B.

Diagram of Pathophysiology
























Precipitating Factors:

- Smoking
- Drinking Alcohol
- Taking NSAIDs

Predisposing Factors:
- Genetics
- Helicobacter pylori
- Hypersecretory Condition

Normal antireflux barrier is
impaired
Tissue cannot withstand
the digestive action of
gastric acid HCL and
Pepsin
Increased concentration or
activity of acid-pepsin
Ulcer induced by NSAIDs
Topical irritation of the
gastric epithelial cells and
reduced protective
prostaglandin synthesis
Pharmacologic properties
Altered mucosal gel layer

























Decrease resistance of
the Mucosa
Erosion to the mucosa
Damage mucosa cannot
secrete enough mucous
Act as a barrier to HCL
Decrease Resistant to
bacteria
Helicobacter bacteria
occur
Signs and Symptoms:
- Loss of appetite
- Abdominal pain
- Pain after eating
- vomiting
- Weakness due to
vomiting, loss of
appetite and pain
- Heartburn or
Bleeding
perforation from
the ulcer
- Gastric outlet
obstruction
Normal flora of mucosal
layer which coats the lining
of the human stomach and
doudenum
inflammation
Host immune system
reponse
Damage mucosal defense
system
Diminished blood flow

























The bacteria that remained present in the system
of the host pauses and continuous to multiply
which makes the host as carrier for a long time.
The bacteria that does not
re- infect the host is shed
into the stool
Medical Management

- IV fluids and electrolytes
- Bed rest
- Avoid NSAIDs
- Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist
Surgical Movement
- Vagotomy may be performed to reduce
gastric acid secretion
Nursing Management
- Advice to avoid spicy and acidic food and dairy products and
caffeinated drinks; alcohol and smoking cigarettes.
- Advice to take small frequent meals
- Any bleeding from the rectum, blood in stools sudden acute
abdominal pain restlessness, falling of temperature should be
reported at once to the physician or the patient should be brought at
once to the hospital.
- Take vital signs and teach patient family member how to take and
record same.
- Provide light clothing or linens.
- Modify the environment through cooling by turning on the air
conditioner or fan.
- Instruct to increase oral fluid intake
- Regulate IV fluid.
- Administer medications as ordered.
- Teach members of the family how to report all symptoms to the
attending physician especially when patient is being cared for at
home.
- Teach, guide and supervise members of the family on nursing
techniques which will contribute to the patients recovery.
- Interpret to family the nature of disease and need for practicing
preventive and control measures.
If treated If not treated
Good Prognosis




- internal bleeding in
the digestive system
- splitting (perforation)
of a section of the
digestive system or
bowel, which
spreads the infection
to nearby tissue
- High possibility of
getting Gastric
cancer
Death
Bad Prognosis