NOTES :

Occasional Load Factor

The default value of 0.0 tells CAESAR II to use the value that the active piping code
recommends. B31.1 states that the calculated stress may eceed the maimum allo!a"le
stress from #ppendi #$ %Sh&$ "y 1'( if the event duration occurs less than 10( of any
)* hour operating period$ and "y )0( if the event duration occurs less than 1( of any )*
hour operating period. The default for B31.1 applications is 1'(. +f )0( is more suita"le
for the system "eing analy,ed then this directive can "e used to enter the )0(.
B31.3 states$ "The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight, and other
sustained loadings (S1) and of the stresses produced bycca osional loads such as wind or
earthquake may be as much as 1. times the allowable stress gi!en in "ppendi# ".
$here the allowable stress !alue e#ceeds %& of yield strength at temperature, the
allowable stress !alue must be reduced as specified in 'ote in (%..%." The default for
)1. applications is *. +f this is too high for the material and temperature specified
then a smaller occasional load factor can be input.
B31.3 -ode +nterpretation 1.3* dated /e"ruary )3$ 1011 /ile: 1*20.1 states that for
sustained and occasional loads an S+/ of 0.2'i$ "ut not less than 1.0 may "e used. This
setup directive allo!s the user to enter his3her o!n coefficient. The default is 1.0. To
comply !ith this interpretation the user !ould enter 0.2'. B31.3 -ode +nterpretation 4.03
dated 5ecem"er 1*$ 1012 permitted users to ignore the stress intensification for sustained
and occasional loads. To comply !ith this interpretation$ the user !ould enter 0.0.
B31.3 Welding and Contour Insert Tees Meet B16.
This flag controls the 6assumption6 that the geometry of B31.3 !elding and contour
insert tees %s!eepolets& meets the dimensional re7uirements of the code$ and can "e
classified as B14.0 tees. The default setting for this directive is 6NO6$ !hich causes the
program to use a flei"ility characteristic of 3.18T3r$ as per the #01 addendum.
Selecting this chec9"o$ allo!s the program to assume that the fitting geometry meets the
re7uirements of Note 11$ introduced in the #01 addendum$ and a flei"ility characteristic
of *.*8T3r !ill "e used.
!ote" +n order to match runs made !ith CAESAR II prior to :ersion *.*0$ this chec9"o
must "e selected. ;rior to :ersion *.*0$ CAESAR II al!ays used a flei"ility
characteristic of *.*8T3r.
#ield Stress Criterion
The 13).column stress report produced "y CAESAR II contains a value representative of
the maimum stress state through the cross section$ computed per the indicated yield
criteria theory.
CAESAR II can compute this maimum stress %note$ this is not a -ode stress& according
to either :on <ises Theory or the <aimum Shear Theory. The selected stress is
computed at four points along the ais normal to the plane of "ending %outside top$ inside
top$ inside "ottom$ outside "ottom&$ and the maimum value is printed in the stress
report. The e7uations used for each of these yield criteria are listed "elo!. +f the :on
<ises Theory is used$ CAESAR II computes the octahedral shear stress$ !hich differs
from the :on <ises stress "y a constant factor.
%/or B31.* -hapter +=$ B31.1 -hapter :+++$ and 5n: this setting controls !hich e7uation
is used to compute the 6e7uivalent stress6. /or these three codes$ the e7uations sho!n in
the code are used to determine the yield criterion$ not the standard mechanical stress
e7uations sho!n "elo!. These standard mechanical stress e7uations are used for the other
codes addressed "y CAESAR II. &
Allo$ %ser&s SIF at Bend
This feature !as added for those users that !ished to change the stress intensification
factor for "ends. ;reviously this !as not permitted$ and the code defined S+/ !as al!ays
used. +f the user ena"les this directive$ he may override the code>s calculated S+/ for
"ends. The user entered S+/ acts over the entire "end curvature and must "e specified at
the 6TO6 end of the "end element. The default is off.
