Manufacturing Technology

1
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
U. V. PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
GANPAT UNIVERSITY
CLASS: - SEM. IV
th
ME SUBJECT: - MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
EXPT NO.: - DATE: -
AIM: To t!"# "$%%&'&(t T#)& o% L*th& +*,h$(& *(" -*$, )*'t o% E(.$(&
L*th&.
PRINCIPLE OF LATHE:
The most originate and basic function of lathe is to remove excess metal material from work
piece to give it the required shape and size to make it final product.
Basically it is defined as m/c too that holds the work piece between two rigid and strong
supports called !"#T"$%. &r in a !huck or faceplate while the latter revolves the chuck or
the faceplate is mounted on the pro'ected end of m/c spindle.
!utting tool is rigidly held and supported in a tool post and is fed against the revolving work
piece( while work piece revolves about its axis the tool is made to move either parallel to or
at an inclination with this axis to cut the desired material. )n doing so it produces a cylindrical
surface if it is fed parallel to the axis or will produce a tapered axis if it is fed at an
inclination. The metal removed by tool from work piece is in the form of chips.
To cut the material properly the tool used should be harder than the material of the work
piece and should be rigidly held on the m/c and should be fed or progressed in a definite way
relative to the work( as we learned previously.
TYPES OF LATHE:
Basic usage of a lathe is for metal machining( but there are different lathes of different
designs different construction to suit the various conditions of usage. But all of them employ
the same fundamental of operation with same function.
The types generally used are*
1. %peed lathe +
,a- .ood working
,b- !entering
,c- /olishing
,d- %pinning
0. "ngine lathe +
,a- Belt drive
,b- )ndividual motor drive
,c- 1ear head lathe
2. Bench lathe
U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat
Vidyanagar
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3. Tool room lathe
4. !apstan and Turret lathe
5. %pecial purpose*
,a- .heel lathe
,b- 1ap bed lathe
,c- T6lathe
,d- 7uplicating lathe
8.- 9utomatic lathe
/01 THE SPEED LATHE:
)t is the simplest of all types of lathe because of its simple construction and way of
operation. The :%/""7 ;9T<"= has been so named b>coz of the very high speed of
the headstock spindle.
)t consists of a bed a head stock and a tailstock and a tool post mounted on an
ad'ustable slide. There is no feed box lead screw or conventional type of carriage.
<ere the tool is mounted on the ad'ustable slide and is fed in to work purely by hand
control ? This such characteristic of the lathe enables the designer to give high spindle
speeds which usually range from 10@@ to 25@@ r.p.m. 9s the tool is controlled by
hand the depth of cut and the thickness of chip are very small.
There are two to three spindle speeds are available. ;ight cuts and high speeds
necessitate the use of this type of machine where cutting force is minimum such as in
.&&7 .&$A)#1 %/)##)#1 !"#T"$)#1 /&;)%<)#1 etc.
/21 THE ENGINE LATHE OR CENTRE LATHE:
&ne of the most important and widely used lathes to deal with .The term :engine= is
associated with the lathe owing fact that in its early days it was fed by steam engines.
The basic components of this lathe are bed headstock and tailstock but in practice we
can see that the construction of its headstock is much complicating and contains
additional mechanism for driving the lathe spindle at multiple speeds.
Bnlike the speed lathe this type of lathe can feed the cutting tool longitudinal as well
as cross direction with reference to the lathe axis with help of a carriage feed rod and
lead screw. %o this lathe can be used for any type of lathe work.
They are classified on the basis of the design of the headstock and the methods of
power transmitting to the machine used.
9 lathe that receives power from an over6head line shaft is a belt6driven lathe and is
equipped with a speed +cone and or more back gears to get a wide range of spindle
speeds.
9 lathe that receives its power from an individual motor integral with the machine is
called a motor driven lathe.
U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat
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9 geared head lathe gets its power from a constant speed motor and all speed changes
are obtained by shifting various gears located in the headstock. )t has no cone pulley.
/31 THE BENCH LATHE:
9 small lathe usually plotted on a bench and has all parts as in speed or engine lathe.
9lthough it is small in size it performs all operations and does small precision work.
/41 THE TOOL ROOM LATHE:
)t has its features similar to the engine lathe. )t is built with more accuracy and has a
wide range of spindle ranging from a very low to a quite high speed up to 04@@ r.p.m.
This is equipped besides other things with a chuck taper turning attachment draw in
cullet attachment thread chasing dial relieving attachments steady and follower rest
pump for coolant etc. This lathe is mainly used for precision work on tools dies and
gauges and in machining work where accuracy is needed. The machine is costlier than
an engine lathe of the same size.
/51 CAPSTAN AND TURRET LATHE:

