Week 11 MECH3361

1
Recap 2D elements

Displacement Shape function Strain

T3,
3-node
constant strain triangle
(CST)
Linear:
y b x b b v
y b x b b u
6 5 4
3 2 1
+ + =
+ + =


(6 d.o.f.)
) (
2
1
y x
A
N
i i i i
| o + + =
(i=1,2,3)
3 3
2 2
1 1
1
1
1
2
1
y x
y x
y x
A =


Constant strain
2
b
x
u
xx
=
c
c
= c
6
b
y
v
yy
=
c
c
= c
5 3
2
b b
x
v
y
u
xy
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= c



T6
quadratic triangular
element
linear strain triangle
(LST)
Quadratic:
2
12 11
2
10
9 8 7
2
6 5
2
4
3 2 1
y b xy b x b
y b x b b v
y b xy b x b
y b x b b u
+ +
+ + + =
+ +
+ + + =

(12 d.o.f.)
| |
q
q q
q
q
q
q q

) 1 ( 4
) 1 ( 4
4
1 ) 1 ( 2
) 1 (
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 (
6
5
4
3
2
1
=
=
=

=
=
=
N
N
N
N
N
N

Fully-linear
y b x b b
xx 5 4 2
2 + + = c

y b x b b
yy 12 11 9
2 + + = c

( )
( ) ( )y b b x b b
b b
xy
11 6 10 3
5 3
2 2 2
2
+ + +
+ + = c


Linear Quadrilateral
Element (Q4)
Bilinear
xy b y b
x b b v
xy b y b
x b b u
8 7
6 5
4 3
2 1
+
+ + =
+
+ + =


(8 d.o.f.)
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
1
q = N ,
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
2
q + = N ,
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
3
q + + = N ,
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
4
q + = N

Half-linear
x b b y b b
y
u
x
v
x b b
y
v
y b b
x
u
xy
yy
xx
4 3 8 6
8 7
4 2
2
+ + + =
c
c
+
c
c
=
+ =
c
c
=
+ =
c
c
=
c
c
c




Quadratic Quadrilateral
Element (Q8)
Quadratic
2
16
2
15
2
14 13
2
12
11 10 9
2
8
2
7
2
6 5
2
4
3 2 1
xy b y x b
y b xy b x b
y b x b b v
xy b y x b
y b xy b x b
y b x b b u
+ +
+ +
+ + + =
+
+ + +
+ + + =

(16 d.o.f.)
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
4
1
4
3
2
1
q q
q q
q q
q q
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
N
N
N
N
) 1 )( 1 (
2
1
) 1 )( 1 (
2
1
) 1 )( 1 (
2
1
) 1 )( 1 (
2
1
2
8
2
7
2
6
2
5
q
q
q
q
=
+ =
+ =
=
N
N
N
N

Half-quadratic
2
16 15
13 12 10
8
2
7
6 5 3
16
2
15
14 13 11
2
8 7
5 4 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y b xy b
y b x b x b
xy b x b
y b x b b
xy b x b
y b y b y b
y b xy b
y b x b x b
xy
yy
xx
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + =
+ +
+ + =
+
+ + + =
c
c
c

q
x
y
x
y

q
mapping
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
4
Week 11 MECH3361
2
8.7 Axisymmetric Problems
Engineering problems
Conditions: Both (1) Rotational structures and (2) Axisymmetric loading/boundary is applied.

Cylindrical coordinates ) , , ( ) , , ( z r z y x u

Displacement field: ) , ( ), , ( z r w z r u
Due to axisymmetry, there is no v circumferential component of displacement vanishes.

Strain displacement relation
z
z r u
r
z r w
z
z r w
r
z r u
r
z r u
rz zz rr
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
= =
c
c
=
) , ( ) , (
,
) , (
,
) , (
,
) , (
c c c c
u0

Note that 0 = =
z r u u
c c
Stress-strain relation

(
(
(
(
(

+
=

rz
zz
rr
rz
zz
rr
E
c
c
c
c
v
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v
o
o
o
o
uu uu
2
2 1
0 0 0
0 1
0 1
0 1
) 2 1 )( 1 (

Axisymmetric Elements:
The element is in 2D but represents a ring swept around the axis.

Elemental stiffness matrix


Week 11 MECH3361
3
Applications: Rotating Flywheel:

Axisymmetric Condition:
(1) Structure is rotational
(2) The loading of body force due to angular velocity is
axisymmetric.
So such a problem can be modelled as a 2D axisymmetric problem.

