THE MANUFACTURE

SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY OF
AMMONIA AND
SALTS






Name: Maisarah Binti Abdullah
Class: 4 Amanah
Teacher: Mr.Yeo Peck Cheng


CONTENT

No. Content Page
1 Content 1
2 Acknowledgement 2
3 Objectives 3
4 Introduction

4
5 Uses of Ammonia, NH
3
5
6 The industrial Process in Manufacture of ammonia, NH
3
7
7 Air pollution caused by ammonia 8
8 Ways to control and reduce the pollution of ammonia 9
9 Summary 10
10 Conclusion 11
11 Sources 12


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


I would like to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to those who have
supported me in completing this project. I would also like to thank my chemistry teacher,
Mr.Yeo Peck Cheng for his guidance and useful information throughout in completing this
task, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new
things.
I would also like to express a sincere thanks and gratitude to Aminah J. for her guidance
and full support in completing this project.
Last but not least, I thank my cheerful family and friends who chipped in with timely
advices, constant appreciation and criticism and also for supporting me in completing this
task all the way.


OBJECTIVES


By learning this chapter, I will be able to :-
Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.
List the uses of ammonia.
State the properties of ammonia.
Explain the industrial process involved in the manufacture of ammonia.

INTRODUCTION


Ammonia is chemical compound, NH
3
, colourless gas that is about one half as dense as
air at ordinary temperatures and pressures. It has a characteristic pungent, penetrating odour,
is a colourless gas, very soluble in water and gives a white fume when reacted with hydrogen
chloride gas, HCl.
Ammonia forms a minute proportion of the atmosphere, it is found in volcanic gases and
as a product of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter. Because ammonia was
formerly obtained by destructive distillation of horns and hooves of animals. Ammonia has
also been called alkaline air and volatile alkali.
Large quantities of ammonia, NH
3
are converted into nitric acid, HNO
3.
The acid is used
to make synthetic fibres, explosives, wood pulp, paints, varnishes, lacquers and rocket
propellants.


USES OF AMMONIA
1) Used as fertilizers

Ammonia is used as fertilisers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously. When
applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as maize and wheat.

2) Precursor to nitrogenous compounds

Ammonia is directly or indirectly the precursor to most nitrogen-containing
compounds. Virtually all synthetic nitrogen compounds are derived from ammonia.
An important derivative is nitric acid. This key material is generated via the Ostwald
process by oxidation of ammonia with air over a platinum catalyst at 700850 C, ~9
atm. Nitric oxide is an intermediate in this conversion:

NH
3
+ 2 O
2
HNO
3
+ H
2
O

Nitric acid is used for the production of fertilizers, explosives, and many
organonitrogen compounds.

3) Used as cleaner

Household ammonia is a solution of NH
3
in water used as a general purpose cleaner
for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of
its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel. It is also
frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on grime.

4) Used as a fuel

Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a working fluid, have been
proposed and occasionally used. The principle is similar to that used in a fireless
locomotive, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed
air and has been proposed as a practical alternative to fossil fuel for internal
combustion engines.

5) Used as a textile

Liquid ammonia is used for treatment of cotton materials, giving properties like
mercerisation, using alkalis. In particular, it is used for prewashing of wool.






6) Used for woodworking

Ammonia has been used to darken quartersawn white oak in Arts & Crafts and
Mission-style furniture. Ammonia fumes react with the natural tannins in the wood
and cause it to change colours.


7) As refrigeration

Because of ammonia's vaporization properties, it is a useful refrigerant. It was
commonly used prior to the popularisation of chlorofluorocarbons. Anhydrous
ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks
because of its high energy efficiency and low cost.



THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS IN MANUFACTURE OF
AMMONIA

THE HABER PROCESS









1) Nitrogen and hydrogen is mixed according to the ratio 1 mole N: 3 moles H
2) The mixture is compressed to 200 atmospheres and heated to a temperature of about
450C.

3) Its then passed through layers of iron catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction.
4) Ammonia, NH formed is then liquefied and separated to get a better yield.
5) The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia, NH gives out heat.
6) The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and passed back into the reactor
together with a new source of nitrogen gas, N and hydrogen gas, H. About 98% of
nitrogen and hydrogen are converted into ammonia, NH.




