Intellectual Property Law Reviewer

THE LAW ON TRADEMARKS, SERI!E MARKS

AND TRADE NAMES
"# W$at i% a &onopoly'
A# It i% t$e control o(taine) (y one %upplier over t$e co&&ercial &ar*et wit$in a +iven re+ion ,-lac*.%/
"# I% t$e e0erci%e o1 Intellectual Property Law a 1or& o1 &onopoly'
A# In a way# !opyri+$t law% allow ot$er% to en2oy an aut$or.% econo&ic ri+$t% w$en t$ere i% per&i%%ion# Tra)e&ar*% protect
+oo)will, it )oe% not prevent pro)uction o1 %i&ilar +oo)%# Patent protection la%t% 1or only 34 year%#
"# I1 %, w$y i% it allowe), %ince t$e !on%titution pro$i(it% &onopolie%'
A# -ecau%e it provi)e% incentive 1or innovation an) tec$nolo+ical a)vance&ent#
"# T$e !on%titution provi)e%, 5t$e State %$all re+ulate t$e ac6ui%ition, owner%$ip, u%e, an) )i%po%ition o1 property an) it%
incre&ent%#7 How )oe% t$i% relate to IP law'
A# IP Law can (e viewe) a% an e0erci%e o1 t$i% re+ulation# !opyri+$t la%t% 1or only 89 year%# Patent protection 1or 34 year%#
Tra)e&ar*% $ave to (e u%e)#
Sec# 3:3# De1inition%# ; A% u%e) in Part III, t$e 1ollowin+ ter&% $ave t$e 1ollowin+ &eanin+%<
3:3#3# =Mar*= &ean% any vi%i(le %i+n capa(le o1 )i%tin+ui%$in+ t$e +oo)% ,tra)e&ar*/ or %ervice% ,%ervice &ar*/ o1 an enterpri%e
an) %$all inclu)e a %ta&pe) or &ar*e) container o1 +oo)%> ,Sec# ?@, R# A# No# 3AAa/
3:3#:# =!ollective &ar*= &ean% any vi%i(le %i+n )e%i+nate) a% %uc$ in t$e application 1or re+i%tration an) capa(le o1 )i%tin+ui%$in+
t$e ori+in or any ot$er co&&on c$aracteri%tic, inclu)in+ t$e 6uality o1 +oo)% or %ervice% o1 )i11erent enterpri%e% w$ic$ u%e t$e %i+n
un)er t$e control o1 t$e re+i%tere) owner o1 t$e collective &ar*> ,Sec# B9, R# A# No# 3AAa/
3:3#?# =Tra)e na&e= &ean% t$e na&e or )e%i+nation i)enti1yin+ or )i%tin+ui%$in+ an enterpri%e> ,Sec# ?@, R# A# No# 3AAa/
3:3#B# =-ureau= &ean% t$e -ureau o1 Tra)e&ar*%>
3:3#8# =Director= &ean% t$e Director o1 Tra)e&ar*%>
3:3#A# =Re+ulation%= &ean% t$e Rule% o1 Practice in Tra)e&ar*% an) Service Mar*% 1or&ulate) (y t$e Director o1 Tra)e&ar*% an)
approve) (y t$e Director Ceneral> an)
3:3#4# =E0a&iner= &ean% t$e tra)e&ar* e0a&iner# ,Sec# ?@, R# A# No# 3AAa/
"# !an a tra)e&ar* (e a tra)ena&e at t$e %a&e ti&e'
A# De%#
"# !an %&ell (e a proper tra)e&ar*'
A# T$e law )oe% not %ee& to allow it, %ince a 5&ar*7 i% )e1ine) a% a vi%i(le %i+n#
"# !an %oun) (e a proper tra)e&ar*' E#+# t$e )i%tinctive %oun) o1 a Harley Davi)%on
A# No# It &u%t (e a vi%i(le %i+n, un)er t$e IP co)e, an) un)er an A&erican ca%e#
Sec# 3::# How Mar*% are Ac6uire)# ; T$e ri+$t% in a &ar* %$all (e ac6uire) t$rou+$ re+i%tration &a)e vali)ly in accor)ance wit$ t$e
provi%ion% o1 t$i% law# ,Sec# :;A, R# A# No# 3AAa/
"# How i% tra)e&ar* protection ac6uire)'
A# -y re+i%tration#
"# A Sin+apore co&pany %ell% pro)uct% over t$e internet to t$e P$ilippine%# It )oe% not $ave an o11ice in RP# I1 a P$ilippine co&pany
%ell% pro)uct% $ere wit$ t$e na&e o1 t$e Sin+apore co&pany, can t$e Sin+apore co&pany %ue $ere in t$e P$ilippine%, not $avin+
re+i%tere) it% tra)e&ar* $ere'
A# De%, it &ay %ue# Sec# 3A9 provi)e%< Any 1orei+n national or 2uri)ical per%on w$o &eet% t$e re6uire&ent% o1 Section ? o1 t$i% Act
an) )oe% not en+a+e in (u%ine%% in t$e P$ilippine% &ay (rin+ a civil or a)&ini%trative action $ereun)er 1or oppo%ition, cancellation,
in1rin+e&ent, un1air co&petition, or 1al%e )e%i+nation o1 ori+in an) 1al%e )e%cription, w$et$er or not it i% licen%e) to )o (u%ine%% in
t$e P$ilippine% un)er e0i%tin+ law%#
"# Doe% it &atter w$ere title tran%1er%, li*e i1 it were EO- Manila or EO- Sin+apore'
A# No#
Sec# 3:?# Re+i%tra(ility# ;
3:?#3# A &ar* cannot (e re+i%tere) i1 it<
,a/ !on%i%t% o1 i&&oral, )eceptive or %can)alou% &atter, or &atter w$ic$ &ay )i%para+e or 1al%ely %u++e%t a connection wit$
per%on%, livin+ or )ea), in%titution%, (elie1%, or national %y&(ol%, or (rin+ t$e& into conte&pt or )i%repute>
,(/ !on%i%t% o1 t$e 1la+ or coat o1 ar&% or ot$er in%i+nia o1 t$e P$ilippine% or any o1 it% political %u()ivi%ion%, or o1 any 1orei+n nation,
or any %i&ulation t$ereo1>
,c/ !on%i%t% o1 a na&e, portrait or %i+nature i)enti1yin+ a particular livin+ in)ivi)ual e0cept (y $i% written con%ent, or t$e na&e,
%i+nature, or portrait o1 a )ecea%e) Pre%i)ent o1 t$e P$ilippine%, )urin+ t$e li1e o1 $i% wi)ow, i1 any, e0cept (y written con%ent o1 t$e
wi)ow>
,)/ I% i)entical wit$ a re+i%tere) &ar* (elon+in+ to a )i11erent proprietor or a &ar* wit$ an earlier 1ilin+ or priority )ate, in re%pect o1<
,i/ T$e %a&e +oo)% or %ervice%, or
,ii/ !lo%ely relate) +oo)% or %ervice%, or
,iii/ I1 it nearly re%e&(le% %uc$ a &ar* a% to (e li*ely to )eceive or cau%e con1u%ion>
,e/ I% i)entical wit$, or con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to, or con%titute% a tran%lation o1 a &ar* w$ic$ i% con%i)ere) (y t$e co&petent aut$ority o1
t$e P$ilippine% to (e well;*nown internationally an) in t$e P$ilippine%, w$et$er or not it i% re+i%tere) $ere, a% (ein+ alrea)y t$e &ar*
o1 a per%on ot$er t$an t$e applicant 1or re+i%tration, an) u%e) 1or i)entical or %i&ilar +oo)% or %ervice%< Provi)e), T$at in
)eter&inin+ w$et$er a &ar* i% well;*nown, account %$all (e ta*en o1 t$e *nowle)+e o1 t$e relevant %ector o1 t$e pu(lic, rat$er t$an
o1 t$e pu(lic at lar+e, inclu)in+ *nowle)+e in t$e P$ilippine% w$ic$ $a% (een o(taine) a% a re%ult o1 t$e pro&otion o1 t$e &ar*>
,1/ I% i)entical wit$, or con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to, or con%titute% a tran%lation o1 a &ar* con%i)ere) well;*nown in accor)ance wit$ t$e
prece)in+ para+rap$, w$ic$ i% re+i%tere) in t$e P$ilippine% wit$ re%pect to +oo)% or %ervice% w$ic$ are not %i&ilar to t$o%e wit$