They are the results of further development of the engine lathe and are used for the
production purpose.
The main and distinguished feature of this lathe is that the tailstock of an engine lathe
is replaced by a hexagonal ,some times octagonal- turret on the face of which
multiple tools may be fitted and fed in to the work in proper sequence.
The basic most advantage is that number of different types of operations can be done
on a work piece without re6setting of work piece or tools and a number of identical
parts can be produced in the minimum time.
/61 SPECIAL PURPOSE LATHE:
9s we can get some over viewed idea by its name that this types of lathes are used
for special purposes and for 'obs which can>t be accommodated or conveniently
machined on a standard lathe.
9s in the case of CT<" .<""; ;9T<"> is made for finishing the 'ournals and
turning the thread on railroad car and locomotive wheels.
The C19/ B"7 ;9T<"> in which a section of bed ad'acent to the headstock is
recoverable is used to swing extra6large diameter pieces.
The CT6;9T<"> is intended for machining of rotors for 'et engines.The axis of lathe
bed is at right angles to the axis of the head stock spindle is the form of a T.
U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat
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The CD)%%);" ;9T<"> which has a very large swing for accommodating long
missile components of very large diameter is the most modern and latest in lathe
design.
/71 AUTOMATIC LATHE:
Bnder this banner a high speed heavy duty mass production lathes with complete
automatic control are working.
&nce the tool is set and the m/c is started all the operations are performed in pre6
settled manner until the work piece takes an end as a final product.
"ven after completion of 'ob the m/c will continue to repeat manner of operation until
its auto feeder fees more work. )t is like a formation of production cycle( with which
we can produce identical parts even without attention of operator.
9 operator who has to look at five to six auto lathes at a time can simply do his 'ob
after the general maintains of the machine and cutting tools load up a bar stock and
remove finished products from time to time.
9s a general view auto lathes are demand of fast and furious present as well as future
in for cases of Dass /roduction.
DIFFERENT PARTS OF ENGINE LATHE :
There are six parts of ;athe Dachine. They are given below.
Bed
<eadstock
Tailstock
!arriage
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THE BED: -
)t is a part of lathe machine which is the base of the machine. The all other parts are
located on it. )t carries all the weight of the machine.
The lathe bed being the main guiding member of the tool for accurate machining work
must satisfy the following conditions*
a. )t should be sufficiently rigid to prevent deflection under tremendous cutting
pressure transmitted through the tool6post and carriage to the lathe bed.
b. )t must be massive with sufficient depth and width to absorb vibration.
c. )t must resist the twisting stress.
d. The bed should be seasoned naturally to avoid distortion or warp.
There are two sets of slides or guide ways
&uter ways.
)nner ways.
T#)& o% -&" 8*#:-
)nverted E6bed way
Flat bed way
$ack
Box section
Flat bed way for saddle

1enerally the material use in bed of lathe machine should have high compressive
strength should be wear resistant and absorb vibration. !ast iron alloyed with
nickel and chromium forms a good material suitable for lathe bed.
Th& !&:-
)t resists all the weight of machine>s parts.
)t can resist the vibration of working machine.
THE HEADSTOC9:-

The head stock is secured permanently on the inner way at the left hand end of the
lathe bed. )t provides mechanical means of rotating the work at multiple speeds. )t
comprises essentially a hollow spindle and mechanism for driving and altering the
spindle speed. 9ll the parts are housed within the headstock casting.
The headstock is made of carbon or nickel6chrome steel. This is usually of a large
diameter to resist bending and it should be perfectly aligned with the lathe axis and
accurately machined for producing true work surface. )n this way the working 'ob is
perfectly made in shape.
Th& )*'t o% h&*"to,::-
Threaded end
Taper sleeve
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Manufacturing Technology
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;ive center
Treaded nose
%pindle hole
!huck
1ear box
The gear box is generally used for a speed changing. The speed changing is necessary
to vary the speed of the work to suit the different machining conditions.
S)&&" ,h*(.$(. $ "&)&(" o( %o;;o8$(. ,o("$t$o(:-
The type of materials to be cut.
The types of cutting tool material used.
The types of finishing.
The types of cutting fluid used.
The diameter of work piece.
The types of operations.
TAIL STOC9:-
)t is also known as loose head stock. )t is located on the inner ways at right hand end
of the bed. To accommodate different lengths of work the body of the tail stock can
be ad'usted along the ways chiefly by sliding it to the desired position where it can be
clamped by bolts and plates.
Th& +*$( !&:-
)t supports the other end of the work piece when it is being machined between
centers.
)t holds a tool for performing operations such as drilling reaming
tapping etc.
Th& "$%%&'&(t )*'t o% t*$; to,::-
7ead center
%pindle
%pindle clamp
Barrel
Bush
%quare threaded screw
<and wheel
%plit lug
Tail stock clamping blot
;athe bed ways
!lamping plate
%et over screw
Body
Aey way
.ay
U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat
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&ther features some times incorporated on tail stocks are graduated spindle and micro
meter dials on the hand wheels for accurate length setting and felt wiper pads on the
base and spindle.
CARRIAGE:-
The carriage of a lathe has several parts that serve to support move and control the
cutting tool.
P*'t o% ,*''$*.&:-
%addle
The cross6slide
!ompound slide or compound rest
Tool post
9pron
S*"";&:-
The saddle is an <6shaped casting that fits over the bed and slides along the ways. )t
carries the cross slide and tool post. .ith use of saddle to prevent any movement
when surfacing operations are carried out.
Th& ,'o-;$"&:-
The cross slide comprises a casting machined on the underside for attachment to the
saddle and carries location on the upper face for the tool post or compound rest. The
cross piece of the saddle is made at right angles to the centre axis of the lathe.

Th& ,o+)o!(" ;$"& o' ,o+)o!(" '&t:-
The compound rest is mounted on the top of the cross6slide and has a circular base
graduated in degrees. )t is used for obtaining angular cuts and short tapers as well as
convenient positioning of the tool to the work. By loosening the two set screws and
after then setting the angle we obtaining the taper cutting.

Th& too; )ot:-
This is located on the top of the compound rest to hold the tool and to enable it to be
ad'usted to a convening working position.
The types of tool post are given below.
%ingle screw tool post
Four bolt tool post
&pen side tool post
Four way tool post
Th& *)'o(:-
The apron is fasted to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed so the working
of machine is very fast. )t contains gears clutches and levers. )t carriage by hand and
power feeds.
U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat
Vidyanagar