Examples for 2D finite element method:
Example 8.9 Calculate stiffness matrix of the CST element (plane stress).
Soln: To install the elemental stiffness matrix for CST element, we can use Matlab as follows:
Step 1: Material matrix:
Plane stress: | |
(
(
(
(

=
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
v
v
v
v
E
E
Or, plane strain: | |
(
(
(
(

+
=
2
2 1
0 0
0 1
0 1
) 2 1 )( 1 (
v
v v
v v
v v
E
E
Step 2 Calculate [B] matrix: | |
(
(
(

=
12 21 31 13 23 32
21 13 32
12 31 23
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
y x y x y x
x x x
y y y
A
B
Step 3 Calculate stiffness matrix [k]

( )
(
(
(

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
= = =
} }
12 21 31 13 23 32
21 13 32
12 31 23
2
12 21
21 12
31 13
13 31
23 32
32 23
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
] ][ [ ] [ ] ][ [ ] [ ] ][ [ ] [ ] [
y x y x y x
x x x
y y y
E
y x
x y
y x
x y
y x
x y
A
t
B E B tA B E B dV dV B E B K
T T
V V
T e
v
v
v
v

Step 4: Matlab Calculation
E=1;
nu=0.3;
t=1;
x1=0;
y1=0;
x2=1;
y2=0;
x3=0.5;
y3=0.5;
A=(x1*(y2-y3)+x2*(y3-y1)+x3*(y1-y2))/2;
x21=x2-x1;
x13=x1-x3;
x32=x3-x2;
1(0,0)
2(1,0)
3(0.5,0.5)
x
y
Week 11 MECH3361
4
y12=y1-y2;
y31=y3-y1;
y23=y2-y3;
Bmat=[y23 0 y31 0 y12 0; 0 x32 0 x13 0 x21; x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12];
Emat=(E/(1-nu*nu))*[1 nu 0; nu 1 0; 0 0 (1-nu)/2];
Ke=t/(4*A)*Bmat'*Emat*Bmat

Ke =

0.3709 0.1786 -0.1786 -0.0137 -0.1923 -0.1648
0.1786 0.3709 0.0137 0.1786 -0.1923 -0.5495
-0.1786 0.0137 0.3709 -0.1786 -0.1923 0.1648
-0.0137 0.1786 -0.1786 0.3709 0.1923 -0.5495
-0.1923 -0.1923 -0.1923 0.1923 0.3846 0
-0.1648 -0.5495 0.1648 -0.5495 0 1.0989

Example 8.10 Sketch the distribution of v-displacement and y-strain in these two connected
CST elements for the global displacement vector {u} as shown.

Soln
Step 1: Select v-displacement in each node: { } { }
T T
D C B A
v v v v 1 2 1 0 = = v
.
Step 2: Draw the displacement in each corresponding node and connect them as shown.
Step 3: Calculate y-strains in each of the CST elements according to the follow equation.

(
(
(

= =

3
3
2
2
1
1
2 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 1 3 3 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
v
u
v
u
v
u
y y x x y y x x y y x x
x x x x x x
y y y y y y
A
xy
yy
xx
Bd
c
c
c

Note that node numbering of 1, 2, 3 should be in count-clockwise sequence.
For element #1, we can choose: Node (1,2,3) = Node (A,D,C) (we cannot use Node (A,C,D)).
For element #2, we can choose Node (1,2,3) = Node (C,B,A) (we cannot use Node (A,B,C)).
For element #1: nodal coordinates: For element #2: nodal coordinates:

=
1
1
0
1
0
0
3
3
2
2
1
1
(1)
C
C
D
D
A
A
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
x

=
0
0
1
0
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
(2)
A
A
B
B
C
C
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
x

Strain in element #1 (Node 1 = Node A, Node 2 = Node D, Node 3 = Node C)
x
y
v
D (1,0)
C (1,1)
B (0,1)
A (0,0)
x
y
D (1,0)
C (1,1)
B (0,1)
A (0,0)
1
2
{ }

=
1
3
2
2
1
4
0
1
D
D
C
C
B
B
A
A
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
u
1
2
Week 11 MECH3361
5
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 3 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
5 . 0 2
1
2
1
2
1
3 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 3
) 1 (
= + +

=
+ + =
+ + =
C A D D C A A D C
yy
v x x v x x v x x
A
v x x v x x v x x
A
c

Strain in element #2 (Node 1 = Node C, Node 2 = Node B, Node 3 = Node A)
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 0
5 . 0 2
1
2
1
2
1
3 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 3
) 2 (
= + +

=
+ + =
+ + =
A C B B A C C B A
yy
v x x v x x v x x
A
v x x v x x v x x
A
c
Step 4: plot the y-strain c
yy
for each constant strain element
(as shown on the right). Note that the strain distributions
are constant!

Example 8.11 Determine coordinate G1, G2, G3, G4 of Gaussian points in Cartesian
coordinate system of iso-parametric element Q4 as shown (the nodal coordinates have been
give in the figure). Compute Jacobian matrix [J] and det[J] for the Q4 element.

Soln: Q4 and Q8 are iso-parametric element in which displacement and coordinate share
the same shape functions for mapping and interpolation, as follows:
Coordinate mapping:
i
i
i i
i
i
y N y x N x

= =
= =
4
1
4
1
,

Displacement interpolation:
i
i
i i
i
i
v N v u N u

= =
= =
4
1
4
1
,
Step 1: Node numbering: Node (1,2,3,4) = Node (A,B,C,D)
Step 2: Coordinate in terms of Shape functions
Shape functions
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
1
q = N , ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
2
q + = N , ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
3
q + + = N , ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
4
q + = N

Cartersian coordinate (x,y) in terms of natural coordinate (, q)
) 5 . 0 2 5 . 6 (
4
1
) , (
25 . 1 ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
25 . 2 ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
2 ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
1 ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
4 3 2 1
4
1
q q
q q q q
q q q q
+ + =
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + = =

=
x
x x x x x N x
i
i
i

A(1,0) B(2,0)
C(2.25,1.5)
D(1.25,1)
x
y
A(-1, -1)

q
B(1, -1)
C(1, 1) D(-1, 1)
*
*
*
*
G1
G2
G3
G4
0.5774
-0.5774
x
y
c
yy
D (1,0)
C (1,1)
B (0,1)
A (0,0)
1
2
-1
-3
-1
-3
Week 11 MECH3361
6
( ) q q q
q q q q
q q q q
5 . 0 5 . 2 5 . 0 5 . 2
4
1
) , (
1 ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
5 . 1 ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
0 ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
0 ) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
4 3 2 1
4
1
+ + + =
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + = =

=
y
y y y y y N y
i
i
i

Step 3 Calculate the G1 coordinate:
9859 . 1 ) 5574 . 0 5 . 0 5574 . 0 2 5 . 6 (
4
1
) 5574 . 0 , 5574 . 0 ( = + + = = = q x
( ) 0997 . 1 5574 . 0 5574 . 0 5 . 0 5574 . 0 5 . 2 5574 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 2
4
1
) 5574 . 0 , 5574 . 0 ( = + + + = = = q y

Step 4: Jacobian matrix

c
c
c
c
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
y
u
x
u
y x
y x
u
u
J

] [
q q

q

| |
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
q q

y x
y x
J

| |
( )
( )
| |
( )
( )
(

+
+
=
(
(
(
(

+ + +
c
c
(

+ +
c
c
(

+ + +
c
c
(

+ +
c
c
=

q
q
q q
q
q
q
q q

5 . 0 5 . 2 ) 5 . 0 (
5 . 0 5 . 0 ) 2 (
4
1
) , (
5 . 0 5 . 2 5 . 0 5 . 2
4
1
) 5 . 0 2 5 . 6 (
4
1
5 . 0 5 . 2 5 . 0 5 . 2
4
1
) 5 . 0 2 5 . 6 (
4
1
J
J

G1: ( ) | |
( )
( )
(

=
(

+
+
=
6972 . 0 125 . 0
1972 . 0 5 . 0
5774 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 2 ) 5 . 0 (
5774 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 ) 2 (
4
1
5774 . 0 , 5774 . 0 J

Step 5 Jacobian determinant:
| |
( )
( )
q

q
q 25 . 0 75 . 4
5 . 0 5 . 2 ) 5 . 0 (
5 . 0 5 . 0 ) 2 (
4
1
) , ( det + =
(

+
+
= J

A linear function of natural
coordinate (, q). At G1:
( ) | | 3239 . 0 1972 . 0 125 . 0 6972 . 0 5 . 0
6972 . 0 125 . 0
1972 . 0 5 . 0
det 5774 . 0 , 5774 . 0 det = =
(

= J


8.6 Solid Elements for 3-D Problems
3D problems
3D stress vector: { }
T
zx yz xy zz yy xx
o o o o o o o =
3D strain vector: { }
T
zx yz xy zz yy xx
c c c c c c = c
Hookes law:
Week 11 MECH3361
7
) ( ) ( ) (
c o
1 6 6 6 1 6
2
2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
2
2 1
0 0 0 0
0 0
2
2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
) 2 1 )( 1 (

=

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
=

= E
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
E
c
c
c
c
c
c
v
v
v
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v
o
o
o
o
o
o
Displacement in 3D:

=
) , , (
) , , (
) , , (
z y x w
z y x v
z y x u
u

Finite Element Formulation
Displacement field:
i
N
i
i i
N
i
i i
N
i
i
w N w v N v u N u

= = =
= = =
1 1 1
, ,
In matrix form:
d N u =

(
(
(

) 1 3 (
2
2
2
1
1
1
) 3 3 (
2 1
2 1
2 1
) 1 3 (
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
) , , (
) , , (
) , , (
N
N
w
v
u
w
v
u
N N
N N
N N
z y x w
z y x v
z y x u

where N
i
are shape functions for 3D element and { }
T
w v u w v u
2 2 2 1 1 1
= d is the
nodal displacement vector.

Using strain displacement relation, we can have the following similar formula:

) 1 3 ( 3 6 1 6
=
N N
d B
) ( ) (
c

Similarly, the Stiffness Matrix:

e
V
N
N
N N
dV
e
}

=
) (
) (
3 6 ) 6 6 (
6 3
) 3 3 (
B E B k
T

Numerical quadratures are often needed to calculate the above integration.

Typical 3D elements
Tetrahedron (Tet):

Week 11 MECH3361
8
Hexahedron (brick):

Penta:


Remarks:
- Each node has 3 degrees of freedom (u, v, w) in these 3D elements
- 4-node tet element is a constant strain element and do not use 4-node tet elements for
capturing high stress/strain gradients.

