Lab Report On Fitting Loss

Title: Fluid Flow Friction and Fitting Loss
Objective: The experiment was conducted to determine the pressure or head loss in different diameter pipes,
joints and valves.
Introduction:
Newtons Third Law of Motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction to it.
This law applies to fluid flow as well. In a fluid flow, there must be a certain amount of energy to keep the fluid
moving, and a portion of this energy is lost due to the resistance that exists against the fluid flow, which usually
is termed the head loss due to friction. The friction causes eddies and turbulences in the current and is caused by
two main factors, namely the viscosity of the fluid in which the higher the viscosity of the fluid, the greater the
friction acting against the fluid flow and the condition of the inside of the pipe, whereby the rougher the surface
of the inner pipe, the greater the friction acting against the fluid flow. The head loss of the fluid flow is also
affected by the changes in the direction of the flow, usually when the fluid flows in elbows, pipe bends,
junctions and valves. The diameter of the pipe also has an effect on the head loss of the fluid flow whereby
when the diameter of the pipe gets smaller, the flow area decreases. This causes the velocity of the fluid to
increase and as the velocity increases, the head loss due to friction also increases. For a laminar fluid flow with
a Reynolds Number of less than 2000, the head loss is calculated with the equation:

Where = fluid viscosity, = pipe length, d = pipe diameter and Q = volume flowrate
And for a turbulent flow with a Reynolds Number exceeding 4000, the head loss is computed with the
equation, taking into account the wall shear stress:

Where = friction factor, V = fluid velocity

Apparatus: Piping Loss Test Set
Procedure:
1. It is ensured that the water tank was full and all the valves of the set are shut.
2. The main power of the test set is switched on and the water pump is checked to ensure it is running.
3. The bypass valve and the flow regulating valve is adjusted to achieve the desired volumetric flow
rate.
4. All valves are turned off except V
1
, then the pressure meter is connected to measure the head loss
across the 8mm copper pipe.
5. The V
1
is then turned off while the valve V
2
is turned on. The head loss is then measured across the
contraction, 12mm PVC pipe and the enlargement portion.
6. The V
2
valve is then turned off while the valve V
3
is turned on. The head loss is then measured
across the 15.5 mm pipe.
7. The V
3
valve is turned off and the V
4
is turned on next. The head loss in the 0 elbow, 0 T-joint, in-
line strainer, gate valve and globe valve is then measured.
8. The experiment is repeated with different flow rates and all the data obtained is recorded in the table
provided.

Results :
Flow rate 4 GPM,
0.0003 m
3
/s
6 GPM,
0.0004 m
3
/s
8 GPM,
0.0005 m
3
/s
10 GPM,
0.0006 m
3
/s
12 GPM,
0.0008 m
3
/s
Fitting Pressure Drop (mH
2
O)
Straight Pipes
8 mm copper
tube
1.13 2.23 3.71 5.50 7.35

Flow rate 4 GPM,
0.0003 m
3
/s
7.5 GPM,
0.0006 m
3
/s
11 GPM,
0.0007 m
3
/s
14.5GPM,
0.0009 m
3
/s
18 GPM,
0.0011 m
3
/s
2
O)
Straight Pipes
12 mm (PVC) 0.12 0.33 0.61 0.91 1.27
15.5mm (PVC) 0.06 0.12 0.23 0.35 0.48
18 mm (PVC) 0.07 0.20 0.38 0.52 0.72
Sudden
contraction
0.1 0.33 0.63 0.97 1.30
Bends
4 -joint 0 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.05

Flow rate 7 GPM,
0.0004 m
3
/s
9 GPM,
0.0006 m
3
/s
11 GPM,
0.0007 m
3
/s
13 GPM,
0.0008 m
3
/s
15 GPM,
0.0009 m
3
/s
2
O)
Bends
0 lbow 0.02 0.09 0.16 0.22 0.31
0 T-joint 0.06 0.14 0.23 0.29 0.4
Valve
Gate 0.13 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.48
Ball 0.25 0.42 0.58 0.75 0.93
Globe 1.95 3.15 4.35 5.88 7.04
In-line strainer 3.8 6.25 9.05 11.6 14.6

