BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts

Preparedwithreferencetoandexamplesfrom:
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Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
1
BarChartsandHistograms
Barchartsandhistogramsarecommonlyusedtorepresentdatasincetheyallowquick
assimilationandimmediatecomparisonofinformation.
Normallythebarsarevertical,butmaysometimesbehorizontal.
BarCharts
Usedwithcategoricaldata.
E.g.200studentsmightbeaskedtoindicatetheirfavouritesubjectatschooloutofMaths,
EnglishandScience.
Keypoint
Categoriesareusuallyonthehorizontalaxis.
Thebarsshouldbeseparatedfromeachotherbyagap(notalwaysadheredto).
Numberofpeople(frequency)isontheverticalaxisthiscouldbepresentedasa
percentageratherthantheactualnumberofpeople.
Histograms
Lookslikeabarchartwiththebarstogether.
Thedifferenceisthatthedatacollectediseitherdiscreteorcontinuousdata.Thismeansthat
thecategoriesofdataarerelatedtoeachotheralongacontinuum.
E.g.100hundredstudentswerestudiedtoseehowmanywoulddeveloptobelevel4or
aboveatEnglishbetweentheyearsof19992002.
100
Frequency
80
60
40
20
0 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Somebarchartswillbecomposite,i.e.showmorethanonesetofdata.
E.g.Lookatthefollowingchartanddecideifthestatementsaretrueorfalse.
0
20
40
60
80
100
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Maths English Science

Subject
Preferredsubjectof200students
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
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Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
2
TestResults
0
50
100
150
200
250
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Pupil
T
o
t
a
l