Linear Hexahedron Element (8-node brick element)
Mapping:

Coordinate transformation (from natural coordinate to Cartesian coordinate)

i
N
i
i i
N
i
i i
N
i
i
z N z y N y x N x

= = =
= = =
1 1 1
, ,
Shape functions:

), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , ( ), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , (
), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , ( ), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , (
), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , ( ), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , (
), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , ( ), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , (
8 7
6 5
4 3
2 1
, q , q , q , q
, q , q , q , q
, q , q , q , q
, q , q , q , q
+ + = + + + =
+ + = + =
+ = + + =
+ = =
N N
N N
N N
N N


Isoparamatric Elements: The same shape functions are used as for the displacement field.
- Coordinate system:
i
N
i
i i
N
i
i i
N
i
i
z N z y N y x N x

= = =
= = =
1 1 1
, ,
- Displacement field:
i
N
i
i i
N
i
i i
N
i
i
w N w v N v u N u

= = =
= = =
1 1 1
, ,
The name of isoparamatric element is applied to 2D elements as well.
Week 11 MECH3361
9
Jacobian Matrix: (to apply strain displacement relation, derivatives w.r.t. different
coordinate systems are needed). Take u as example, one should have:

c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
z
u
y
u
x
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
z y x
z y x
z y x
u
u
u
J
, , ,
q q q

,
q

or

c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c

,
q

,
q

, , ,
q q q

u
u
u
u
u
u
z y x
z y x
z y x
z
u
y
u
x
u
1
1
J
where J is named Jacobian matrix. Similarly for v and w, one can extend as follows:

c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c

,
q

,
q

, , ,
q q q

v
v
v
v
v
v
z y x
z y x
z y x
z
v
y
v
x
v
1
1
J ,

c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c

,
q

,
q

, , ,
q q q

w
w
w
w
w
w
z y x
z y x
z y x
z
w
y
w
x
w
1
1
J
in which, for example, the calculation of c c / u can be done as:
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
8
1
u
N
u
N
u
N
u
N
u
N
u
N
u
N
u
N
u
N u
i
i
i
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c

=

To calculate Jacobian matrix, the isoparamatric relations of
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
z N z y N y x N x

= = =
= = =
8
1
8
1
8
1
) , , ( , ) , , ( , ) , , ( , q , q , q can be used as:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=



= = =
= = =
= = =
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
z
N
y
N
x
N
z
N
y
N
x
N
z
N
y
N
x
N
z y x
z y x
z y x
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
, , ,
q q q

, , ,
q q q

J
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
8 8 8
7 7 7
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
, , , , , , , ,
q q q q q q q q

J

Strain Displacement relation:
) 4 ( ) ( ) (
c
1 2 4 2 6 1 6
2 / ) (
2 / ) (
2 / ) (

=

c c + c c
c c + c c
c c + c c
c c
c c
c c
=

= d B
x w z u
z v y w
y u x v
z w
y v
x u
zx
yz
xy
zz
yy
xx
c
c
c
c
c
c

Week 11 MECH3361
10
in which | |
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
B B B B B B B B B =
) ( 4 2 6

where:
) 3 6 (
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c c c c
c c c c
c c c c
c c
c c
c c
=
x N y N
x N z N
y N z N
z N
y N
x N
i i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i
B

and Jacobian transformation for chain rule of differentiation is needed here.

c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
c
c
c
c

,
q

,
q

, , ,
q q q

i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
N
N
N
N
N
N
z y x
z y x
z y x
z
N
y
N
x
N
1
1
J
So Jacobian matrix needs to be positive definite.
Nodal coordinates are { }
T
w v u w v u w v u
8 8 8 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2
=
) 4 (
d

Strain energy
d E d ) E ) E E
T
(
(

= = = = =
} } } } }
dV dV dV dV dV U
V V V V V
B B (B (B c c c c c o
T T T T T
2
1
2
1
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1

Elemental Stiffness matrix: dV
V
}

=
24) (6 6) (6
6) (24
24) (24
2
1
B B
T
E k
In natural coordinate system: ( ) , q d d d dV J det =
( ) , q d d d J E k det
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
24) (6 6) (6
6) (24
24) (24
} } }

= B B
T

which can be calculated using numerical integration.

Example 8.12 The 8-node iso-paramatric brick element as shown in Cartesian coordinate
system (x,y,z) below is mapped to the natural coordinate (,q,,). Use shape function to
determine (1) Cartesian coordinate of centroid (2) displacement u, v, w at the centroid if the
nodal displacement is: | |
24 1
8 7 4 3
T

= d d 0 0 d d 0 0 d
Non-zero nodal displacements: { } 1 , 2 , 1
3
= d , { } 2 , 0 , 2
4
= d , { } 2 , 2 , 2
7
= d , { } 2 , 1 , 1
8
= d

z
x
y
(0,0,4)
(3,0,3)
(2,0,0)
(2,1,0)
(0,3,0)
(0,4,4)
(3,3,3)
q
,
(1,1,1)
(1,1,-1)
(-1,1,-1)
(-1,1,1)
(1,-1,1)
(1,-1,-1)
(-1,-1,-1)
(-1,-1,1)
mapping
1
2
6
5
4
3
7
8
1
2
5
6
4
3
7 8
Week 11 MECH3361
11
Solution:
{ }
T
4 , 4 , 0 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 0 , 3 , 4 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 3 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 0 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 = x
{ }
T
2 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 = u
Shape functions
), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , ( ), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , (
), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , ( ), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , (
), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , ( ), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , (
), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , ( ), 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
8
1
) , , (
8 7
6 5
4 3
2 1
, q , q , q , q
, q , q , q , q
, q , q , q , q
, q , q , q , q
+ + = + + + =
+ + = + =
+ = + + =
+ = =
N N
N N
N N
N N