%se WRC3'
This directive activates the ?@-3)0 guidelines for all intersections$ %not Aust for reduced
intersections&. The recommendations made "y @oda"augh in section '.0 of ?@-3)0 !ill
"e follo!ed eactly in ma9ing the stress calculations for intersections. Every attempt has
"een made to improve the stress calculations for all codes$ not Aust the four discussed in
@oda"augh>s paper. Bsers not employing B31.1$ B31.3 or the #S<E N- or N5 codes$
and !ho !ish to use ?@-3)0 are encouraged to contact -O#5E for additional
information. Throughout this document ?@-330 and ?@-3)0 are used synonymously
%330 !as the draft version of 3)0&. ?hen finally pu"lished$ the official ?@- designation
!as 3)0.
All Cases Corroded
# recent version of the B31.3 piping code mentioned reducing the section modulus for
sustained or occasional stress calculations "y the reduction in !all thic9ness due to
corrosion. Several users have interpreted this to mean that the reduced section modulus
should "e used for all stress calculations$ including epansion. This directive allo!s those
users to apply this conservative interpretation of the code. Ena"ling #ll -ases -orroded
causes CAESAR II to use the corroded section modulus for the calculation of all stress
types. This method is recommended as conservative$ and pro"a"ly more realistic as
corrosion can significantly affect fatigue life$ i.e.$ epansion. 5isa"ling this directive
causes CAESAR II to strictly follo! the piping code recommendations$ i.e. depending
on the active piping code$ some load cases !ill consider corrosion and some !ill not
Base (oo) Stress On * I+,O+,Mean,La-.s /
This directive is used to indicate ho! the value of hoop stress should "e calculated. The
default is to use the +5 of the pipe. <ost piping codes consider the effects of pressure in
the longitudinal component of the -O5E stress. Bsually$ the value of the hoop stress has
no "earing on the -O5E stress$ so changing this directive does not affect the
accepta"ility of the piping system.
+f desired$ the user may change the !ay CAESAR II computes the hoop stress !alue.
This directive has the follo!ing options:
+5CDoop stress is computed according to ;d3)t !here 6d6 is the internal diameter of the
pipe.
O5CDoop stress is computed according to ;d3)t !here 6d6 is the outer diameter of the
pipe.
<eanCDoop stress is computed according to ;d3)t !here 6d6 is the average or mean
diameter of the pipe.
EamFsCDoop stress is computed according to EamFs e7uation$ s G ; % @i
)
H @i
)
8 @o
)
3
@
)
& 3 % @o
)
. @i
)
& and varies through the !all as a function of @.
%se 0+,1t
Ena"ling this directive causes CAESAR II to use the simplified form of the longitudinal
stress term !hen computing sustained stresses. Some codes permit this simplified form
!hen the pipe !all thic9ness is thin. This option is used most often !hen users are
comparing CAESAR II results to those from an older pipe stress program. The more
comprehensive calculation$ i.e. the 5efault$ is recommended.
Add F,A in Stresses
5etermines !hether or not the aial stress term is included in the code stress
computation. Setting this directive to 5efault causes CAESAR II to use !hatever the
currently active piping code recommends. Only the B31.3.type piping codes %i.e. codes
!here the sustained stress e7uation is not eplicitly given& have the /3# stresses included
in the sustained and occasional stress e7uations. The B31.1.type codes do not include the
/3# stresses "ecause the e7uations given eplicitly in the code do not include it. The /3#
stresses discussed here are not due to longitudinal pressure. These are the /3# stresses
due to structural loads in the piping system itself.
Add Torsion in SL Stress
Some piping codes include torsion in the sustained and occasional stresses "y eplicitly
including it in the stress e7uation %i.e. B31.1&$ and some don>t include torsion in the
sustained and occasional stresses "y implicitly calling for 6longitudinal stresses6 only %i.e.