re%pect to w$ic$ re+i%tration i% applie) 1or< Provi)e), T$at u%e o1 t$e &ar* in relation to t$o%e +oo)% or %ervice% woul) in)icate a
connection (etween t$o%e +oo)% or %ervice%, an) t$e owner o1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar*< Provi)e) 1urt$er, T$at t$e intere%t% o1 t$e owner
o1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar* are li*ely to (e )a&a+e) (y %uc$ u%e>
,+/ I% li*ely to &i%lea) t$e pu(lic, particularly a% to t$e nature, 6uality, c$aracteri%tic% or +eo+rap$ical ori+in o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice%>
,$/ !on%i%t% e0clu%ively o1 %i+n% t$at are +eneric 1or t$e +oo)% or %ervice% t$at t$ey %ee* to i)enti1y>
,i/ !on%i%t% e0clu%ively o1 %i+n% or o1 in)ication% t$at $ave (eco&e cu%to&ary or u%ual to )e%i+nate t$e +oo)% or %ervice% in
every)ay lan+ua+e or in (ona 1i)e an) e%ta(li%$e) tra)e practice>
,2/ !on%i%t% e0clu%ively o1 %i+n% or o1 in)ication% t$at &ay %erve in tra)e to )e%i+nate t$e *in), 6uality, 6uantity, inten)e) purpo%e,
value, +eo+rap$ical ori+in, ti&e or pro)uction o1 t$e +oo)% or ren)erin+ o1 t$e %ervice%, or ot$er c$aracteri%tic% o1 t$e +oo)% or
%ervice%>
,*/ !on%i%t% o1 %$ape% t$at &ay (e nece%%itate) (y tec$nical 1actor% or (y t$e nature o1 t$e +oo)% t$e&%elve% or 1actor% t$at a11ect
t$eir intrin%ic value>
,l/ !on%i%t% o1 color alone, unle%% )e1ine) (y a +iven 1or&> or
,&/ I% contrary to pu(lic or)er or &orality#
3:?#:# A% re+ar)% %i+n% or )evice% &entione) in para+rap$% ,2/, ,*/, an) ,l/, not$in+ %$all prevent t$e re+i%tration o1 any %uc$ %i+n or
)evice w$ic$ $a% (eco&e )i%tinctive in relation to t$e +oo)% 1or w$ic$ re+i%tration i% re6ue%te) a% a re%ult o1 t$e u%e t$at $ave (een
&a)e o1 it in co&&erce in t$e P$ilippine%# T$e O11ice &ay accept a% pri&a 1acie evi)ence t$at t$e &ar* $a% (eco&e )i%tinctive, a%
u%e) in connection wit$ t$e applicant.% +oo)% or %ervice% in co&&erce, proo1 o1 %u(%tantially e0clu%ive an) continuou% u%e t$ereo1
(y t$e applicant in co&&erce in t$e P$ilippine% 1or 1ive ,8/ year% (e1ore t$e )ate on w$ic$ t$e clai& o1 )i%tinctivene%% i% &a)e#
3:?#?# T$e nature o1 t$e +oo)% to w$ic$ t$e &ar* i% applie) will not con%titute an o(%tacle to re+i%tration# ,Sec# B, R# A# No# 3AAa/
A &ar* cannot (e re+i%tere) i1 it<
,a/ i&&oral, )eceptive or %can)alou% &atter
,(/ 1la+ or coat o1 ar&%
,c/ na&e o1 a particular livin+ in)ivi)ual or portrait o1 a )ecea%e) Pre%i)ent o1 t$e P$ilippine%
,)/ I% i)entical wit$ a re+i%tere) &ar* a% to <
,i/ T$e %a&e +oo)% or %ervice%, or
,ii/ !lo%ely relate) +oo)% or %ervice%, or
,iii/ I1 it nearly re%e&(le% %uc$ a &ar* a% to (e li*ely to )eceive or cau%e con1u%ion>
A&i+o v# !luet Pea(o)y F I)e& Sonan%
?8B S!RA B?B ,:993/
!luet ,ND/ 1ile) 1or cancellation o1 A&i+o ,RP/ TM 1or 5Col) Toe#7 !luet own% 5Col) Top# !luet alle+e) A&i+o u%e% %i&ilar lo+o, u%e%
t$e wor) 5lineniGe)7 w$ic$ i% t$eir re+i%tere) TM# Director o1 Patent% an) !A rule) 1or cancellation, (a%e) on application o1 3/ i)e&
%onan% rule an) :/ e0i%tence o1 a con1u%in+ %i&ilarity in appearance (etween t$e tra)e&ar*%# A&i+o ar+ue% t$at 5Col) Toe7 an)
5Col) Top7 )o not %oun) ali*e an) are pronounce) )i11erently# Since t$e wor)% 5+ol)7 an) 5toe7 are +eneric, !luet $a% no ri+$t to
e0clu%ive u%e#
HELD< I)e& %onan% ar+u&ent incorrect# A)&itte)ly t$e pronunciation o1 Col) Top an) Col) Toe, )o not (y t$e&%elve%, cau%e
con1u%ion# However, t$ere i% $ar)ly a variance in t$e appearance o1 t$e lo+o.%# S! u%e) t$e )o&inancy te%t an) t$e $oli%tic te%t# In
eit$er te%t, t$ere i% an o(viou% colora(le i&itation#
Ne%tle v# !A F Ma%ter not +eneric
?8A S!RA :94 ,:993/
!E! !orp# 1ile) application 1or re+i%tration o1 Elavor Ma%ter in%tant co11ee# Ne%tle 1ile) notice o1 oppo%ition clai&in+ tra)e&ar* i%
con1u%in+ly %i&ilar 1or Ma%ter Roa%t an) Ma%ter -len) are it% own TM# Ne%tle clai&% u%e o1 !E! will cau%e con1u%ion an) )eceive
purc$a%er% a% )o&inant wor) pre%ent in t$e t$ree tra)e&ar*% i% Ma%ter# !A u%e) $oli%tic te%t, Ne%tle clai&% )o&inancy te%t %$oul)
(e u%e)#
HELD< !orrect# Te%t i% or)inary purc$a%er w$o in (uyin+ &ore co&&on an) le%% e0pen%ive $ou%e$ol) pro)uct% i% le%% incline) to
clo%ely e0a&ine %peci1ic )etail% o1 %i&ilaritie% an) )i%%i&ilaritie%# T$e wor) Ma%ter i% neit$er a +eneric nor a )e%criptive ter&, an) a%
%uc$, %ai) ter& cannot (e invali)ate) a% a tra)e&ar* an) &ay (e le+ally protecte)# A +eneric ter& i% t$e co&&on )e%criptive na&e
o1 an article or %u(%tance, an) a )e%criptive ter& convey% t$e c$aracteri%tic%, 1unction%, 6ualitie% an) in+re)ient o1 a pro)uct to one
w$o $a% never %een it an) )oe% not *now w$at it i%# Ma%ter i% a %u++e%tive ter& (rou+$t a(out (y t$e a)verti%in+ %c$e&e o1 Ne%tle,
a% w$en it u%e% Hawor%*i an) Puno#
,e/ %i&ilar to, or tran%lation o1, internationally *nown &ar*, re+i%tere) or not a% to %a&e +oo)%
,1/ %i&ilar to, or tran%lation o1, internationally *nown &ar*, w$en re+i%tere), a% to all +oo)%#
!anon v# !A
NSR Ru((er 1ile) an application 1or t$e re+i%tration o1 t$e &ar* !anon 1or San)al%# !anon ,Hapan/ 1ile) an oppo%ition, alle+in+ t$at
it will (e )a&a+e) (y t$e re+i%tration o1 !anon 1or San)al%# !anon &anu1acture% c$e&ical pro)uct%, p$oto+rap$ic an)
cine&ato+rap$ic in%tru&ent%, an) electrical in%tru&ent%# T$e pro)uct% &anu1acture) (y t$e partie% are )i%%i&ilar (ut !anon Hapan
point% out t$at it $a% (ranc$e) out it% (u%ine%% on variou% +oo)% inclu)in+ 1ootwear#
Hel)< Or)inarily, owner%$ip o1 tra)e&ar* i% a property ri+$t w$ic$ i% entitle) to protection# However, w$en a TM i% u%e) 1or a pro)uct
