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(1) If y = f(x), x is called the independent variable and y the dependent variable.
(2) Some important limits
(i) 1
!
sin!
" !
#t
(ii)
1 cos!
" !
#t
(iii) 1
!
tan!
#t
" !
(iv)
m
!
sinm!
" !
#t
(v)
m
!
tanm!
" !
#t
(vi)
1 n
na
a x
n
a
n
x
a x
#t
(vii)
e h) (1 #t
h
1
" h
+
+
(ix) 1
x
1 e
#t
x
" x
(x) a lo(
x
1 a
#t
e
x
" x
, then
a x
#t
>
+(x)
f(x)
=
a x
#t
>
(x) +-
(x) f-
.erivatives of a f*nction or differential coefficients of f*nctions
If y = f(x), the derivative of y /.r.t x is defined as
x 0
f(x) x) 0 f(x
#t
dx
dy
" 0x
+
1ot x 2cosec
2
x
x
x 2
1 Sin ax a cos ax
n
x
1
1 n
x
n
+
3an ax a sec
2
ax
e
x
e
x
) x ( f
e ( ) x f . e
- ) x ( f
a
x
a lo( a
e
x ) x ( f
a ( ) a lo( . x f . a
e
- ) x ( f
x lo(
e
x
1
lo(e f(x)
) x ( - f
) x ( f
1
x lo(
a
e lo(
x
1
a
lo(a f(x)
e lo( ). x ( - f
) x ( f
1
a
Sin x 1os x Sin f(x) 1os f(x). f(x)
1os x 2 sin x 1os f(x) 2 sin f(x) f(x)
3an x Sec
2
x 3an f(x)
1osec f(x)
Sec
2
f(x) f(x)
2cosec
2
f(x)
cot f(x).f(x)
1osec x 2 cosec x cot x Sec f(x)
1ot f(x)
Sec f(x) tan f(x) f(x)
2cosec
2
f(x).f(x)
Problems on Limits:
Evaluate the following Limits:
1.
2
2 sin
2
x sin
2
#t
x cos
x 2
#t
2 x 2 x
, *sin( #)ospitals r*le
2.
2
2
1
1
x sin
)
4
x cos(
#t
"
"
x cos
2
&
)
4
x sin(
#t
4 x 4 x
1
]
1
, *sin( #)ospitals r*le
&.
1
]
1
"
"
x
x cos 1
#t
2
" x
2
1
2
x cos
#t
"
"
x 2
x sin
#t
" x " x
1
]
1
, *sin( #)ospitals r*le.
5.
2
x
x cos b a
#t
2
" x
+
Since the ori(inal limit = 26 2b72 = 26 b = 25
Since a 8 b = "6 a = 5
9.
2
1
2
n
1
1
#t
n 2
1 n
#t
n 2
) 1 n ( n
#t
n
n ... & 2 1
#t
n n
2
n
2
x
+
+ + + +
Since n 6 "
n
1
4. n n.1
1 x) (1
1 x) (1
#t
x
1 x) (1
#t
1 n
n
1 x) (1
n
" x
+
+
+
+
:*se the res*lt
1 n
n n
a x
na
a x
a x
#t
;
'.
9
2
x
2
9
x
1
x
&
2
#t
2 x 9
1 x & x 2
#t
2
2
x
2
2
x
+ +
+ +
, since "
x
1
and "
x
1
2
<.
,
_
+
"
"
5 x
x 9 &
#t
5 x
:Indeterminate form;
=
4
1
& 2
1
5 9 2
1
1
x 9 2
1
#t
5 x
+
+
+ +
,
_
1".
,
_
"
"
1 x
x lo(
#t
1 x
:Indeterminate form;.
1
1
1 1
1
x
1
#t
1 x
, *sin( the form*la 1
ax
1 e
#t
ax
" ax
12.
1
&
5
&
5
5
&
5
&
" x
5
" x
) 1"< (
1"<
1
2' 5
1
& . 5
1
) & (
1
5
1
) " <1 (
1
5
1
1
) x <1 (
5
1
#t
"
"
x
& x <1
#t
+
,
_
+
1&.
sin
#t
x
x sin
#t
"
1
" x
/here x = sin
= 1
15.
x
x 2 sin
) x ( f is contin*o*s, find f(")
,
_
"
"
x
x 2 sin
#t ) " ( f
" x
:Indeterminate form;
2
1
" cos 2
1
x 2 cos 2
#t
" x
"
"
x
' &
#t
x x
" x
:Indeterminate form;
=
,
_
'
&
lo( lo(' lo(&
1
lo(' ' lo(& &
#t
x x
" x
14.