B31.3&. Setting the #dd Torsion in SE Stress directive to Ies forces CAESAR II to
include the torsion term in those codes that don>t include it already "y default. Setting this
directive to 5efault causes CAESAR II to use !hatever the currently active piping code
implies. +n a sustained stress analysis of a very hot piping system su"Aect to creep$ it is
recommended that the user include torsion in the sustained stress calculation via this
parameter in the setup file.
Stress Sti22ening +ue to 0ressure
This flag instructs the program to include pressure.stiffening effects on straight pipes.
The options for this flag are:
3 . no stiffening of straight pipes due to pressure
1 . elemental stiffening using ;ressure J1
' . elemental stiffening using ;ressure J)
Note$ this option modifies the element>s stiffness matri.
Reduced Intersection
#vaila"le options are B31.1%;re 1010&$ B31.1%;ost 1010&$ ?@-3)0$ #S<E SE- +++$ and
Schneider:
B31.1 %;re 1010&
#llo!s the B31.1 code user to have the pre.1010 code rules used for reduced intersection.
These rules did.not define a separate "ranch S+/ for the reduced "ranch end. The "ranch
stress intensification factor !ill "e the same as the header stress intensification factor
regardless of the "ranch.to.header diameter ratio.
B31.1 %;ost 1010&
#llo!s the B31.1 code user to employ the post.1010 code rules for reduced intersections.
The reduced intersection S+/ e7uations in B31.1 from 1010 through 1010 generated
unnecessarily high S+/s "ecause of a mista9e made in the implementation. %This is as per
?@-3)0.& /or this reason many users opted for the 6;re 10106 B31.1 S+/ calculation
discussed a"ove. CAESAR II corrects this mista9e "y the automatic activation of the
flag: B31.1 @educed K /i G On. Bsers can vary the status of this flag in the CAESAR II
setup file to generate any interpretation of B31.1 desired. The default for a ne! Ao" is for
B31.1%;ost 1010& and for the B31.1 @educed K /i G On.
The !o RFT,WLT in Reduced Fitting SIFs flag also affects the S+/ calculations at
reduced intersections and is also availa"le in this release.
?@- 3)0
#llo!s the user to use the recommendations of ?@-3)0 for reduced intersections. #
reduced intersection is any intersection !here the d35 ratio is less than 0.02'. The
?@-3)0 recommendations result in more conservative stress calculations in some
instances and less conservative stress calculations in others. +n all cases the ?@-3)0
values should "e more accurate$ and more truly in.line !ith the respective codes intent.
#S<E Sect. +++
#llo!s the user to use the 101' #S<E Section +++ N- and N5 rules for reduced
intersections.
Schneider
#ctivates the Schneider reduced intersection stress intensification factor multiplication.
Das the same effect as the %se Sc4neider option.
Class 1 Branc4 Fle5i6ilit7
#ctivates the ,lass 1 fle#ibility calculations. The appearance of this parameter in the
setup file !ill completely change the modeling of intersections in the analysis. /or
intersections not satisfying the reduced "ranch rules that d35 L 0.' and that 53T L100$ the
"ranch !ill start at the surface of the header pipe. # perfectly rigid Aunction "et!een the
centerline of the header and surface !ill "e formed automatically "y CAESAR II using
the element offset calculations. S+/s act at the surface point for the "ranch. ?hen the
reduced "ranch rules are satisfied$ the local flei"ility of the header is also inserted at this
surface point. +ntersections not satisfying the reduced intersection rules !ill "e 6stiffer6
and carry more load$ !hile intersections satisfying the reduced intersection rules !ill "e
more flei"le and !ill carry less load. #ll changes to the model are completely
transparent to the user. +n systems !here the intersection flei"ility is a maAor component
of the overall system stiffness$ the user is urged to run the analysis "oth !ith and !ithout
the -lass 1 Branch /lei"ility active to determine the effect this modeling on the analysis.
/or more technical discussion$ refer to -lass 1 Branch /lei"ilities.