in w$ic$ t$e ot$er party )oe% not )eal, t$e u%e o1 t$e %a&e tra)e&ar* on t$e latter.% pro)uct cannot (e vali)ly o(2ecte) to# T$e
certi1icate o1 re+i%tration %$own (y !anon Hapan in RP an) ot$er countrie% %$ow t$at t$e covere) +oo)% are paint%, c$e&ical
pro)uct% an) toner%# Tra)e&ar* owner i% entitle) to protection w$en 2unior u%er 1ore%tall% t$e nor&al e0pan%ion o1 t$e (u%ine%%, (ut
!anon Hapan $a% 1aile) to attac$ evi)ence t$at woul) convince t$at it $a% al%o e&(ar*e) in t$e pro)uction o1 1ootwear pro)uct%#
"# Do you a+ree wit$ t$e )eci%ion'
A# Proper an%wer< T$e )eci%ion interprete) t$e law t$en# T$e ca%e woul) $ave (een )eci)e) )i11erently to)ay, )ue to t$e
a&en)&ent% intro)uce) (y Sec# 3:?#3 ,e/#
"# W$y i% t$i% t$e proper an%wer'
A# !a%e wa% )ra1te) (y Ne+re w$en $e wa% in t$e -ureau o1 Tra)e&ar*%#
,+/ &i%lea)in+ a% to t$e nature, 6uality, c$aracteri%tic% or +eo+rap$ical ori+in o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice%>
,$/ +eneric
Kello++ v# National -i%cuit !o&pany
Na(i%co (rou+$t a %uit a+ain%t Kello++ to en2oin un1air co&petition in t$e &anu1acture an) %ale o1 (rea*1a%t 1oo) *nown a%
%$re))e) w$eat# Kello++, li*e Na(i%co, u%e% t$e na&e %$re))e) w$eat an) pro)uce% it in pillow;%$ape) 1or&# S$re))e) w$eat wa%
intro)uce) in 3@I? (y Per*y an) t$e patent e0pire) in 3@I8, +oin+ into pu(lic )o&ain# Na(i%co wa% t$e 1ir%t &anu1acturer# Na(i%co
)oe% not clai& e0clu%ive ri+$t to &a*e %$re))e) w$eat (ut clai&% e0clu%ive ri+$t to t$e tra)e na&e 5S$re))e) W$eat#7 Na(i%co
al%o clai&% t$at it $a% ac6uire) a %econ)ary &eanin+#
Hel)< Na(i%co $a% no e0clu%ive ri+$t to u%e t$e ter& 5S$re))e) W$eat7 a% a tra)e na&e, 1or t$at i% t$e +eneric ter& o1 t$e article
w$ic$ )e%cri(e% it wit$ a 1air )e+ree o1 accuracy# Since t$e ter& i% +eneric, t$e ori+inal &a*er o1 t$e pro)uct ac6uire) no e0clu%ive
ri+$t to u%e it# T$ere i% no (a%i% 1or applyin+ t$e )octrine o1 %econ)ary &eanin+# To e%ta(li%$ a tra)e na&e, plainti11 &u%t %$ow &ore
t$an a %u(or)inate &eanin+, (ut &u%t %$ow t$at t$e pri&ary %i+ni1icance o1 t$e ter& in t$e &in)% o1 t$e con%u&in+ pu(lic i% not t$e
pro)uct (ut t$e pro)ucer#
"# !an you tra)e&ar* t$e ter&% t$er&o%, cellop$ane, a%pirin'
A# No# T$e%e u%e) to (e (i+ &ar*%, (ut (ecau%e o1 5i&proper u%e7 ,not non;u%e/ t$ey were a(an)one)# Jero0 i% now %pen)in+
(illion% in a)verti%in+ to reclai& t$e tra)e&ar*#
,i/ )e%criptive
"# !an a )e%criptive wor) (e appropriate)'
A# No# -ut it can (e appropriate) w$en u%e) in co&(ination wit$ ot$er wor)%#
Ro&ero v# Mai)en Eor& Inc#
Mai)en1or&, a 1orei+n corporation, 1ile) an application 1or re+i%tration o1 t$e tra)e&ar* A)a+io 1or t$e (ra%%iere% it &anu1acture%#
T$i% wa% alle+e) to $ave 1ir%t (een u%e) in KS in 3I?4 an) in RP in 3IBA# T$i% wa% +rante)# Ro&ero 1ile) a petition 1or cancellation
on t$e +roun) t$at it i% a co&&on )e%criptive na&e o1 an article# It wa% %ai) t$at t$at A)a+io $a% (eco&e a co&&on )e%criptive
na&e o1 a particular %tyle o1 (ra%%iere an) i% unre+i%tra(le#
Hel)< No &erit# A)a+io i% a &u%ical ter& &eanin+ %low or ea%y &anner 1ir%t u%e) (y owner% (ecau%e t$ey are &u%ically incline)#
T$ey al%o a)opte) ot$er ter&% %uc$ a% Etu)e, Overture, !$an%onette# T$e 1act t$at %ai) &ar* i% u%e) al%o to )e%i+nate a particular
%tyle o1 (ra%%iere )oe% not a11ect it% re+i%tra(ility a% a tra)e&ar*# It% lon+ an) continuou% u%e $a% not ren)ere) it &erely )e%criptive#
Wi)e%prea) )i%%e&ination )oe% not 2u%ti1y t$e Loppo%itor.%M u%e o1 t$e tra)e&ar*#
On+ Ai Cui v# Director
On+ Ai Cui 1ile) an application 1or t$e re+i%tration o1 t$e tra)ena&e, 5:9t$ !entury Nylon S$irt% Eactory#7 E# I# Du Pont 1ile) an
oppo%ition on t$e +roun) t$at t$e wor) 5nylon7 wa% a na&e coine) (y Du Pont a% a +eneric na&e o1 a %ynt$etic 1a(ric an) i% a
+eneric ter&, t$e u%e o1 w$ic$ i% )e%criptive an) t$e u%e woul) cau%e con1u%ion in tra)e# Oppo%ition wa% )i%&i%%e) (ut )irector
a%*e) t$e wor) 5nylon7 (e )i%clai&e)# On+ appeal%#
Hel)< T$e tra)ena&e &ay (e re+i%tere), (ut it &ay not (e entitle) to e0clu%ive u%e o1 t$e ter&% 5%$irt 1actory7 an) 5nylon7 (ecau%e
t$e ter&% are &erely )e%criptive or +eneral ter&%, incapa(le o1 appropriation (y any %in+le in)ivi)ual to t$e e0clu%ion o1 ot$er%# T$i%
i% (ecau%e all per%on% $ave an e6ual ri+$t to pro)uce an) ven) %i&ilar article% an) t$ey al%o $ave t$e ri+$t to )e%cri(e t$e&
properly an) to u%e appropriate lan+ua+e#
"# !an +eneric ter&% (e appropriate) (y lon+ u%e'
A# no# Only )e%criptive wor)% can (e appropriate) (y lon+ u%e#
"# 5Jero07 i% )e%criptive or +eneric'
A# See&% to (e +eneric, %ince it i% 1oun) in t$e )ictionary a% a ver(#
,2/ !on%i%t% e0clu%ively o1 %i+n% or o1 in)ication% t$at &ay %erve in tra)e to )e%i+nate t$e *in), 6uality, 6uantity, inten)e) purpo%e,
value, +eo+rap$ical ori+in, ti&e or pro)uction o1 t$e +oo)% or ren)erin+ o1 t$e %ervice%, or ot$er c$aracteri%tic% o1 t$e +oo)% or
%ervice%>
"# I% a na&e )enotin+ +eo+rap$ical location re+i%tra(le a% a tra)e&ar*'
A# Ceneral rule< !an.t (e u%e) w$en
3# It in)uce% pu(lic to (elieve t$at it i% &anu1acture) in a place w$ere it i% not really &anu1acture) t$ere, e#+# !$a&pa+ne i% a
%par*lin+ wine 1ro& a particular city in Erance> no ot$er wine can (e calle) !$a&pa+ne#
:# I1 t$at place i% *nown 1or t$e +oo)%, you can.t re+i%ter, e#+# -atan+a% i% *nown 1or it% co11ee
E0ception< I1 t$at place i% not particularly *nown 1or pro)uct% o1 t$at *in), e#+# -a+uio Oil, Seattle.% -e%t
,*/ %$ape%
Kello++ v# Na(i%co
Na(i%co clai&% t$e e0clu%ive ri+$t to &a*e it in pillow;%$ape) 1or&# It i% ur+e) t$at all po%%i(ility o1 )eception an) con1u%ion woul)