M
a
r
k
s

Topic3
Topic2
Topic1
a) PupilShadthelowesttotalmarkforallthreetests.
b) PupilVhadthehighesttotalmarkinTopic1.
c) Noneofthepupilsscored200ormoremarks.
Whatpercentageofthepupilsscored50orlessonTopic1?
Makesureyou
readthetitleofthechart
considerthetotalnumberinthepopulationrepresented
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
Preparedwithreferencetoandexamplesfrom:
http://www.canteach.gov.uk/support/skillstests/index.htm Allquestionscutandpastedfromwebsitewithpermission.
Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
3
LineGraphs
Alinegraphisawayofvisuallyrepresentingrelateddatawhereindividual
itemsofdataareplottedandjoinedbyaline.Theyareusefulforpresenting
dataovertimetocomparechangestoavariableoverasetperiod.Joiningup
thepointsgivesaninstantpictureofpasttrends(increasesordecreases)and
canbeusedtoextrapolatethosetrendstomakepredictionsforthefuture.
o Thevariablerepresentediscontinuousi.e.itissomethingthatcanbe
measured.
o Youwillbeexpectedtobeabletoreadgraphsforspecific
measurementsandtrends.
o Agraphissetwithin2axes:xandy.Theverticaloneistheyaxisand
thehorizontaloneisthexaxis.
Theaxeswillnotalwaysstartmeasuringfrom0.Iftheydontthisiscalledthe
suppressionofzero,Thiswillaffecttheappearanceoftheline(s)onthegraph
makingthemsteeperthantheywouldbeifthescalestartedat0andoccupied
thesamespaceasthescalewouldbesmaller.
Makesureyou:
Readthetitleofthegraphtocheckwhatitrepresents.
Checkwheretheaxesstart.
Checkwhichunitsarebeingusedoneachaxis.
Checkthescaleoneachaxis.
Example1.
TeachersconsideredachartofnationalresultsforpupilsachievingLevel4
andaboveinendofKeyStage2tests.
Indicateallthetrue
statements:
Thepercentageof
pupilsachievingLevel4
oraboveinEnglish
increasedyearonyear.
Ineachofthefouryears,sciencewas
thesubjectwiththehighestpercentage
ofpupilsachievingLevel4andabove.
Thehighestmeanpercentage,across
allthreesubjects,wasachievedin2002.
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
Preparedwithreferencetoandexamplesfrom:
http://www.canteach.gov.uk/support/skillstests/index.htm Allquestionscutandpastedfromwebsitewithpermission.
Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
4
PieCharts
Apiechartisawayofillustratinginformationbyusingacircleasthewhole
andsectionsofthecircletorepresentpartsofthewhole.
o Apiechartprovidestheproportionsofthedataataglance.
o Theyareusefulforrepresentingcategoricaldata(e.g.colourofhair).
Alwaysworkoutthetotal/whole.
Rememberaproportionisalwayspartofthewhole.
I.e.Ifthewholerepresentedinapiechartis250pupils(eitherexplainedin
thequestionorworkedoutbyaddinguptheseparatesectionsofthepie)and
thepartofthepieyouareinterestedinconsistsof25pupils,youcanwriteit
asaproportion(alwayswriteitasafractionfirst).
1)Asafraction:Part/Whole=25/250=1/10
2)Asadecimal:25250=0.1
3)Asapercentage:25250x100=10%
N.BSometimesthepiechartsectionsmaybeindicatedbydegreesrather
thannumberofpeople/cost,etc.Allyouneedtorememberisthatinthiscase
thewholeis360,asthereare360degreesinacircle.Youcanthenworkout
youranswerinthesameway.
Makesureyou:
Readthetitleofthechartsothatyouknowwhatitrepresents.
Knowwhatthewholepierepresentsintermsofnumbers,especiallywhen
comparingpiecharts.(I.e.donotdirectlycomparesizesofsections)
Example2.
Theheadofcareerssuppliedthefollowingchartshowingthedestinationof
Year13leavers.
Indicatewhichoneofthe
followingistrue:
3/7wenttohighereducation
1in13tookagapyear
2/7wentontofurther
education
82
14
38
48
Higher
education
Gapyear
Further
education
Employment
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
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Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
5
1.
Indicateallthe
truestatements:
PupilJandK
werepredictedto
achievethesame
gradeforALevel
chemistry.
1/3ofpupilsin
thegroupwere
predictedto
achievegradeC
andabove.
themodeofthepredicted
gradesforthegroupofpupils
isgradeD.
2.
Indicatealltruestatements:
ahigherpercentageofpupilsachievedatLevel4insciencethanin
mathematicsandinEnglishineachyear19992002.
thepercentageofpupilsachievingatLevel4inEnglishincreasedbymore
than15percentagepointsduringtheperiod19992002.
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
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Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
6
pupilsshowedanimprovementinachievementeachyearin2outof3
subjects.
3.
Ateachercreatedapiecharttoshowtheteamhowthedepartmentalbudget
forstationeryandreprographicshadbeenspent.Thetotalbudgetwas480.
Whatproportionwasspentonlaminatingandbindingtogether?
0.06
0.125
0.25
0.31
4.
240
63
58
29
30
31
29
Stationery
Black&white
printing
Black&white
photocopying
Colourprinting
Colourphotocopying
Laminating
Binding
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
Preparedwithreferencetoandexamplesfrom:
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Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
7
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
Preparedwithreferencetoandexamplesfrom:
http://www.canteach.gov.uk/support/skillstests/index.htm Allquestionscutandpastedfromwebsitewithpermission.
Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
8
5.
6.
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
Preparedwithreferencetoandexamplesfrom:
http://www.canteach.gov.uk/support/skillstests/index.htm Allquestionscutandpastedfromwebsitewithpermission.
Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
9
7.
8.
BarCharts,Histograms, LineGraphs&PieCharts
Preparedwithreferencetoandexamplesfrom:
http://www.canteach.gov.uk/support/skillstests/index.htm Allquestionscutandpastedfromwebsitewithpermission.
Patmore,M.(2001)PassingtheNumeracySkillsTest Exeter:LearningMattersLtd.
10
9.
Answers
1.Statements1&3weretrue
2.Statements1&2weretrue
3.0.125
4.29%
5.18morepupils
6.Onlystatement2wastrue
7.Statements1&3weretrue
8.Statements2and3weretrue
9.27.1points