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
5
@
sin
5
@
cos
1
sinx cosx
#t
5 @ x
cosx sinx
#t
5 @ x 5 @ x
+ +
+
1'.
"
2
@x
1)tan (x #t
1 x
@
2
2
@
1
2
@x
cosec
2
@
1
#t
"
"
2
@x
cot
1 x
#t
2
1 x 1 x
,
_
Since cosec 1
2
1<.
,
_
"
"
x
cos2x 1
#t
" x
:Indeterminate form;
"
1
" 2
1
2sin2x
#t
" x
1=.
2
2
2 2
2 2
" !
2
2
2
2
2
2
" !
2
2
" ! " !
n
m
! n
5
1
5
! m
#t
2
n!
1
2
n!
sin
2
n!
2
m!
2
m!
2
m!
sin
#t
2
n!
2sin
2
m!
2sin
#t
cosr! 1
cosm! 1
#t
,
_
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
2".
,
_
,
_
b
a
lo( lo(b lo(a
1
lo(b b lo(a a
#t
"
"
x
b a
#t
x x
" x
x x
" x
21.
&
1
4
2
4
)
n
1
)(2
n
1
1(1
4n
1) 1)(2n n(n
#t
n
n .... & 2 1
#t
&
n
&
2 2 2 2
n
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
PROBLEMS ON RAE MEASURES
1. 3he side of an eA*ilateral trian(le is 2 cm. and increasin( at the rate of < cm7hr.
Bind the rate of increase of the area of the trian(leC
D = side = 2 cm
<
dt
da
cm7hr.
Drea of EA*ilateral trian(le = =
2
a
5
&
& < < 2
2
&
dt
da
.2a
5
&
dt
dF
cm
2
7hr
2. 3he area of a circ*lar plate increases at the rate of &'.9 cm
2
7min. Bind the rate of
chan(e in the area /hen the radi*s of the plate is 9 cm.
Drea, D = r
2
dt
dr
r 2
dt
dD
:Given 9 . &'
dt
dD
cm
2
7min, r = 9 cm;
&'.9 =
dt
dr
9 2@
@
&'.9
1"@
&'.9
dt
dr
cm7min
&. If the rate of chan(e of vol*me of a spherical ball is eA*al to the rate of chan(e in
its radi*s, then find the radi*s of the spherical ball.
&
@r
&
5
H Given
dt
dr
dt
dv
dt
dr
&r @
&
5
dt
dv
2
dt
dr
r 5@
dt
dr
2
5r
2
= 1
@ 2
1
r
5@
1
r
2
5. Dn error of "."2 cm is made /hile meas*rin( the side of a c*be. Bind the
percenta(e error in meas*rin( the s*rface area of the c*be, /hen the side is 1" cm.
#et a be a side of the c*be
S*rface area, S = 5a
2
Given a = 1"cm
S = 5 1"" = 5"" cm
2
1onsider S = 5a
2
3a,in( lo( on both sides, /e (et
lo( S = lo( 5 8 2 lo( a
3a,in( differentials
a
da
2
S
dS
""5 . " ""2 . " 2
1"
"2 . " 2
S
dS
1""
s
ds
= percenta(e error in 9 = ".""5 1"" = ".5I
9. If there is an error of I
1"
1
in meas*rin( the radi*s of a spherical ball, then find the
percenta(e error in the calc*lated vol*me.
&
@r
&
5
H
&lo(r @
&
5
lo( lo(H +
,
_
3a,in( differentials,
r
dr
& " dv
H
1
+
& . "
1"
&
1"
1
& 1""
r
dr
& 1"" dv
H
1
,
_
4. Bind the slope of the tan(ent at (1, 4) to the c*rve 2x
2
8 &y
2
= 9
2x
2
8 &y
2
= 9
.ifferentiatin( /.r.t x, "
dx
dy
4y 5x +
y &
x 2
dx
dy
x 5
dx
dy
y 4
Slope =
,
_
dx
dy
at (1, 4) =
=
1
4 &
1 2