(e re&ove) it Kello++ woul) a)opt anot$er 1or& ot$er t$an t$e pillow %$ape#
Hel)< T$e evi)ence i% per%ua%ive t$at t$i% 1or& i% 1unctional F t$at t$e co%t o1 t$e (i%cuit woul) (e increa%e) an) it% $i+$ 6uality
le%%ene) i1 %o&e ot$er 1or& were %u(%titute) 1or t$e pillow %$ape#
In Re We(er
T$e e0a&inin+ attorney o1 t$e Tra)e&ar* -oar) re1u%e) re+i%tration o1 We(er.% (ar(ecue +rill% a% tra)e&ar*% on t$e +roun) o1
1unctionality#
Hel)# Wron+# T$e Tra)e&ar* Trial an) Appeal% -oar) 1oun) t$at t$e e0a&inin+ attorney erre) in re1u%in+ re+i%tration in t$e a(%ence
o1 evi)ence t$at t$e +rill.% roun) con1i+uration wa% a %uperior )e%i+n w$ic$ ot$er &anu1acturer% nee)e) to (e a(le to u%e in or)er to
co&pete e11ectively# Tra)e )re%% i% &ec$anically 1unctional w$en it% ele&ent% are %o utilitarian or %uperior to alternative ele&ent%
t$at )enyin+ t$e%e ele&ent% to co&petitor% in$i(it% co&petition# T$e 1actor% t$at %$ow &ec$anical 1unctionality o1 tra)e )re%%
inclu)e 3/ i1 a utility patent )i%clo%e% t$e utilitarian a)vanta+e% o1 t$e )e%i+n, :/ t$e utilitarian a)vanta+e% are toute) t$rou+$
a)verti%in+, ?/ t$ere i% an unavaila(ility o1 alternative )e%i+n%, an) B/ t$e )e%i+n i% t$e re%ult o1 a relatively %i&ple or ine0pen%ive
&anu1acturin+ &et$o)# In t$i% ca%e, t$e *ettle (o)y an) le+% con1i+uration 1or (ar(ecue +rill% wa% 1oun) NOT )e 2ure 1unctional#
Evi)ence wa% 1oun) %u11icient to e%ta(li%$ ac6uire) )i%tinctivene%%# Hence, it can (e re+i%tere)#
"# W$at i% )i11erent 1ro& t$i% ca%e an) Kello++'
A# Here, t$ere i% 1in)in+ t$at t$e %$ape wa% not entirely 2u%t 1unctional, a% in Kello++#
,l/ color
,&/ I% contrary to pu(lic or)er or &orality#
Secon)ary &eanin+
"# !erveGa Ne+ra &ean% 5-lac* -eer7 in Spani%$, can it (e re+i%tere)'
A# De%, it $a% ac6uire) %econ)ary &eanin+
Arce Son% v# Selecta
Selecta -i%cuit 1ile) a petition 1or t$e re+i%tration o1 t$e wor) Selecta a% tra)e&ar* to (e u%e) on it% (a*ery pro)uct%# Arce 1ile) an
oppo%ition %ayin+ t$at it $a% continuou%ly u%e) t$at wor) in it% pro)uct%# It u%e) t$i% on it% &il* pro)uct% an) a% t$e na&e o1 a
(a*ery# Director +rante) tra)e&ar* (ecau%e t$e wor) a% u%e) (y Arce point% only to t$e place o1 (u%ine%% or location o1 it%
re%taurant#
Hel)< Arce $a% &a)e u%e o1 Selecta not only a% a tra)ena&e, in)icative o1 t$e location o1 t$e re%taurant (ut al%o a% a tra)e&ar* to
in)icate t$e +oo)% it o11er% 1or %ale to t$e pu(lic# T$e wor) Selecta i% an or)inary or co&&on wor) (ut once a)opte) or coine) in
connection wit$ one.% (u%ine%% a% an e&(le& or a% a (a)+e o1 aut$enticity, it &ay ac6uire a %econ)ary &eanin+ a% to (e
e0clu%ively a%%ociate) wit$ it% pro)uct% an) (u%ine%%#
"# I% 5pre&iu&7 a proper &ar*'
A# No# It i% )e%criptive#
Etep$a v# Director
We%t&ont ,ND/ %ou+$t re+i%tration o1 Atu%%in, a &e)ical e0pectorant anti$i%ta&ine# Etep$a ,liec$ten%tin/ o(2ecte), %ayin+ Atu%%in i%
con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to Pertu%%in an) t$at t$e (uyin+ pu(lic will (e &i%le) into (elievin+ t$at We%t&ont.% pro)uct i% t$at o1 Etep$a.%
w$ic$ en2oy% +oo)will#
Hel)< Tu%%in i% a Latin rootwor) &eanin+ cou+$# Tu%%in i% &erely )e%criptive> it i% +eneric> it 1urni%$e% to t$e (uyer no in)ication o1
t$e ori+in o1 t$e +oo)%# T$u%, it i% (arre) 1ro& re+i%tration a% a tra)ena&e# W$ile tu%%in (y it%el1 cannot (e u%e) e0clu%ively, it &ay
(eco&e a %u(2ect o1 tra)e&ar* (y co&(ination wit$ anot$er wor) o1 p$ra%e#
Here, t$e two are entirely )i11erent in color%, content an) arran+e&ent %o t$e contra%t i% %o pronounce) t$at t$e la(el cannot (e
&i%ta*en 1or anot$er# T$ey al%o )on.t %oun) ali*e w$en pronounce)# Al%o, &e)icinal preparation% are unli*e article% o1 every)ay u%e
w$ic$ &ay 1reely (e o(taine) (y anyone# A (uyer o1 &e)icine &u%t 1ir%t +o to a )octor 1or in%truction% on w$at to purc$a%e, an) $e
i% cautiou% an) woul) e0a&ine t$e pro)uct %ol) to $i&#
"# Do you a+ree wit$ t$i% ca%e'
A# H&&N &ay(e not, %ince you %$oul) ta*e t$e point o1 view o1 an or)inary con%u&er w$o )oe%n.t *now w$at tu%%i% &ean%#
"# Woul) t$e ca%e $ave (een )eci)e) in t$e %a&e &anner i1 it involve) veterinary &e)icine'
A# Pro(a(ly# People )on.t u%ually (uy vet &e)icine %o t$ey woul) (e care1ul i1 t$ey )o#
P$ilippine Nut In)u%try v# Stan)ar) -ran)%
P$ilippine Nut o(taine) re+i%tration o1 5P$ilippine Planter% !or)ial Peanut%#7 On it% %alte) peanut%# Stan)ar) -ran)%, a 1orei+n
corporation 1ile) 1or t$e cancellation o1 re+i%tration %ayin+ t$at it wa% t$e owner o1 5Planter% !oc*tail Peanut%7 tra)e&ar* an) t$at
P$il Nut clo%ely re%e&(le% an) i% con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to it% own tra)e&ar*# P$il Nut clai&% t$at 5Planter%7 cannot (e con%i)ere) a
)o&inant 1eature o1 t$e pro)uct %ince it i% &erely )e%criptive#
Hel)< Wit$out &erit# Planter% i% an or)inary wor) (ut it i% u%e) in t$e la(el not to )e%cri(e t$e nature o1 t$e pro)uct (ut to pro2ect t$e
%ource or ori+in o1 t$e %alte) peanut%# -a%e) 1ro& t$e lo+o%, it i% true t$at ot$er wor)% are )i%playe) ,cor)ial an) coc*tail/ (ut t$e%e
are &ere a)2ective%# A% a w$ole, it i% t$e wor) Planter% w$ic$ )raw% t$e attention o1 t$e (uyer an) lea)% $i& to conclu)e t$at t$e
%alte) peanut% ori+inate 1ro& one an) t$e %a&e &anu1acturer# It i% true t$at no pro)ucer &ay $ave a &onopoly o1 any color %c$e&e
or 1or& o1 wor)% in a la(el (ut w$en a co&petitor a)opt% a )i%tinctive or )o&inant &ar* or 1eature o1 anot$er.% tra)e&ar*, t$e intent
to pa%% to t$e pu(lic $i% pro)uct a% t$at o1 anot$er i% 6uite o(viou%#
Secon)ary &eanin+ F a wor) ori+inally incapa(le o1 e0clu%ive appropriation &ay nevert$ele%% $ave (een u%e) %o lon+ an) %o