Coordinate mapping:
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
z N z y N y x N x

= = =
= = =
8
1
8
1
8
1
, ,
25 . 1
8
10
0
8
3
8
3
0 0
8
2
8
2
0
) 0 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 3 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 3 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 2 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 2 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 , 0 , 0 (
0
8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0
= = + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + = = = =
x
x N x N x N x N x N x N x N x N x , q
Similarly,
The Cartesian coordinate for centroid: 75 . 1 , 375 . 1 , 25 . 1
0 0 0
= = = z y x
Displacement at the centroid:
Displacement field:
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
w N w v N v u N u

= = =
= = =
8
1
8
1
8
1
, ,
) 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 2 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 2 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 )( 0 1 (
8
1
) 0 , 0 , 0 (
8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + = = = = u N u N u N u N u N u N u N u N u , q

0
8
1
8
2
0 0
8
2
8
1
0 0
0
= + + + + + = u
Similarly, Displacement at the centroid: 125 . 0 , 625 . 0 , 0
0 0 0
= = = w v u .

Matlab code: the following simple Matlab code can be used for the calculations:
xi=0; nu=0; zt=0;
x1=0; x2=2; x3=2; x4=0; x5=0; x6=3; x7=3; x8=0;
y1=0; y2=0; y3=1; y4=3; y5=0; y6=0; y7=3; y8=4;
z1=0; z2=0; z3=0; z4=0; z5=4; z6=3; z7=3; z8=4;
u1=0; u2=0; u3=1; u4=-2; u5=0; u6=0; u7=2; u8=-1;
v1=0; v2=0; v3=2; v4=0; v5=0; v6=0; v7=2; v8=1;
w1=0; w2=0; w3=-1;w4=-2; w5=0; w6=0; w7=2; w8=2;
N1=(1-xi)*(1-nu)*(1-zt)/8; N2=(1+xi)*(1-nu)*(1-zt)/8;
N3=(1+xi)*(1+nu)*(1-zt)/8; N4=(1-xi)*(1+nu)*(1-zt)/8;
N5=(1-xi)*(1-nu)*(1+zt)/8; N6=(1+xi)*(1-nu)*(1+zt)/8;
N7=(1+xi)*(1+nu)*(1+zt)/8; N8=(1-xi)*(1+nu)*(1+zt)/8;
x=N1*x1+N2*x2+N3*x3+N4*x4+N5*x5+N6*x6+N7*x7+N8*x8
Week 11 MECH3361
12
y=N1*y1+N2*y2+N3*y3+N4*y4+N5*y5+N6*y6+N7*y7+N8*y8
z=N1*z1+N2*z2+N3*z3+N4*z4+N5*z5+N6*z6+N7*z7+N8*z8
u=N1*u1+N2*u2+N3*u3+N4*u4+N5*u5+N6*u6+N7*u7+N8*u8
v=N1*v1+N2*v2+N3*v3+N4*v4+N5*v5+N6*v6+N7*v7+N8*v8
w=N1*w1+N2*w2+N3*w3+N4*w4+N5*w5+N6*w6+N7*w7+N8*w8

Example 8.13 For the axisymmetric problem, if a 3-
node triangular element is used, please derive the
formula for B matrix (or namely strain-displacement
matrix).
Soln:
Shape function: After replacing x by using r, y by z (in
axisymmetric problem, two coordinates governing the mesh are r and z).
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | z r r r z z z r z r
A
y x x x y y y x y x
A
N
z r r r z z z r z r
A
y x x x y y y x y x
A
N
z r r r z z z r z r
A
y x x x y y y x y x
A
N
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3
3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2
2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 1
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
Or we can write as follows:
| | | | | | z r
A
N z r
A
N z r
A
N
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
| o | o | o + + = + + = + + =
in which
, , ,
; , , ,
; , , ,
1 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 1
2 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 1
1 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 1
r r r r r r
z z z z z z
z r z r z r z r z r z r
= = =
= = =
= = =

| | |
o o o

(
(
(

=
3 3
2 2
1 1
1
1
1
det 2
z r
z r
z r
A (area)
Displacement field can be expressed in terms of shape function as:
3 3 2 2 1 1
3
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3
1
w N w N w N w N w u N u N u N u N u
i
i
i i
i
i
+ + = = + + = =

= =

or

=
)
`

3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
w
u
w
u
w
u
N N N
N N N
w
u

Strain displacement relation
z
z r u
r
z r w
z
z r w
r
z r u
r
z r u
rz zz rr
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
= =
c
c
=
) , ( ) , (
,
) , (
,
) , (
,
) , (
c c c c
uu

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

3
3
2
2
1
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
) , ( ) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
w
u
w
u
w
u
r
N
z
N
r
N
z
N
r
N
z
N
z
N
z
N
z
N
r
u
r
u
r
u
r
N
r
N
r
N
A
z
z r u
r
z r w
z
z r w
r
z r u
r
z r u
rz
zz
rr
c
c
c
c
uu