7)

Sulphur Oxygen
S(s) + O
2
(g) SO
2
(g)
Oxygen
2SO(g) + O2(g) 2SO
3
(g)
Temperature: 450-500
o
C
Pressure: 2-3 Atmosphere
Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide



In the converter
SO
2 +
H
2
SO
4
(aq) H
2
S
2
O
7
(l)
H
2
S
2
O
7
(l) + H
2
O(l) 2H
2
SO
4
(aq)
Unreacted
2% SO
2
is
flowed back
to converter
together
with oxygen

ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY AMMONIA


1) Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a result of nutrient pollution into natural waters such as creeks, rivers,
ponds, or lakes. Eutrophication generally promotes excessive plant growth and decay, favors
certain weedy species over others, and is likely to cause severe reductions in water quality. In
aquatic environments, enhanced growth of choking aquatic vegetation or algal blooms disrupt
normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing problems such as a lack of oxygen in the water,
needed for fish and other aquatic life to survive. The water then becomes cloudy, coloured a
shade of green, yellow, brown, or red.

2) Soil Acidification
When ammonia reaches the soil surface, it usually reacts with water in the soil and is
converted into its ionic form, ammonium (NH
4+
) and absorbs to the soil. The ammonium in
the soil eventually disassociates or is nitrified into nitrite (NO
2-
) or nitrate (NO
3-
)by nitrifying
bacteria, releasing hydrogen ions into the soil (3, 4). If not taken up by biomass and
converted to methane, the surplus hydrogen ions eventually lead to the formation of an acidic
soil environment and the nitrogen left over in the soil will either be taken up by plants, stored
in the soil, returned to the atmosphere, or will be removed from the soil in runoff or leaching.

3) Smog and Decreased Visibility

When ammonia combines with NOx and SOx emissions from industrial and vehicle
combustion processes it forms fine particulates. These fine particulates are a contributor to
haze or smog in cites and decreased visibility in pristine areas. Smog is also a human health
issue leading to an increased rate of respiratory and heart diseases.

4) Human Health Impact

Ammonium particles pose a risk to human health. Such small diameter particles are able to be
respired and travel deep into lung tissue to the alveoli causing a variety of respiratory
ailments such as bronchitis, asthma, coughing, and farmers lung.

WAYS TO CONTROL AND REDUCE THE POLLUTION OF
AMMONIA

1. Use alternative energy sources
Where possible, consider using non-fossil fuel sources of energy. Alternative energy
opportunities include:
solar power
heat pumps
straw-burning boilers
biogas from manure digestion
wind power
water power

2. Use fertilisers efficiently
Manufacturing nitrogen fertilisers uses large amounts of fossil fuels. So its important to only
use fertilisers at rates and times suitable for the cropping situation. Take into account any
organic manures or sewage sludge you have applied when calculating application rates.
Ensure fertiliser spreaders are regularly and properly maintained and the setting you use is
appropriate for the type of fertiliser.

3. Masking, disinfecting, and oxidizing agents can provide short-term control of
malodor


SUMMARY

1. Ammonia, NH
3
is mainly used to make fertilisers and nitric acid, HNO
3
.

2. Ammonia, NH
3
has a pungent smell and gives a white fume when reacted with
hydrogen chlorine gas, HCl.

3. Ammonia, NH
3
is manufactured through Haber process.






































CONCLUSION



Ammonia is used to make fertilisers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously.
Ammonia fertilisers are one of the chemical fertilisers added to the soil to replace the
elements used up by plant nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium.
Ammonium fertilisers can be prepared from reaction between ammonia, NH
3
and acid.

Ammonia can cause air pollution which can cause a problem to the health of human.
Thus, there are many ways to reduce the problem caused by the ammonia.








































SOURCES



1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia
2) http://www.scribd.com/doc/5462946/chemistry-form-4-chapter-9-manufacture-
substances-in-industry
3) http://ammoniabmp.colostate.edu/link%20pages/impacts%20of%20ammonia.html
4) Teks book, chemistry form 4