e0clu%ively (y one pro)ucer wit$ re1erence to $i% article t$at, in t$at tra)e an) to t$at (ranc$ o1 t$e purc$a%in+ pu(lic, t$e wor) or
p$ra%e $a% co&e to &ean t$at t$e article wa% $i% pro)uct# Here, t$ere i% evi)ence to %$ow t$at t$e ter& Planter% $a% (eco&e a
)i%tinctive &ar* or %y&(ol a% %alte) peanut% are concerne)#
E Spinner v# Neu%% He%%lein !orp#
E Spinner ,En+lan)/ i% en+a+e) in &anu1acture an) %ale o1 te0tile%# It %ell% *$a*i clot$ in RP un)er t$e (ran) Wi+an# Neu%%
He%%lein ,KS/ ca&e to RP later an) %ol) *$a*i%# It %ol) it un)er t$e Eive Sol)ier% (ran) t$en it later a%*e) it% ND o11ice to print t$e
wor) Wi+an con%picuou%ly on t$e *$a*i% inten)e) 1or %ale in RP# Wi+an i% u%e) in co&&ercial parlance a% t$e na&e o1 a canva%%;
li*e cotton 1a(ric u%e) to %ti11en part% o1 +ar&ent%# Neu%% He%%lein clai&% to u%e t$e wor) to in)icate color, %ayin+ t$at KS )ealer%
are accu%to&e) to u%e t$e wor) Wi+an to in)icate a color o1 *$a*i clot$# E# Spinner 1ile% action to re%train u%e o1 t$e wor) Wi+an,
clai&in+ t$at it u%e% t$at wor) to in)icate 6uality#
Hel)< T$e per%on% &o%t to (e con%i)ere) i% t$e con%u&er an) w$en t$e wor) Wi+an i% 1oun) on *$a*i, t$e ulti&ate (uyer or t$e
con%u&er w$o woul) (e le) to %uppo%e t$at t$e +oo)% are %ol) (y E Spinner# It &a*e% no )i11erence t$at )ealer% in t$e article are
not )eceive)# T$ey are in1or&e) an) u%ually *now w$at t$ey are (uyin+# T$e law concern% it%el1 wit$ t$e ca%ual purc$a%er w$o
*now% t$e co&&o)ity only (y it% na&e# T$e wor) Wi+an $ere i% u%e) in an entirely arti1icial %en%e an) it% a%%ociation wit$ 6uality
$a) it% ori+in e0clu%ively in t$e u%e w$ic$ E Spinner ori+inally inten)e)#
Intel v# A)vance) Micro Device%
Intel u%e% t$e ?@A )e%i+nation 1or proce%%or &icroc$ip%# AMD pro(a(ly u%e) t$i% to )e%i+nate it% own pro)uct% an) Intel 1ile) a ca%e
a+ain%t AMD#
Hel)< AMD ar+ue) %ucce%%1ully t$at Intel.% ?@A )e%i+nation 1or proce%%or &icroc$ip% wa% +eneric# Intel wa% %u(%e6uently
un%ucce%%1ul in re+i%terin+ B@A or iB@A# Hence, it %witc$e) to t$e 5Pentiu&7 an) 5!eleron7 na&e%# Note t$at in t$e KS, tra)e&ar*
protection i% ac6uire) via u%e, not re+i%tration# -ecau%e Intel.% purporte) &ar* i% unre+i%tere), Intel $a% t$e (ur)en o1 proo1 on t$e
i%%ue o1 +enericne%% o1 t$e a%%erte) &ar*
"# W$y i% t$e E# Spinner )eci%ion )i11erent 1ro& t$e Intel )eci%ion'
A# -ecau%e in Intel, t$e &ar* wa% +eneric# In E# Spinner, t$e &ar* i% )e%criptive o1 6uality (ecau%e it i% ar(itrary#
Ana An+ v# Tori(io Teo)oro
Teo)oro u%e) 5An+ Ti(ay7 1or %lipper% an) %$oe% %ince 3I39# An+ re+i%tere) 5An+ Ti(ay7 1or %$ort% an) %$irt% on 3I?:# Teo)oro 1ile)
a co&plaint to cancel t$e re+i%tration o1 t$e TM o1 Ana An+# He clai&% t$at Ana An+ $a% not proven t$at %$e %pent &oney 1or
a)verti%in+ An+ Ti(ay %$irt% an) pant%# Ana An+ clai&% t$at t$e ter& i% )e%criptive an) t$at t$ere i% no %econ)ary &eanin+ attac$e)
to t$e ter&, an) t$at t$e +oo)% are )i11erent an) are not li*ely to &i%lea) t$e +eneral pu(lic a% to t$eir ori+in#
Hel)< 5An+ Ti(ay7 i% not a )e%criptive ter& (ut a 1anci1ul or coine) p$ra%e w$ic$ &ay (e le+ally appropriate)# An+ Ti(ay i% an
e0cla&ation )enotin+ a)&iration o1 %tren+t$, an) can (e tran%late) to &ean 5How %tron+O7 An+ Ti(ay $a% al%o ac6uire) a %econ)ary
&eanin+ (ecau%e t$e e0clu%ive u%e o1 t$e p$ra%e 1or Teo)oro.% pro)uct $a% allowe) it to ac6uire a proprietary connotation# A% to t$e
ar+u&ent t$at t$e +oo)% are not %i&ilar, alt$ou+$ two nonco&petin+ article% &ay (e cla%%i1ie) un)er two )i11erent cla%%e% (y t$e
Patent o11ice, nevert$ele%%, i1 %i&ultaneou% u%e on t$e& woul) (e li*ely to cau%e con1u%ion a% to t$e %ource or ori+in, t$en t$ere can
(e un1air co&petition# Al%o, it woul) prevent t$e natural e0pan%ion o1 $i% (u%ine%% an) it woul) cau%e t$e (u%ine%% to (e con1u%e)
wit$ t$e %econ) u%er#
"# I% 5An+ Ti(ay7 )e%criptive'
A# !ourt $el) t$at it i% a 1anci1ul or coine) ter&# T$e !ourt %ay% t$at t$e proper )e%criptive ter& i% 5&ati(ay7 an) not 5An+ Ti(ay#7
"# I% +ra&&ar i&portant'
A# No ,'/
"# I% t$e u%e o1 1a&ou% &ar*% on unrelate) +oo)% per&i%%i(le'
A# Alt$ou+$ t$ey are nonco&petin+, i1 %i&ultaneou% u%e will cau%e con1u%ion, it will not (e per&i%%i(le#
"# W$at are t$e *in)% o1 wor)%'
A# T$e wor)% are cla%%i1ie) to<
3# co&&on wor)%
a# +eneric F never capa(le o1 re+i%tration
(# )e%criptive F t$ere i% i&&e)iate a%%ociation
; not re+i%tra(le e0cept w$en t$ere i% %econ)ary &eanin+, or u%e) wit$ ot$er wor)%
c# %u++e%tive F re6uire% i&e+inationP)e)uction
:# 1anci1ulPcoine) ; e#+# Ko)a*
?# ar(itrary ; e#+# Apple !o&puter
Sec# 3:B# Re6uire&ent% o1 Application# ;
3:B#3# T$e application 1or t$e re+i%tration o1 t$e &ar* %$all (e in Eilipino or in En+li%$ an) %$all contain t$e 1ollowin+<
,a/ A re6ue%t 1or re+i%tration>
,(/ T$e na&e an) a))re%% o1 t$e applicant>
,c/ T$e na&e o1 a State o1 w$ic$ t$e applicant i% a national or w$ere $e $a% )o&icile> an) t$e na&e o1 a State in w$ic$ t$e applicant
$a% a real an) e11ective in)u%trial or co&&ercial e%ta(li%$&ent, i1 any>
,)/ W$ere t$e applicant i% a 2uri)ical entity, t$e law un)er w$ic$ it i% or+aniGe) an) e0i%tin+>
,e/ T$e appoint&ent o1 an a+ent or repre%entative, i1 t$e applicant i% not )o&icile) in t$e P$ilippine%>
,1/ W$ere t$e applicant clai&% t$e priority o1 an earlier application, an in)ication o1<
,i/ T$e na&e o1 t$e State wit$ w$o%e national o11ice t$e earlier application wa% 1ile) or it 1ile) wit$ an o11ice ot$er t$an a national
o11ice, t$e na&e o1 t$at o11ice,
,ii/ T$e )ate on w$ic$ t$e earlier application wa% 1ile), an)
