LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Johannson B; Rask K; Stenberg M (2010)

This study was to carry out a broad survey and anal ysis of relevant research
articles about piece rate wages and their effects on health and safet y. A total of 75
research articles were examined extensively and 31 of these werefound relevant
and had sufficient quality to serve the purpose of this study. The findings of t he s e
r e l e va nt a r t i c l e s a r e s umma r i z e d a nd a na l yz e d i n t he s ur ve y. Mor e
r e c e nt r e s e a r c h shows a clear interest for health, musculoskeletal injuries,
physical workload, pains and occupational injuries. The fact that 27 of the 31
studied articles found negative effects of piece rates on different aspects of health
and safet y does not prove causality, but together they give very strong support that
in most situations piece rates have negative effects on health and safety.

2) Tampa, Emile PhD; Dolin chi, Roman MA; de Oliveira (2009)

We reviewed the occupational health and safety intervention literature to synthesize evidence on
financialmerits of such interventions. A literature search included journal databases, existingsyst
ematic reviews, and studies identified by content experts. We found strong evidence that
ergonomic and other musculoskeletal injury prevention intervention in manufacturing
andwarehousing are worth undertaking in terms of their financial merits. The economicevaluatio
n of interventions in this literature warrants further expansion. The review also provided insights
into how the methodological quality of economic evaluations in this literature could be
improved.

3) Conor CO Reynolds; M Anne Harris; Peter A Cripton; Meghan Winters (2009)


Bicycling has the potential to improve fitness. Understanding ways of making bicycling
safer i s i mp o r t a n t t o i mp r o v i n g p o p u l a t i o n h e a l t h . We r e v i e w e d s
t u d i e s o f t h e i mp a c t o f t r a ns por t a t i on i nf r a s t r uc t ur e on bi c yc l i s t
s a f e t y. To a s s e s s s a f e t y, s t udi e s e xa mi ni ng t he following outcomes were
included: injuries; injury severit y; and crashes. Results to date s ugge s t t ha t
s i de wa l ks a nd mul t i - us e t r a i l s pos e t he hi ghe s t r i s k, ma j or r oa ds a r e
mor e hazardous than minor roads, and the presence of bicycle facilities (e. g. on -
road bike routes, on-road marked bike lanes, and off -road bike paths) was
associated with t he lowest risk. Street lighting, paved surfaces, and low-angled
grades are additional factors that appear to improve cyclist safety.

4) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant (2009)

The objectives of this study was to identif y family and job characteristics
associated with long work hours. The sample was composed of all salaried
workers aged 1664 years (3950 men and 3153 women) interviewed in the 2006
Catalonian Health Survey. Factors associated with long working hours differed by gender.
In men, working 5160 h a week was consistently associated with poor mental
health status, self-reported hypertension, job dissatisfaction, smoking, shortage of
sleep. Among women it was only related to smoking and to shortage of sleep. The
association of overtime with different health indicators among men and women
could be explained by their role as the family breadwinner.

5) Dee W. Evington; Alyssa B. Schultz (2008)

The a i m wa s t o pr e s e nt t he l i t e r a t ur e which provides evidence of the association
between health risks and the workplace economic me a s ur e s of t i me a wa y f r om wor k,
r e duc e d pr oduc t i vi t y a t wor k, he a l t h c a r e c os t s a nd pharmaceutical costs.
A search of Pub Med was conducted and high qualit y studies were selected and
combined with studies known to the authors. A strong body of evidence
existsw h i c h s h o ws t h a t h e a l t h r i s k s o f w o r k e r s a r e a s s o c i a t e d wi
t h h e a l t h c a r e c o s t s a n d pha r ma c e ut i c a l c os t s . A gr owi ng body of
l i t e r a t ur e a l s o c onf i r ms t ha t he a l t h r i s ks a r e associated with the
productivit y measures. The paper shows that measures of success will continue to be
important as the field of worksite health management moves forward.

6) David E. Cantor (2008)

The purpose of this paper was to review the literature and call for additional research into
the human, operational, and regulatory issues that contribute
towor kpl a c e s a f e t y i n t he s uppl y c ha i n. Thi s pa pe r i de nt i f i e s s e ve r a l po
t e nt i a l r e s e a r c h opportunities that can increase awareness of the importance of improving a
firm's workplace s a f e t y pr a c t i c e s . Thi s pa pe r i de nt i f i e s 108 a r t i c l e s whi c h
i nf or ms , how t he l ogi s t i c s a nd transportation safety has evolved. The paper identifies
14 future research opportunities within the workplace safety in the supply chain, that have been
identified can have a positive effect on practitioners confronted with safety issues.