Week 11 MECH3361
13
Bd =

(
(
(
(
(

+ + + + + +
=

3
3
2
2
1
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3
3
3 2
2
2 1
1
1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
w
u
w
u
w
u
z
r r
z
r r
z
r r
A
rz
zz
rr
| | |

|
o
|
o
|
o
| | |
c
c
c
c
uu

(
(
(
(
(

+ + + + + +
=
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
3
3
3 2
2
2 1
1
1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
| | |

|
o
|
o
|
o
| | |
z
r r
z
r r
z
r r
A
B
Note that B is not a constant matrix!
Hookes law
Ec o =

(
(
(
(
(

+
=

=
rz
zz
rr
rz
zz
rr
E
c
c
c
c
v
v v v
v v v
v v v
v v
o
o
o
o
uu uu
2
2 1
0 0 0
0 1
0 1
0 1
) 2 1 )( 1 (

Strain energy
d E d d) E d) E E
T
(
(

= = = = =
} } } } }
dV dV dV dV dV U
V V V V V
B B (B (B c c c c c o
T T T T T
2
1
2
1
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1

Elemental Stiffness Matrix [K] for Axisymmetric element dV
V
}
= B B
T
E k
2
1
. Since B is not
constant, numerical integration may be needed.

8.8 Finite Element Modelling Techniques
Symmetry
- Reflective (mirror, bilateral) symmetry
- Rotational (cyclic) symmetry
- Axisymmetry
- Translational symmetry

Nature of Finite Element Solutions
- FE Model A mathematical model of the
real structure, based on many
approximations.
- Real Structure -- Infinite number of nodes
(physical points or particles), thus infinite
number of DOFs.
- FE Model finite number of nodes, thus
limited number of DOFs.
Displacement field is controlled (or constrained) by the values at a limited number of nodes

Stiffening Effect:
Week 11 MECH3361
14
- FE Model is stiffer than the real structure.
- In general, displacement results are smaller in
magnitudes than the exact values.
- Hence, exact solution provides an upper
bound for the FEM solution. In the
convergence test, it usually provides the
following diagram: The FEM solution
approaches the exact solution from below.
This is true for displacement based FEA only!

Numerical Error
- Numerical Error ( in solving FE equations)
- Modeling Error (approximation to beam, plate theories)
- Discretization Error (finite, piecewise )

Ill-condition
Lets look at an example:
FE equilibrium equation (after apply B.C.)

)
`

=
)
`

+

0
2
1
2 1 1
1 1
P
u
u
k k k
k k

det
2 1
2 1 1
1 1
k k
k k k
k k
=
(

+


The system will be singular if
2
k is much smaller than
1
k (or vice verse)






Convergence of FE Solutions
As the mesh in an FE model is refined repeatedly, the FE solution will converge to the
exact solution of the mathematical model of the problem (the model based on bar, beam,
plane stress/strain, plate, shell, or 3-D elasticity theories or assumptions).

Types of Refinement:
- h-refinement: reduce the size of the element (h refers to the typical size of the
elements), e.g. let smart size down from 5 to 1;
- p-refinement: Increase the order of the polynomials on an element, i.e. use a higher
order of elements (linear to quadratic, etc.; h refers to the higher order in a
polynomial);
- r-refinement: re-arrange the nodes in the mesh;
- hp-refinement: Combination of the h- and p-refinements (better results!).

Adaptivity (h-, p-, and hp-Methods)
Week 11 MECH3361
15


Mesh quality
- Know the behaviours of each type of elements:
T3 and Q4: linear displacement, constant strain and stress;
T6 and Q8: quadratic displacement, linear strain and stress.
- Choose the right type of elements for a given problem:
When in doubt, use higher order elements or a finer mesh.
- Avoid elements with large aspect ratios and corner angles:
Aspect ratio = Lmax / Lmin
where Lmax and Lmin are the largest and smallest characteristic lengths of an
element, respectively.

- Avoid singular elements



Example 8.14: Write elemental and global equilibrium equations of the following two CST
finite element model. Go on to determine the nodal displacements and strain in both elements
(assume: E=1, v=0.3, thickness = 1 for a plane stress problem).

Soln:
Step 1: Connectivity of FE model
Number of elements = 2; Number of nodes = 4; d.o.f.=8

Step 2: Elemental Stiffness matrix calculation for plane stress problem
p
i
Stress
concentration,
needs dense
mesh to
capture the
stress gradient
d) t = 0.0150 (fracture of bridge)
Fracture path Fracture path
x
A(0,0) B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
y
1
2
F
x
=1
F
y
=1
Week 11 MECH3361
16
( )
(
(
(

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
= = =
} }
12 21 31 13 23 32
21 13 32
12 31 23
2
12 21
21 12
31 13
13 31
23 32
32 23
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
] ][ [ ] [ ] ][ [ ] [ ] ][ [ ] [ ] [
y x y x y x
x x x
y y y
E
y x
x y
y x
x y
y x
x y
A
t
B E B tA B E B dV dV B E B K
T T
V V
T e
v
v
v
v