,iii/ W$ere availa(le, t$e application nu&(er o1 t$e earlier application>
,+/ W$ere t$e applicant clai&% color a% a )i%tinctive 1eature o1 t$e &ar*, a %tate&ent to t$at e11ect a% well a% t$e na&e or na&e% o1
t$e color or color% clai&e) an) an in)ication, in re%pect o1 eac$ color, o1 t$e principal part% o1 t$e &ar* w$ic$ are in t$at color>
,$/ W$ere t$e &ar* i% a t$ree;)i&en%ional &ar*, a %tate&ent to t$at e11ect>
,i/ One or &ore repro)uction% o1 t$e &ar*, a% pre%cri(e) in t$e Re+ulation%>
,2/ A tran%literation or tran%lation o1 t$e &ar* or o1 %o&e part% o1 t$e &ar*, a% pre%cri(e) in t$e Re+ulation%>
,*/ T$e na&e% o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice% 1or w$ic$ t$e re+i%tration i% %ou+$t, +roupe) accor)in+ to t$e cla%%e% o1 t$e Nice
!la%%i1ication, to+et$er wit$ t$e nu&(er o1 t$e cla%% o1 t$e %ai) !la%%i1ication to w$ic$ eac$ +roup o1 +oo)% or %ervice% (elon+%> an)
,l/ A %i+nature (y, or ot$er %el1;i)enti1ication o1, t$e applicant or $i% repre%entative#
3:B#:# T$e applicant or t$e re+i%trant %$all 1ile a )eclaration o1 actual u%e o1 t$e &ar* wit$ evi)ence to t$at e11ect, a% pre%cri(e) (y
t$e Re+ulation% wit$in t$ree ,?/ year% 1ro& t$e 1ilin+ )ate o1 t$e application# Ot$erwi%e, t$e application %$all (e re1u%e) or t$e &ar*
%$all (e re&ove) 1ro& t$e Re+i%ter (y t$e Director#
3:B#?# One ,3/ application &ay relate to %everal +oo)% an)Por %ervice%, w$et$er t$ey (elon+ to one ,3/ cla%% or to %everal cla%%e% o1
t$e Nice !la%%i1ication#
3:B#B# I1 )urin+ t$e e0a&ination o1 t$e application, t$e O11ice 1in)% 1actual (a%i% to rea%ona(ly )ou(t t$e veracity o1 any in)ication or
ele&ent in t$e application, it &ay re6uire t$e applicant to %u(&it %u11icient evi)ence to re&ove t$e )ou(t# ,Sec# 8, R# A# No# 3AAa/
Sec# 3:8# Repre%entation> A))re%% 1or Service# ; I1 t$e applicant i% not )o&icile) or $a% no real an) e11ective co&&ercial
e%ta(li%$&ent in t$e P$ilippine%, $e %$all )e%i+nate (y a written )ocu&ent 1ile) in t$e o11ice, t$e na&e an) a))re%% o1 a P$ilippine
re%i)ent w$o &ay (e %erve) notice% or proce%% in procee)in+% a11ectin+ t$e &ar*# Suc$ notice% or %ervice% &ay (e %erve) upon t$e
per%on %o )e%i+nate) (y leavin+ a copy t$ereo1 at t$e a))re%% %peci1ie) in t$e la%t )e%i+nation 1ile)# I1 t$e per%on %o )e%i+nate)
cannot (e 1oun) at t$e a))re%% +iven in t$e la%t )e%i+nation, %uc$ notice or proce%% &ay (e %erve) upon t$e Director# ,Sec# ?, R# A#
No# 3AAa/
Sec# 3:A# Di%clai&er%# ; T$e O11ice &ay allow or re6uire t$e applicant to )i%clai& an unre+i%tra(le co&ponent o1 an ot$erwi%e
re+i%tra(le &ar* (ut %uc$ )i%clai&er %$all not pre2u)ice or a11ect t$e applicant.% or owner.% ri+$t% t$en e0i%tin+ or t$erea1ter ari%in+ in
t$e )i%clai&e) &atter, nor %uc$ %$all )i%clai&er pre2u)ice or a11ect t$e applicant.% or owner.% ri+$t on anot$er application o1 later
)ate i1 t$e )i%clai&e) &atter (eca&e )i%tinctive o1 t$e applicant.% or owner.% +oo)%, (u%ine%% or %ervice%# ,Sec# 3?, R# A# No# 3AAa/
Sec# 3:4# Eilin+ Date# ;
3:4#3# Re6uire&ent%# ; T$e 1ilin+ )ate o1 an application %$all (e t$e )ate on w$ic$ t$e O11ice receive) t$e 1ollowin+ in)ication% an)
ele&ent% in En+li%$ or Eilipino<
,a/ An e0pre%% or i&plicit in)ication t$at t$e re+i%tration o1 a &ar* i% %ou+$t>
,(/ T$e i)entity o1 t$e applicant>
,c/ In)ication% %u11icient to contact t$e applicant or $i% repre%entative, i1 any>
,)/ A repro)uction o1 t$e &ar* w$o%e re+i%tration i% %ou+$t> an)
,e/ T$e li%t o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice% 1or w$ic$ t$e re+i%tration i% %ou+$t#
3:4#: No 1ilin+ )ate %$all (e accor)e) until t$e re6uire) 1ee i% pai)# ,n/
Sec# 3:@# Sin+le Re+i%tration 1or Coo)% an)Por Service%# ; W$ere +oo)% an)Por %ervice% (elon+in+ to %everal cla%%e% o1 t$e Nice
!la%%i1ication $ave (een inclu)e) in one ,3/ application, %uc$ an application %$all re%ult in one re+i%tration# ,n/
Sec# 3:I# Divi%ion o1 Application# ; Any application re1errin+ to %everal +oo)% or %ervice%, $erea1ter re1erre) to a% t$e =initial
application,= &ay (e )ivi)e) (y t$e applicant into two ,:/ or &ore application%, $erea1ter re1erre) to a% t$e =)ivi%ional application%,=
(y )i%tri(utin+ a&on+ t$e latter t$e +oo)% or %ervice% re1erre) to in t$e initial application# T$e )ivi%ional application% %$all pre%erve
t$e 1ilin+ )ate o1 t$e initial application or t$e (ene1it o1 t$e ri+$t o1 priority# ,n/
Sec# 3?9# Si+nature an) Ot$er Mean% o1 Sel1;I)enti1ication# ;
3?9#3# W$ere a %i+nature i% re6uire), t$e O11ice %$all accept<
,a/ A $an);written %i+nature> or
,(/ T$e u%e o1 ot$er 1or&% o1 %i+nature, %uc$ a% a printe) or %ta&pe) %i+nature, or t$e u%e o1 a %eal, in%tea) o1 a $an);written
%i+nature< Provi)e), T$at w$ere a %eal i% u%e), it %$oul) (e acco&panie) (y an in)ication in letter% o1 t$e na&e o1 t$e %i+natory#
3?9#:# T$e O11ice %$all accept co&&unication% to it (y telecopier, or (y electronic &ean% %u(2ect to t$e con)ition% or re6uire&ent%
t$at will (e pre%cri(e) (y t$e Re+ulation%# W$en co&&unication% are &a)e (y tele1ac%i&ile, t$e repro)uction o1 t$e %i+nature, or
t$e repro)uction o1 t$e %eal to+et$er wit$, w$ere re6uire), t$e in)ication in letter% o1 t$e na&e o1 t$e natural per%on w$o%e %eal i%
u%e), appear%# T$e ori+inal co&&unication% &u%t (e receive) (y t$e O11ice wit$in t$irty ,?9/ )ay% 1ro& )ate o1 receipt o1 t$e
tele1ac%i&ile#
3?9#?# No atte%tation, notariGation, aut$entication, le+aliGation or ot$er certi1ication o1 any %i+nature or ot$er &ean% o1 %el1;
i)enti1ication re1erre) to in t$e prece)in+ para+rap$%, will (e re6uire), e0cept, w$ere t$e %i+nature concern% t$e %urren)er o1 a
re+i%tration# ,n/