7)Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant (2007)


To provide a framework for epidemiological research on work and health that
combines classic occupational epidemiology and the consideration of work in a structural
perspective focused on gender inequalities in health. Gaps and limitations in classic occupational
epidemiology,w h e n c o n s i d e r e d f r o m a g e n d e r p e r s p e c t i v e , a r e
d e s c r i b e d . C l a s s i c o c c u p a t i o n a l epidemiology has paid less attention
to womens problems than mens. Research into work related gender inequalities in
health has rarely considered either social class or the impact of family demands on mens health.
The analysis of work and health from a gender perspective should take into account the complex
interactions between gender, family roles, employment status and social class.

8)Shouji Nagashima; Yasushi Suwazono; Yasushi Okubo; Mirei Uetani (2007)


The aim was to clarify the influence of working hours on both mental and physical
symptoms of fatigue and use the data obtained to determine permissible working hours. The
survey of day-shift male workers, using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and
Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index (CFSI). A total of 715 workers participated. In the
group working260279h/month, the odds ratios for SDS and irritability and
chronic tiredness of the CFSI were increased. In the group working 280 h/month, the
odds ratios on CFSI for general fatigue, physical disorders, anxiety and
chronic tiredness were likewise increased. The research clarified that working hours
should be <260 h/month in order to minimize fatigue symptoms in male day workers.

9)L Al aMur s ul a; J Vaht e r a; A Kouvone n; A Vaanane n; A Li nna ( 200
6)


The associations of working hours (paid, domestic, commuting, and total) with sickness,
absence, and to examine whether these associations vary according to the level of
employee control over dail y working hours. The study among 25,703 full -time
public sector workers in 10towns in Finland. Long domestic and total working
hours were associated with higher rates of me di c a l l y c e r t i f i e d s i c kne s s
a bs e nc e s a mong bot h ge nde r s . Low c ont r ol ove r da i l y working hours
predicted medically certified sickness absences for both the women and men.

In combinations, high control over working hours reduced the adverse associations of long
domestic and total working hours with medically certified absences. Employee control over daily
working hours may protect health and help workers successfully combine a full-time job with the
demands of domestic work.

10)A Baker; K Heiler; S A Ferguson (2002)


The occupational health and safet y implications associated with compressed and
extended work periods have not been full y explored in the mining sector.

Absenteeism and incident frequency rate data were collected over a 33 month
period that covered three different roster schedules. The onl y significant change in
absenteeism rates was an increase in the maintenance sector in the third data
collection period. The current study did not find significant negative effects of a
12-hour pattern, when compared to an 8-hour system. However, when unregulated
and excessive overtime was introduced as part of the 12-hour/5- day roster,
absentism rates were increased in the maintenance sector.

11) N Nakanishia; H Yoshidaa; K Naganoa; H Kawashimob; K Nakamurac(2001)


To evaluate the association of long working hours with the risk of hyper-tension. The work site
is in Osaka, Japan. 941 hypertension free Japanese male white collar workers aged3554 years
were prospectivel y examined by serial annual health examinations. 424 men
developed hypertension above the borderline level. After controlling for potential predictors of
hypertension, the relative risk for hypertension above the borderline level, compared with those
who worked < 8.0 hours per day was 0.48, for those who worked 10.010.9 hours
per day was 0.63. These results indicate that long working hours are negativel y
associated with the risk for hypertension in Japanese male white collar workers.

12) N. Haworth; C. Tingvall & N. Kowadlo (2000)


In response to an increasing awareness of the role of wor k-related driving in
crashes and the related costs, many private and government organizations have developed
programs to improve fleet safety. The purpose of this project is to investigate the
potential to introduce road safet y based initiatives in the corporate environment. From
the review, that the fleet safety initiatives which have potential

to be effective are, Selecting safer vehicles, Some particular driver training and
education programs, Incentives, Company safety programs. It is assumed that the degree of
influence is likel y to decrease as the t ype of vehicle moves from the fleet towards
the private end of the continuum.
13) Graves carol gevecker; Matanoski genevieve m; Tardiff robert g (2000)


Carbonless copy paper (CCP), introduced in 1954. Its safety to workers who
handle
largea mo u n t s o f C C P h a s b e e n a d d r e s s e d i n n u me r o u s s t u d i e s a n
d r e p o r t s . T h i s r e v i e w encompasses the world's literature on CCP and provides a
weight-of-evidence analysis of the safety of CCP to workers in the United States. Since 1987,
has produced neither primary skin irritation nor skin sensitization under normal conditions of
manufacture and use. Finally, very few published complaints have come from the
manufacturing sector where the closest and most voluminous contact occurs. Based on
the weight of the evidence, NIOSH is anticipated to conclude that CCP is not a hazard to workers
and has only a small possibility of producing mild and transient skin irritation.