Class 1 Branch Flexibilities
This analytical option !as added to CAESAR II for the follo!ing reasons:
#utomatic local fle#ibilities at intersections help the user "ound the true solution.
Because the computer time to do an analysis is getting less epensive$ more
fre7uently an analyst is running several solutions of the same model using slightly
different input techni7ues to determine the effect of the modeling difference on
the results. %This gives the analyst a degree of confidence in the num"ers he is
getting.& /or eample$ structural steel supporting structures may "e modeled to
see the effect of their stiffnesses$ no,,le flei"ilities may "e added at vessel
connections to see ho! these features redistri"ute load throughout the model$
friction is added to !atch its effect on displacements and e7uipment loads$ and
!ith CAESAR II users may include ,lass 1 intersection fle#ibilities. The
characteristic that ma9es this option convenient to use is that the use can turn the
-lass 1 flei"ilities 6on6 and 6off6 via a single parameter in the setup file. There is
no other modification to the input re7uired.
+n $-, %.$ there are a num"er of suggestions made to improve the stress
calculations at intersections. These suggestions are fairly su"stantial$ and are
given in order of importance. The most important item$ as felt "y @oda"augh in
improving the stress calculations at intersections is given$ in part$ as follo!s:
6+n piping system analyses$ it may "e assumed that the flei"ility is represented "y a rigid
Aoint at the "ranch.to.run centerlines Auncture. Do!ever$ the -ode user should "e a!are
that this assumption can "e inaccurate and should consider the use of a more appropriate
flei"ility representation.6
Bser of the -lass 1 "ranch flei"ility feature may "e summari,ed as follo!s:The
user adds the option: -E#SSM1MB@#N-DM/EE= to the setup file. This option is
a flag$ and merely has to appear in the setup file to activate the option.
?here reduced "ranch geometry re7uirements are satisfied$ CAESAR II
constructs a rigid offset from the centerline of the header pipe to its surface$ and
then adds the local flei"ility of the header pipe$ "et!een the end of the offset$ at
the header$ and the start of the "ranch. Stresses computed for the "ranch$ are for
the point at its connection !ith the header.
?here reduced "ranch geometry re7uirements are not satisfied$ CAESAR II
constructs a rigid offset from the centerline of the header pipe to its surface. The
"ranch piping starts at the end of this rigid offset. There is NO local flei"ility due
to the header added. %+t is deemed to "e insignificant.& Stresses computed for the
"ranch$ are for the point at its connection !ith the header.
The reduced "ranch geometry re7uirements chec9ed "y CAESAR II are
d&/ L (.0 and /&T L 1((.(
?here:
d G 5iameter of "ranch
5 G 5iameter of header
T G ?all thic9ness of header
?hen the -lass 1 "ranch flei"ilities are used$ intersection models in the analysis !ill
"ecome stiffer !hen the reduced geometry re7uirements do not apply$ and !ill "ecome
more flei"le !hen the reduced geometry re7uirements do apply. Stiffer intersections
typically carry more load$ and thus have higher stresses %lo!ering the stress in other parts
of the system that have "een 6unloaded6&. <ore flei"le intersections typically carry less
load$ and thus have lo!er stresses$ %causing higher stresses in other parts of the system
that have 6pic9ed up6 the etra load&.
The "ranch flei"ility rules used in CAESAR II are ta9en from #S<E +++$ Su"section
NB$ %-lass 1&$ 100) Edition$ +ssued 5ecem"er 31$ 100)$ from -ode Sections NB.3414.*
and NB.3414.'.