Sec# 3?3# Priority Ri+$t# ;
3?3#3# An application 1or re+i%tration o1 a &ar* 1ile) in t$e P$ilippine% (y a per%on re1erre) to in Section ?, an) w$o previou%ly )uly
1ile) an application 1or re+i%tration o1 t$e %a&e &ar* in one o1 t$o%e countrie%, %$all (e con%i)ere) a% 1ile) a% o1 t$e )ay t$e
application wa% 1ir%t 1ile) in t$e 1orei+n country#
3?3#:# No re+i%tration o1 a &ar* in t$e P$ilippine% (y a per%on )e%cri(e) in t$i% %ection %$all (e +rante) until %uc$ &ar* $a% (een
re+i%tere) in t$e country o1 ori+in o1 t$e applicant#
3?3#?# Not$in+ in t$i% %ection %$all entitle t$e owner o1 a re+i%tration +rante) un)er t$i% %ection to %ue 1or act% co&&itte) prior to t$e
)ate on w$ic$ $i% &ar* wa% re+i%tere) in t$i% country< Provi)e), T$at, notwit$%tan)in+ t$e 1ore+oin+, t$e owner o1 a well;*nown
&ar* a% )e1ine) in Section 3:?#3,e/ o1 t$i% Act, t$at i% not re+i%tere) in t$e P$ilippine%, &ay, a+ain%t an i)entical or con1u%in+ly
%i&ilar &ar*, oppo%e it% re+i%tration, or petition t$e cancellation o1 it% re+i%tration or %ue 1or un1air co&petition, wit$out pre2u)ice to
availin+ $i&%el1 o1 ot$er re&e)ie% provi)e) 1or un)er t$e law#
3?3#B# In li*e &anner an) %u(2ect to t$e %a&e con)ition% an) re6uire&ent%, t$e ri+$t provi)e) in t$i% %ection &ay (e (a%e) upon a
%u(%e6uent re+ularly 1ile) application in t$e %a&e 1orei+n country< Provi)e), T$at any 1orei+n application 1ile) prior to %uc$
%u(%e6uent application $a% (een wit$)rawn, a(an)one), or ot$erwi%e )i%po%e) o1, wit$out $avin+ (een lai) open to pu(lic
in%pection an) wit$out leavin+ any ri+$t% out%tan)in+, an) $a% not %erve), nor t$erea1ter %$all %erve, a% a (a%i% 1or clai&in+ a ri+$t
o1 priority# ,Sec# ?4, R# A# No# 3AAa/
Sec# 3?:# Application Nu&(er an) Eilin+ Date# ;
3?:#3# T$e O11ice %$all e0a&ine w$et$er t$e application %ati%1ie% t$e re6uire&ent% 1or t$e +rant o1 a 1ilin+ )ate a% provi)e) in
Section 3:4 an) Re+ulation% relatin+ t$ereto# I1 t$e application )oe% not %ati%1y t$e 1ilin+ re6uire&ent%, t$e O11ice %$all noti1y t$e
applicant w$o %$all wit$in a perio) 1i0e) (y t$e Re+ulation% co&plete or correct t$e application a% re6uire), ot$erwi%e, t$e
application %$all (e con%i)ere) wit$)rawn#
3?:#: Once an application &eet% t$e 1ilin+ re6uire&ent% o1 Section 3:4, it %$all (e nu&(ere) in t$e %e6uential or)er, an) t$e
applicant %$all (e in1or&e) o1 t$e application nu&(er an) t$e 1ilin+ )ate o1 t$e application will (e )ee&e) to $ave (een a(an)one)#
,n/
Sec# 3??# E0a&ination an) Pu(lication# ;
3??#3# Once t$e application &eet% t$e 1ilin+ re6uire&ent% o1 Section 3:4, t$e O11ice %$all e0a&ine w$et$er t$e application &eet% t$e
re6uire&ent% o1 Section 3:B an) t$e &ar* a% )e1ine) in Section 3:3 i% re+i%tra(le un)er Section 3:?#
3??#:# W$ere t$e O11ice 1in)% t$at t$e con)ition% re1erre) to in Su(%ection 3??#3 are 1ul1ille), it %$all, upon pay&ent o1 t$e pre%cri(e)
1ee# Eort$wit$ cau%e t$e application, a% 1ile), to (e pu(li%$e) in t$e pre%cri(e) &anner#
3??#?# I1 a1ter t$e e0a&ination, t$e applicant i% not entitle) to re+i%tration 1or any rea%on, t$e O11ice %$all a)vi%e t$e applicant t$ereo1
an) t$e rea%on% t$ere1or# T$e applicant %$all $ave a perio) o1 1our ,B/ &ont$% in w$ic$ to reply or a&en) $i% application, w$ic$ %$all
t$en (e re;e0a&ine)# T$e Re+ulation% %$all )eter&ine t$e proce)ure 1or t$e re;e0a&ination or revival o1 an application a% well a%
t$e appeal to t$e Director o1 Tra)e&ar*% 1ro& any 1inal action (y t$e E0a&iner#
3??#B# An a(an)one) application &ay (e revive) a% a pen)in+ application wit$in t$ree ,?/ &ont$% 1ro& t$e )ate o1 a(an)on&ent,
upon +oo) cau%e %$own an) t$e pay&ent o1 t$e re6uire) 1ee#
3??#8# T$e 1inal )eci%ion o1 re1u%al o1 t$e Director o1 Tra)e&ar*% %$all (e appeala(le to t$e Director Ceneral in accor)ance wit$ t$e
proce)ure 1i0e) (y t$e Re+ulation%# ,Sec# 4, R# A# No# 3AAa/
Sec# 3?B# Oppo%ition# ; Any per%on w$o (elieve% t$at $e woul) (e )a&a+e) (y t$e re+i%tration o1 a &ar* &ay, upon pay&ent o1 t$e
re6uire) 1ee an) wit$in t$irty ,?9/ )ay% a1ter t$e pu(lication re1erre) to in Su(%ection 3??#:, 1ile wit$ t$e O11ice an oppo%ition to t$e
application# Suc$ oppo%ition %$all (e in writin+ an) veri1ie) (y t$e oppo%itor or (y any per%on on $i% (e$al1 w$o *now% t$e 1act%, an)
%$all %peci1y t$e +roun)% on w$ic$ it i% (a%e) an) inclu)e a %tate&ent o1 t$e 1act% relie) upon# !opie% o1 certi1icate% o1 re+i%tration
o1 &ar*% re+i%tere) in ot$er countrie% or ot$er %upportin+ )ocu&ent% &entione) in t$e oppo%ition %$all (e 1ile) t$erewit$, to+et$er
wit$ t$e tran%lation in En+li%$, i1 not in t$e En+li%$ lan+ua+e# Eor +oo) cau%e %$own an) upon pay&ent o1 t$e re6uire) %urc$ar+e,
t$e ti&e 1or 1ilin+ an oppo%ition &ay (e e0ten)e) (y t$e Director o1 Le+al A11air%, w$o %$all noti1y t$e applicant o1 %uc$ e0ten%ion#
T$e Re+ulation% %$all 1i0 t$e &a0i&u& perio) o1 ti&e wit$in w$ic$ to 1ile t$e oppo%ition# ,Sec# @, R# A# No# 3A8a/
Sec# 3?8# Notice an) Hearin+# ; Kpon t$e 1ilin+ o1 an oppo%ition, t$e O11ice %$all %erve notice o1 t$e 1ilin+ on t$e applicant, an) o1 t$e
)ate o1 t$e $earin+ t$ereo1 upon t$e applicant an) t$e oppo%itor an) all ot$er per%on% $avin+ any ri+$t, title or intere%t in t$e &ar*
covere) (y t$e application, a% appear o1 recor) in t$e O11ice# ,Sec# I R# A# No# 3A8/
Sec# 3?A# I%%uance an) Pu(lication o1 !erti1icate# ; W$en t$e perio) 1or 1ilin+ t$e oppo%ition $a% e0pire), or w$en t$e Director o1
Le+al A11air% %$all $ave )enie) t$e oppo%ition, t$e O11ice upon pay&ent o1 t$e re6uire) 1ee, %$all i%%ue t$e certi1icate o1 re+i%tration#
