!"
Current types
Girect c,rrent GC
Alternating c,rrent AC
C,rrent general GC and AC
Three $ha"e c,rrent
Conductors
Cond,ctor general
Cond,ctor connection"
a' witho,t Loint
(' with $er!anent Loint
Cond,ctor "e$aration
a' $er!anent connection
(' detacha(le Loint
F,"e
Earthing .general'
Switch
a' "ingle $ole .general'
(' !an,al o$eration
c' $,"h (,tton# ret,rna(le (y
"$ring"
d' 4A$ole# !an,al# loc*a(le
Measuring instruments
A!$ere!eter
6olt!eter
Wattmeters
a' indicating
(' writea(le
Counters
a' A!$ereAho,r co,nter
Circuit elements
Impedances
a' Beneral
(' adL,"ta(le in "te$"
c' contin,o,"ly adL,"t.
.)oltage di)i"or'
d' ind,cti)e i!$edance
e' "olenoid with core
Transformer
a' <itho,t a core
(' <ith a core
c' red,ced
Capacity
Ca$acitor
Ca$acitor contin,o,"ly adL,"t.
(' <attAho,r co,nter
Voltage sources
a' Bal)anic cell# acc,!,lator
(' Bal)anic (attery
Mashines
Contin,o," c,rrent generator
.!otor# general'
Alternating c,rrent generator
.!otor# general'
ThreeA$ha"e generator
.!otor# general'