Element #1 (Counter-clockwise: Node 1 = Node A, Node 2 = Node B, Node 3 = Node C)
E=1;
nu=0.3;
t=1;
x1=0; %Node A
y1=0; %Node A
x2=1; %Node B
y2=0; %Node B
x3=1; %Node C
y3=1; %Node C
A=(x1*(y2-y3)+x2*(y3-y1)+x3*(y1-y2))/2;
x21=x2-x1;
x13=x1-x3;
x32=x3-x2;
y12=y1-y2;
y31=y3-y1;
y23=y2-y3;
Bmat=[y23 0 y31 0 y12 0; 0 x32 0 x13 0 x21; x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12];
Emat=(E/(1-nu*nu))*[1 nu 0; nu 1 0; 0 0 (1-nu)/2];
Ke=t/(4*A)*Bmat'*Emat*Bmat

Ke=
0.5495 0 -0.5495 0.1648 0 -0.1648
0 0.1923 0.1923 -0.1923 -0.1923 0
-0.5495 0.1923 0.7418 -0.3571 -0.1923 0.1648
0.1648 -0.1923 -0.3571 0.7418 0.1923 -0.5495
0 -0.1923 -0.1923 0.1923 0.1923 0
-0.1648 0 0.1648 -0.5495 0 0.5495

Element #2 (Counter-clockwise: Node 1 = Node A, Node 2 = Node C, Node 3 = Node D)
E=1;
nu=0.3;
t=1;
x1=0; %Node A
y1=0; %Node A
x2=1; %Node C
y2=1; %Node C
x3=0; %Node D
y3=1; %Node D
A=(x1*(y2-y3)+x2*(y3-y1)+x3*(y1-y2))/2;
x21=x2-x1;
x13=x1-x3;
x32=x3-x2;
y12=y1-y2;
y31=y3-y1;
y23=y2-y3;
Bmat=[y23 0 y31 0 y12 0; 0 x32 0 x13 0 x21; x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12];
Emat=(E/(1-nu*nu))*[1 nu 0; nu 1 0; 0 0 (1-nu)/2];
Ke=t/(4*A)*Bmat'*Emat*Bmat
Week 11 MECH3361
17

Ke=
0.1923 0 0 -0.1923 -0.1923 0.1923
0 0.5495 -0.1648 0 0.1648 -0.5495
0 -0.1648 0.5495 0 -0.5495 0.1648
-0.1923 0 0 0.1923 0.1923 -0.1923
-0.1923 0.1648 -0.5495 0.1923 0.7418 -0.3571
0.1923 -0.5495 0.1648 -0.1923 -0.3571 0.7418

Step 3: Elemental equilibrium equations
Element #1:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
5495 . 0 0 5495 . 0 1648 . 0 0 1648 . 0
0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 0
5495 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0 3571 . 0 1923 . 0 1648 . 0
1648 . 0 1923 . 0 3571 . 0 7418 . 0 1923 . 0 5495 . 0
0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 0
1648 . 0 0 1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 5495 . 0
yC
xC
yB
xB
yA
xA
C
C
B
B
A
A
f
f
f
f
f
f
v
u
v
u
v
u

Element #2:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
7418 . 0 3571 . 0 1923 . 0 1648 . 0 5495 . 0 1923 . 0
3571 . 0 7418 . 0 1923 . 0 5495 . 0 1648 . 0 1923 . 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 0 0 1923 . 0
1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 5495 . 0 1648 . 0 0
5495 . 0 1648 . 0 0 1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 0 0 1923 . 0
yD
xD
yC
xC
yA
xA
D
D
C
C
A
A
f
f
f
f
f
f
v
u
v
u
v
u


Step 4: Global equilibrium equations
Expand the equilibrium equations according global displacement vector:

{ }
T
D D C C B B A A
v u v u v u v u = d

Elemental equilibrium equation: f kd=
Element #1:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 5495 . 0 0 5495 . 0 1648 . 0 0 1648 . 0
0 0 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 0
0 0 5495 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0 3571 . 0 1923 . 0 1648 . 0
0 0 1648 . 0 1923 . 0 3571 . 0 7418 . 0 1923 . 0 5495 . 0
0 0 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 0
0 0 1648 . 0 0 1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 5495 . 0
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
yC
xC
yB
xB
yA
xA
D
D
C
C
B
B
A
A
f
f
f
f
f
f
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u

Element #2:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
0
0
7418 . 0 3571 . 0 1923 . 0 1648 . 0 0 0 5495 . 0 1923 . 0
3571 . 0 7418 . 0 1923 . 0 5495 . 0 0 0 1648 . 0 1923 . 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 0 0 0 0 1923 . 0
1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 5495 . 0 0 0 1648 . 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5495 . 0 1648 . 0 0 1648 . 0 0 0 5495 . 0 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 0 0 0 0 1923 . 0
yD
xD
yC
xC
yA
xA
D
D
C
C
B
B
A
A
f
f
f
f
f
f
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u

Global equilibrium equations
Week 11 MECH3361
18
Add the above two expanded equations (Element #1) + (Element #2):

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

yD
xD
yC
xC
yB
xB
yA
xA
yD
xD
yC
xC
yA
xA
yC
xC
yB
xB
yA
xA
D
D
C
C
B
B
A
A
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
Sym
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
0
0
0
0
7418 . 0
3571 . 0 7418 . 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 7418 . 0
0 0 5495 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
0 0 1648 . 0 1923 . 0 3571 . 0 7418 . 0
5495 . 0 1648 . 0 0 3571 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 3571 . 0 0 1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 7418 . 0