Flow rate 8 GPM,
0.0005 m
3
/s
10 GPM,
0.0006 m
3
/s
12 GPM,
0.0008 m
3
/s
14 GPM,
0.0009 m
3
/s
16 GPM,
0.001 m
3
/s
2
O)
Bends
0 end 0.02 0.08 0.15 0.21 0.30

Flow rate 10 GPM,
0.0006 m
3
/s
12 GPM,
0.0008 m
3
/s
14 GPM,
0.0009 m
3
/s
16 GPM,
0.001 m
3
/s
18 GPM,
0.0011 m
3
/s
2
O)
Straight Pipes
Sudden
enlargement
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Fitting Flowrate : 4 GPM
Straight Pipes h l / d V
2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
8mm copper
tube
1.1296 125 1.2842 0.007 -
12mm (PVC) 0.12 83.33 0.2537 0.0057 -
15.5mm (PVC) 0.059 64.51 0.0911 0.0102 -
18mm (PVC) 0.07 55.55 0.0501 0.0251 -
Sudden
contraction
0.099 - 2.4991 - 0.04
4 -joint 0 - 0 - 0.4

2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
8mm copper
tube
2.299 125 2.8897 0.0062 -

Bends h l / d V
2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
0 lbow 0.019 - 0.0133 - 1.5
0 T-joint 0.059 - 0.0299 - 2.0
Valves
Gate 0.129 - 0.8664 - 0.15
Ball 0.249 - 4.9983 - 0.05
Globe 1.949 - 0.1949 - 1.95
Inline strainer 3.799 - 47.4838 - 0.08

Fitting Flowrate : 7.5 GPM
2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
12mm (PVC) 0.3299 83.33 0.8919 0.0044 -
15.5mm (PVC) 0.1199 64.51 0.3204 0.0058 -
18mm (PVC) 0.1999 55.56 0.1762 0.0204 -
Sudden
contraction
0.3299 - 8.2472 - 0.04
4 -joint 0.01 - 0.0249 - 0.4
2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
8mm copper
tube
3.7087 125 5.1372 0.0057 -
Bends
0 end 0.0199 - 0.0182 - 1.1

Bends h l / d V
2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
0 lbow 0.0899 - 0.0599 - 1.5
0 T-joint 0.1399 - 0.0699 - 2.0
Valves
Gate 0.2099 - 1.3995 - 0.15
Ball 0.4199 - 8.3971 - 0.05
Globe 3.1489 - 0.3149 - 10
Inline strainer 6.2479 - 78.0983 - 0.08

2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
8mm copper
tube
5.4981 125 8.0268 0.0055 -
Sudden
enlargement
0.01 - 0.01 - 1.0
Bends
0 end 0.0799 - 0.0727 - 1.1

2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
12mm (PVC) 0.6098 83.33 1.9185 0.0038 -
15.5mm (PVC) 0.2299 64.51 0.6892 0.0052 -
18mm (PVC) 0.3799 55.56 0.3790 0.018 -
18mm (PVC) -
Sudden
contraction
0.6298 - 15.7446 - 0.04
0 lbow 0.1599 - 0.1066 - 1.5
0 T-joint 0.2299 - 0.1150 - 2.0
4 -joint 0.0299 - 0.0749 - 0.4
Valves
Gate 0.2899 - 1.9327 - 0.15
Ball 0.5798 - 11.596 - 0.05
Globe 4.3485 - 0.4349 - 10
Inline strainer 9.0469 - 113.086 - 0.08

2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
8mm copper
tube
7.3475 125 11.5587 0.0051 -
Sudden
enlargement
0.0199 - 0.0199 - 1.0
Bends
0 end 0.1499 - 0.1363 - 1.1

Bends h l / d V
2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
0 lbow 0.2199 - 0.1466 - 1.5
0 T-joint 0.2899 - 0.1449 - 2.0
Valves
Gate 0.3798 - 2.5325 - 0.15
Ball 0.7497 - 14.99 - 0.05
Globe 5.8779 - 0.5878 - 10
Inline strainer 11.596 - 144.95 - 0.08