14) Karen J.M. Niven (2000)


A literature review was described which aimed to evaluate economic evaluations
of health and safet y interventions in healthcare. Problems were identified with valuing
benefits in health and safety because they frequently take many years to emerge and are
difficult to measure. Understanding of economic techniques within the health and
safet y professions was limited, resulting in wide-ranging assumptions being ma de
a s t o t he pos i t i ve e c onomi c i mpa c t of he a l t h a nd s a f e t y i nt e r ve nt i ons .
He a l t hc a r e ma na ge r s , he a l t h e c onomi s t s , a nd he a l t h a nd s a f e t y
pr of e s s i ona l s ha ve not t r a di t i ona l l y wor ke d t oge t he r a nd ha ve i nhe r e nt
mi s unde r s t a ndi ngs of e a c h ot he r r ol e s . The r e vi e w concludes that the aim
of future research should be to assist the National Health Service (NHS) to make valid
decisions about health and safety investment and risk control methods.

15)A Spurgeon; J M Harrington; C L Cooper (1997)


The European Community Directive on Working Time, which should have been
implemented in member states of the European Communit y by November 1996.
This paper reviews the current evidence relating to the potential effects on health
and performance of extensions to the normal working day

Research to date has been restricted to a limited range of health outcomes --
namel y, mental health and cardiovascular disorders. Other potential effects which
are normall y associated with stress--for example, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal
disorders, and problems a s s oc i a t e d wi t h de pr e s s i on of t he i mmune s ys t e m,
ha ve r e c e i ve d l i t t l e a t t e nt i on. I t i s concluded that there is currently sufficient
evidence to raise concerns about the risks to health and safety of long working hours.

16)Simon Chaplet and Tracy Mears (1996)


Mos t OECD c ount r i e s r e l y on a dmixture of market forces, tort liability,
compulsory insurance and government regulation to deal with workplace safety and
health issues. There are also other non-efficiency reasons for government involvement in
workplace safety and health. However, while markets may not be efficient, government
intervention can fail to make any improvement and/or not satisfy cost- benefit criteria. While
the empirical evidence is not clear cut, the balance of the evidence suggests that
wages may include some consideration for health and safet y risks. Evidence also
suggests that workers compensation systems increase the frequency and duration
of claims for non-fatal injuries, but may decrease the number of fatal injuries.

17) Pe t e r Has l e and Hans Jor ge n Li mbor g ( 1995)


The s c i e nt i f i c l i t e r a t ur e regarding preventive occupational Health and Safety Activities
in Small Enterprises has been reviewed in order to identify effective preventive approaches and
to develop a future research strategy. There is a lack of evaluation of intervention
studies, both in terms of effect
and pr a c t i c a l a ppl i c a bi l i t y. Howe ve r , t he r e i s s uf f i c i e nt l y s t r ong e vi de n
c e t o c onc l ude t ha t workers of small enterprises are subject to higher risks than
the larger ones, and that small enterprises have difficulties in controlling risk. The
most effective preventive approaches s e e m t o be s i mpl e a nd l ow c os t
s ol ut i ons , di s s e mi na t e d t hr ough pe r s ona l c ont a c t . I t
i s i mpor t a nt t o de ve l op f ut ur e i nt e r ve nt i on r e s e a r c h s t r a t e gi e s , whi c h s t
ud y t he c ompl e t e intervention system of the small enterprises.

18) International Council on Nanotechnology, Rice University

The r e por t , " Cur r e nt Knowl e dge a nd Pr a c t i c e s r e ga r di ng Envi r onme nt a l
He a l t h a nd Sa f e t y i n t he Nanotechnology Workplace", offers a review and analysis of
existing efforts to develop "best

P r a c t i c e s . " T h i s r e p o r t f i n d s t h a t e f f o r t s t o c a t a l o g u e w o r k p l a
c e p r a c t i c e s h a v e n o t systematicall y documented current environment, health
and safet y practices in a variet y of workplace settings and geographies. Moreover, it finds
that some existing documents are not publicly available.

19) Ma y n a r d , An d r e w D

Article from newsletter by Andrew Maynard summarizing the current level of development and
government investment in nanotechnology research and development how nanotechnology
presents a potential challenge to conventional approaches to understanding health hazards in the
workplace, and how the United states National Institute of Occupational safety and Health is
working to address current and potential adverse health impacts in the workplace from
nanotechnology.

20) Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health


This article seeks to address a number of important questions concerning the potential health and
workplacesafety risks raised by the manufacturing, handling, and distributing of engineerednano
particles. The article addresses the following questions;
the hazards classification of engineered nano particles, exposure metrics,
the actual exposures workers may have to different engineered nano particles in the
workplace,
the limits of engineering controls and personal protective equipment in protecting
workers in regard to engineered nano particles,
the kind of surveillance programs that should be put in place to protect workers,
(6)whether exposure registers should be established, and
if engineered nano particles should be treated as new substances and evaluated for safety
and hazards