?hen the reduced "ranch rules apply$ the follo!ing e7uations are used for the local
stiffnesses:
T@#NSE#T+ON#E:
#=+#E G @+N+5
-+@-B</E@ENT+#E G @+N+5
EONN+TB5+N#E G @+N+5
@OT#T+ON#E:
#=+#E G @+N+5
-+@-B</E@ENT+#E G %9&d3E+
EONN+TB5+N#E G %9,&d3E+
?here:
@+N+5 G 1.0E1) l".3in. or 1.0E1) in.l".3deg.
d G Branch diameter
E G Ioung>s <odulus
+ G -ross Section <oment of +nertia
5 G Deader diameter
T G Deader thic9ness
T" G Branch fitting thic9ness
9 G 0.1%53T&
1.'
O%T3t&%d35&P
0.'
%T"3T&
9, G 0.)%53T&O%T3t&%d35&P
0.'
%T"3T&
Bsers are referred to ?@- 3)0 Section *.0 6/lei"ility /actors.6 # "rief 7uote from this
section follo!s:
"The significance of "k" depends upon the specifics of the piping system. 1ualitati!ely, if
"k" is small compared to the length of the piping system, including the effect of elbows
and their k2factors, then the inclusion of "k" for branch connections will ha!e only minor
effects on the calculated moments. ,on!ersely, if "k" is large compared to the piping
system length, then the inclusion of "k" for branch connections will ha!e ma3or effects.
The largest effect will be to greatly reduce the magnitude of the calculated moments
acting on the branch connection. To illustrate the potential significance of "k4s" for
branch connections, we use the equation 5abo!e6 to calculate "k" for a branch
connection with /7( in., d71%.80 in. T7t7(.80 in.9
k 7 (.1(:()
1.'
((.;%0)
0.'
< (1.() 7 ;=.=
This compares to the more typical rigid23oint interpretation that k71, rather than
k7;=.= >6
/urther discussion in section *.0 illustrates additional pro"lems that can arise "y
overestimating the stiffness at "ranch connections. ;ro"lems arise "y "elieving
6mista9enly6 that the stress at the intersection is too high. /urther reference should "e
made to this section in ?@- 3)0.
The "ranch automatic flei"ility generation can "e used !here the user has only defined
the "ranch element in the model$ i.e. has left the header piping out of the analysis. +n this
case there !ill "e no 6offset6 e7ual to one.half of the header diameter applied to the
"ranch end. # 6partial intersection6 is one !here either the header pipe is not modelled$ is
modelled !ith a single element$ or is part of a geometric intersection !here the header
pipes are not colinear. +n the case !here there is no header pipe going to the intersection
there !ill "e no modification to the model for the class 1 "ranch flei"ilities. ?hen at
least a single header pipe is recogni,ed$ the local flei"ility directions are defined "y the
"ranch alone and in accordance !ith the CAESAR II defaults for circumferential and
longitudinal directions for the "ranch and header. Bsers are recommended to "uild full
intersection models at all times %not only !hen employing the class 1 "ranch flei"ility.&
+n most cases "uilding full intersection models !ill eliminate pro"lems caused "y the
assumptions necessary !hen a partial intersection is descri"ed.
+n the e7uations in NB.3414.' for tn$ the thic9ness of the "ranch pipe is used in all cases.
?hen "ranches are s9e!ed !ith respect to the header pipe$ and !here the t!o header
pipes are colinear$ the local -lass 1 flei"ilities are still ta9en to "e the longitudinal and
circumferential directions that are tangent to the header surface at its intersection !ith the
"ranch.
-lass 1 branch fle#ibilities can "e formed at "oth ends of a single pipe element.
!ote" The offsets necessary to form the class 1 intersections are automatically generated
"y CAESAR II. There is no etra input re7uired "y the user to have CAESAR II "uild
these intersections.
%+f there are already user.defined offsets at an intersection end$ the computed offset to get
from the header centerline to its surface along the centerline of the "ranch !ill "e added
to the already entered user offset.& #utomatic offsets !ill "e generated providing that the
distance from the header centerline to the header surface along the "ranch centerline is
less than or e7ual to 01( of the total pipe straight length.
?hen a "end curved element is part of an intersection model$ the offset and flei"ility
calculations !ill not "e performed