2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
Sudden
enlargement
0.0299 - 0.0299 - 1.0
Bends
0 end 0.2099 - 0.1908 - 1.1

Fitting Flowrate : 14.5 GPM
2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
12mm (PVC) 0.9097 83.33 3.3334 0.0033 -
15.5mm (PVC) 0.3499 64.51 1.1976 0.0045 -
18mm (PVC) 0.5198 55.56 0.6585 0.0142 -
Sudden
contraction
0.9697 - 24.242 - 0.04
4 -joint 0.0399 - 0.0999 - 0.4

Bends h l / d V
2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
0 Elbow 0.3099 - 0.2066 - 1.5
0 T-joint 0.3999 - 0.1999 - 2.0
Valves
Gate 0.4798 - 3.1989 - 0.15
Ball 0.9297 - 18.59 - 0.05
Globe 7.0376 - 0.70376 - 10
Inline strainer 14.595 - 182.44 - 0.08

2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
Sudden
enlargement
0.0399 - 0.0399 - 1.0
Bends
0 end 0.2999 - 0.2726 - 1.1

2
/ 2g Friction
factor,
Friction factor,
k
12mm (PVC) 1.2696 83.33 5.1372 0.0029 -
15.5mm (PVC) 0.4798 64.51 1.8455 0.004 -
18mm (PVC) 0.7198 55.56 1.0148 0.0128 -
Sudden
enlargement
0.0499 - 0.0499 - 1.0
Sudden
contraction
1.2996 - 32.4889 - 0.04
4 -joint 0.0499 - 0.1249 - 0.4

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 5 10 15 20
8mm copper tube
12mm PVC
15.5mm PVC
18mm PVC
Sudden enlargement
Sudden contraction

-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 5 10 15 20
90 bend
90 elbow
90 T-joint
45 Y-joint

Calculations:
For a straight pipe (8mm copper tube at 4GPM)
Q = 4 GPM = 0.000252 m
3
/s, = 1.13 mH
2
O = 11 100 Pa,
To calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe,
A
1
=

= 5.027 x 10
-5
m
2

To calculate for the velocity of manometer 1 when flow rate = 4.0 gallons/min or 0.0002523m
3
/s.
Q
1
= A
1
v
1
v
1
=

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Gate
Ball
Globe
In line strainer
=

= 5.02 m/s
To calculate for friction factor ,
(
) (
)
1.13 mH
2
O (
) (
)
11 100 Pa =

To calculate for the head loss h,
(

= 0.007036 (125)(
)
= 1.1296 m

For a sudden contraction fitting at 4GPM,
Q = 4GPM = 0.000252 m
3
/s , =0.1 mH
2
O = 981 Pa
Assuming the sudden contraction fitting is well-rounded, the

obtained from the textbook is 0.04
To calculate for the velocity in the fitting, V,

(
)
Rearranging the equation,

= 7.0036 m/s
To calculate for the head loss in the fitting, h,

(
)
= 0.04 (

= 0.1 m

For a bend fitting 0 elbow at M
Q = 7 GPM = 0.0004416 m
3
/s, 0.02mH
2
O = 196 Pa
A regular 0 threaded elbow has a K
L
value of 1.5

(
)

= 0.5112 m/s

(
)
= 1.5 (

= 0.019 m

For a valve fitting (Gate valve at 7 GPM)
Q = 7 GPM = 0.0004416 m
3
/s, 0.13mH
2
O = 1274.83 Pa
A fully open gate valve has a K
L
value of 0.15

(
)