Step 5: Boundary and loading conditions

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

yD
xD
yB
xB
yA
xA
C
C
F
F
F
F
F
F
v
u
Sym 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7418 . 0
3571 . 0 7418 . 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 7418 . 0
0 0 5495 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
0 0 1648 . 0 1923 . 0 3571 . 0 7418 . 0
5495 . 0 1648 . 0 0 3571 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 3571 . 0 0 1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 7418 . 0


Step 6: Determine and plot displacement
The equilibrium equation is reduced to 22 as below.
)
`

=
)
`

1
1
7418 . 0 0
0 7418 . 0
C
C
v
u


)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

3463 . 1
3463 . 1
7428 . 0 / 1
7428 . 0 / 1
C
C
v
u

{ } { }
T T
D D C C B B A A
v u v u v u v u 0 0 3463 . 1 3463 . 1 0 0 0 0 = = d


Step 7: Calculate and plot elemental strains:

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

yD
xD
yB
xB
yA
xA
C
C
F
F
F
F
F
F
v
u
Sym 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7418 . 0
3571 . 0 7418 . 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 7418 . 0
0 0 5495 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
0 0 1648 . 0 1923 . 0 3571 . 0 7418 . 0
5495 . 0 1648 . 0 0 3571 . 0 1923 . 0 1923 . 0 7418 . 0
1923 . 0 1923 . 0 3571 . 0 0 1648 . 0 5495 . 0 0 7418 . 0
x
y
u
B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
A(0,0)
x
y
v
B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
A(0,0)
Week 11 MECH3361
19

(
(
(

= =

3
3
2
2
1
1
2 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 1 3 3 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1
v
u
v
u
v
u
y y x x y y x x y y x x
x x x x x x
y y y y y y
A
xy
yy
xx
Bd
c
c
c

Strain in element #1 (Node 1 = Node A, Node 2 = Node B, Node 3 = Node C)
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 0 3463 . 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
5 . 0 2
1
2
1
2
1
3 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 2
) 1 (
= + +

=
+ + = + + =
C B A B A C A C B xx
u y y u y y u y y
A
u y y u y y u y y
A
c

( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 3463 . 1 3463 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
5 . 0 2
1
2
1
2
1
3 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 3
) 1 (
= + +

=
+ + = + + =
C A B B C A A B C yy
v x x v x x v x x
A
v x x v x x v x x
A
c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 3463 . 1 1 0 0 3463 . 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
5 . 0 2
1
2
1
2
1
3 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 3
) 1 (
= + + + + +

=
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
C B A C A B B A C B C A A C B A B C
xy
v y y u x x v y y u x x v y y u x x
A
v y y u x x v y y u x x v y y u x x
A
c

Strain in element #2 (Node 1 = Node A, Node 2 = Node C, Node 3 = Node D)
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 3463 . 1 0 1 0 3463 . 1 0 1 0 1 1
5 . 0 2
1
2
1
2
1
3 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 2
) 2 (
= + +

=
+ + = + + =
D C A C A D A D C xx
u y y u y y u y y
A
u y y u y y u y y
A
c

( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 0 0 0 1 3463 . 1 0 0 0 1 0
5 . 0 2
1
2
1
2
1
3 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 3
) 2 (
= + +

=
+ + = + + =
D A C C D A A C D yy
v x x v x x v x x
A
v x x v x x v x x
A
c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 3463 . 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 3463 . 1 0 1 3463 . 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
5 . 0 2
1
2
1
2
1
3 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 3
) 2 (
= + + + + +

=
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
D C A D A C C A D C D A A D C A C D
xy
v y y u x x v y y u x x v y y u x x
A
v y y u x x v y y u x x v y y u x x
A
c


x
y
c
xx
B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
A(0,0)
x
y
B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
A(0,0)
1
2
c
yy
1
2
1.3643
1.3643
Week 11 MECH3361
20

Step 8: Calculate and plot elemental stresses: Ec o =

(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

= =

xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
E
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
v
v
v
v
o
o
o
3843 . 0 0 0
0 098 . 1 3294 . 0
0 3294 . 0 098 . 1
2
3 . 0 1
0 0
0 1 3 . 0
0 3 . 0 1
3 . 0 1
1
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2 2
Ec
Stress in element #1:

(
(
(

5243 . 0
4980 . 1
4494 . 0
3643 . 1
3643 . 1
0
3843 . 0 0 0
0 098 . 1 3294 . 0
0 3294 . 0 098 . 1
xy
yy
xx
o
o
o

Stress in element #2:

(
(
(

5243 . 0
4494 . 0
4980 . 1
3643 . 1
0
3643 . 1
3843 . 0 0 0
0 098 . 1 3294 . 0
0 3294 . 0 098 . 1
xy
yy
xx
o
o
o




x
y
c
xy
B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
A(0,0)
1
2
1.3643
x
y
o
xx
B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
A(0,0)
1
2
1.4980
0.4494
x
y
o
yy
B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
A(0,0)
1
2
1.4980
0.4494
x
y
o
xy
B(1,0)
C(1,1)
D(0,1)
A(0,0)
1
2
0.5243
0.5243