= 4.1228 m/s

(
)
= 0.15 (

= 0.129 m

Discussion:
From both the Actual measured pressure head values and the values for the Ideal pressure head
calculated, it is shown that at x = 43mm where the duct converges, the pressure head values dropped
significantly as the velocity of the fluid flow here increases before rising again back up at x = 78mm, where the
duct diverges. This verifies ernoullis Theorem whereby in a steady, incompressible fluid flow, when the
velocity of the fluid increases, the pressure of the fluid decreases. This phenomenon applies to all flow rates. By
comparing the Actual measured pressure heads obtained with the Ideal pressure head calculated with the
Bernoulli Equation, it can be seen very clearly, on a general overview, that the values of the Actual measured
pressure heads are lower than the Ideal pressure head values. For the Ideal case, it is assumed that there is no
frictional losses in a fluid flow, thus the total pressure heads will remain a constant. But in reality, there will
always be frictional losses in a fluid flow which could also be attributed to turbulences in the flow, thus the
Actual total pressure heads will be lower than the Ideal total pressure heads as the values for the actual pressure
heads obtained from the measurements will always be lower than the calculated ideal pressure heads. However,
observing the results in the tables closely, the actual pressure heads are higher than the ideal pressure heads at
the distance of x = 31mm. As the flow rate increases, especially to 6.0 and 6.5 gallons/min, the actual pressure
heads at x = 43mm and x = 78mm are also higher than the ideal pressure heads, resulting a negative head loss at
all these distances as the actual total pressure heads at these distances have a higher value than the ideal total
pressure heads. A plausible explanation is that at x = 31mm where the duct begins to converge, a possibility is
that flow separation occurred around this region in which sediments or dirt may exist causing the cross sectional
area of the flow to decrease resulting in a higher pressure head value. Since pressure is inversely proportional to
the cross-sectional area, as in the formula P = F/A, this supports the hypothesis that as the cross sectional area of
the flow decreased, the pressure of the flow increased, which in turn would result in a higher actual pressure
head than the ideal value. And as pressure is directly proportional to the amount of force, it could also explain
that at higher flow rates, the actual pressure heads at x = 43mm and 78mm also turned out to be higher than the
ideal pressure heads.
Pressure head, x =

x ( = P
x ( =
,where F is force and A is cross sectional area

If the convergent-divergent duct is inclined upwards, the increased potential energy will inevitably result
in decreased dynamic (
) and pressure (
) heads. The velocity of the fluid flow will decrease since it is

acting against the forces of gravity while travelling up a slope thus resulting in a decreased dynamic head. Since
according to ernoullis Theorem, velocity of the fluid flow is inversely proportional to the pressure of the
fluid, thus as the velocity decreases, the pressure of the fluid will subsequently increase, thus resulting in an
increased pressure head. The total head H when the duct is inclined will remain the same as when the
convergent-divergent duct is horizontal. This is in accordance with the Law of Conservation of Energy whereby
the total energy at the first point of the flow has to be equal to the total energy at the second point of the fluid
flow. Thus, each of the heads will balance each other out in order to obey the stated law. The total head will
always remain a constant along a streamline for the Ideal case. Thus, if frictional losses are taken into account,
the resulting total head will theoretically, be lesser than the total head of an ideal case.

Conclusion:
The application of the Bernoullis equation as applied to the flow in a convergent-divergent duct shows
that when the velocity of the fluid flow increases at the part where the duct converges, the pressure of the fluid
decreases and the same relationship applies when the velocity of the fluid flow decreases back again as the duct
diverges, the pressure increases. This relationship is brought forward as applied to the heads whereby as the
pressure head increases, the velocity head decreases. It is also shown that the actual measured pressure heads
are lower than the ideal calculated pressure heads. This is due to frictional losses in the fluid flow which occur
in reality, thus the corresponding actual total heads will also be lower than the ideal total heads calculated using
the ernoullis quation.

Reference:
i) Munson, B.R., Okiishi, T.H., Huebsch, W.W., & Rothmayer, A.P. (2013). Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics (7
th
ed.). United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ii) Sleigh, A., & Noakes, C. (2009). The Bernoulli Equation.
Retrieved June 15, 2014 from
http://www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1400/Section3/bernoulli.htm

Lab Report On Fitting Loss

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Lab Report On Fitting Loss

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Title: Fluid Flow Friction and Fitting Loss

,where F is force and A is cross sectional area

) heads. The velocity of the fluid flow will decrease since it is

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