Kpon i%%uance o1 a certi1icate o1 re+i%tration, notice t$ereo1 &a*in+ re1erence to t$e pu(lication o1 t$e application %$all (e pu(li%$e)
in t$e IPO CaGette# ,Sec# 39, R# A# No# 3A8/
Sec# 3?4# Re+i%tration o1 Mar* an) I%%uance o1 a !erti1icate to t$e Owner or $i% A%%i+nee# ;
3?4#3# T$e O11ice %$all &aintain a Re+i%ter in w$ic$ %$all (e re+i%tere) &ar*%, nu&(ere) in t$e or)er o1 t$eir re+i%tration, an) all
tran%action% in re%pect o1 eac$ &ar*, re6uire) to (e recor)e) (y virtue o1 t$i% law#
3?4#:# T$e re+i%tration o1 a &ar* %$all inclu)e a repro)uction o1 t$e &ar* an) %$all &ention< it% nu&(er> t$e na&e an) a))re%% o1
t$e re+i%tere) owner an), i1 t$e re+i%tere) owner.% a))re%% i% out%i)e t$e country, $i% a))re%% 1or %ervice wit$in t$e country> t$e
)ate% o1 application an) re+i%tration> i1 priority i% clai&e), an in)ication o1 t$i% 1act, an) t$e nu&(er, )ate an) country o1 t$e
application, (a%i% o1 t$e priority clai&%> t$e li%t o1 +oo)% or %ervice% in re%pect o1 w$ic$ re+i%tration $a% (een +rante), wit$ t$e
in)ication o1 t$e corre%pon)in+ cla%% or cla%%e%> an) %uc$ ot$er )ata a% t$e Re+ulation% &ay pre%cri(e 1ro& ti&e to ti&e#
3?4#?# A certi1icate o1 re+i%tration o1 a &ar* &ay (e i%%ue) to t$e a%%i+nee o1 t$e applicant< Provi)e), T$at t$e a%%i+n&ent i%
recor)e) in t$e O11ice# In ca%e o1 a c$an+e o1 owner%$ip, t$e O11ice %$all at t$e written re6ue%t %i+ne) (y t$e owner, or $i%
repre%entative, or (y t$e new owner, or $i% repre%entative an) upon a proper %$owin+ an) t$e pay&ent o1 t$e pre%cri(e) 1ee, i%%ue
to %uc$ a%%i+nee a new certi1icate o1 re+i%tration o1 t$e %ai) &ar* in t$e na&e o1 %uc$ a%%i+nee, an) 1or t$e une0pire) part o1 t$e
ori+inal perio)#
3?4#B# T$e O11ice %$all recor) any c$an+e o1 a))re%%, or a))re%% 1or %ervice, w$ic$ %$all (e noti1ie) to it (y t$e re+i%tere) owner#
3?4#8# In t$e a(%ence o1 any provi%ion to t$e contrary in t$i% Act, co&&unication% to (e &a)e to t$e re+i%tere) owner (y virtue o1
t$i% Act %$all (e %ent to $i& at $i% la%t recor)e) a))re%% an), at t$e %a&e, at $i% la%t recor)e) a))re%% 1or %ervice#
Sec# 3?@# !erti1icate% o1 Re+i%tration# ; A certi1icate o1 re+i%tration o1 a &ar* %$all (e pri&a 1acie evi)ence o1 t$e vali)ity o1 t$e
re+i%tration, t$e re+i%trant.% owner%$ip o1 t$e &ar*, an) o1 t$e re+i%trant.% e0clu%ive ri+$t to u%e t$e %a&e in connection wit$ t$e
+oo)% or %ervice% an) t$o%e t$at are relate) t$ereto %peci1ie) in t$e certi1icate#
Ea(re+e v# !A
!o -en+ Kay re+i%tere) 5-rute7 1or u%e on %$irt%, %$oe% an) %lipper%# Ea(re+e, owner o1 t$e TM 5-rut7 1or u%e on a1ter %$ave lotion,
%$avin+ crea&, )eo)orant, 1ile% oppo%ition# Ea(re+e clai&% t$at it will cau%e con1u%ion#
Hel)< !o -en+ Kay &ay (e per&itte) to re+i%ter, %ince Ea(re+e $a% not venture) in t$e pro)uction o1 (rie1%, %o it cannot (e allowe)
to 1ei+$t t$at !o $a% inva)e) Ea(re+e.% e0clu%ive )o&ain# Hu%tice H-L Reye% %ay% in t$e Sta# Ana ca%e t$at t$e law )oe% not
re6uire t$at t$e +oo)% &anu1acture) (y t$e %econ) u%er (e relate) to t$e +oo)% pro)uce) (y t$e %enior u%er# -ut t$e law al%o %ay%
t$at t$ere i% in1rin+e&ent w$en t$e repro)uction i% t$at w$ic$ cau%e% con1u%ion# Since t$e pro)uct% are )i11erent, t$ere can (e no
con1u%ion#
"# Woul) t$e ca%e $ave (een )eci)e) t$e %a&e way to)ay'
A# No, (ecau%e o1 Sec# 3?@#
Developer.% Croup v# !A
Developer.% ,RP/ 1ile) an in1rin+e&ent ca%e a+ain%t S$an+ri;La Hotel clai&in+ t$at it wa% +rante) t$e QS$an+ri;la7 &ar* 1or
re%taurant %ervice% in 3I@?# It clai&% t$at t$e $otel wa% u%in+ t$e &ar* cau%in+ it pre2u)ice# Hotel clai&% t$at it i% t$e le+al an)
(ene1icial owner o1 t$e &ar* w$ic$ wa% 1ir%t a)opte) in 3IA:, u%e) in t$eir $otel (u%ine%% in !$ina, HK, Malay%ia, Sin+apore, etc#
Hotel al%o 1ile) a petition a+ain%t Developer% 1or t$e cancellation o1 it% re+i%tration# RT! +rante) Developer% an in2unction an) Hotel
%ee*% to li1t t$e in2unction#
Hel)< T$e con1lictin+ clai&% o1 t$e partie% %$ow t$at t$e ri+$t clai&% (y Developer% i% 1ar 1ro& clear# T$e pri&a 1acie vali)ity o1 it%
re+i%tration $a% (een put into %eriou% 6ue%tion (y t$e ca%e% 1ile) (y S$an+ri;La ? year% a$ea) o1 it% co&plaint# W$ile it i% not
re6uire) t$at Developer.% ri+$t (e conclu%ively e%ta(li%$e) in t$i% ca%e, it i% nevert$ele%% nece%%ary to %$ow t$at it e0i%t% an) i% not
vitiate) (y any %u(%tantial c$allen+e or contra)iction# Developer% $a% 1aile) to co&ply wit$ t$i% re6uire&ent#
S$an+ri;La Hotel v# !A
S$an+ri;La 1ile) a petition 1or cancellation o1 Developer.% 5S$an+ri;La7 &ar* %ayin+ t$at t$i% wa% ille+ally an) 1rau)ulently o(taine)#
Developer.% 1ile) a co&plaint 1or in1rin+e&ent a+ain%t t$e Hotel# T$e Hotel %ee*% to %u%pen) t$e in1rin+e&ent ca%e (ecau%e o1 t$e
pen)ency o1 t$e cancellation procee)in+%#
Hel)< T$e earlier in%titution o1 t$e Hotel o1 t$e cancellation procee)in+ cannot e11ectively (ar t$e %u(%e6uent 1ilin+ o1 t$e
in1rin+e&ent ca%e (y Developer%# T$e certi1icate o1 re+i%tration re&ain% vali) an) %u(%i%tin+ 1or a% lon+ a% it $a% not (een cancele)
(y t$e court# Developer.% certi1icate continue% a% pri&a 1acie evi)ence o1 t$e vali)ity o1 t$e re+i%tration# Suc$ certi1icate %till %u(%i%t%
an) Developer.% &ay t$u% 1ile a corre%pon)in+ in1rin+e&ent ca%e an) recover )a&a+e%# Eurt$er, t$e i%%ue in t$e cancellation ca%e
i% 6uite )i11erent 1ro& t$at rai%e) in t$e trial court#
"# In t$e Developer.% ca%e, w$y wa%n.t it con%i)ere) t$at t$e certi1icate +ive% ri%e to pri&a 1acie pre%u&ption, %uc$ t$at Developer.%
%till $a) t$e (ur)en o1 proo1'
A# !ourt pro(a(ly 1ocu%e) on t$e preli&inary in2unction i%%ue rat$er t$an to intellectual property law i%%ue%#
Mirpuri v# !A ,not )i%cu%%e) in cla%%/
E%co(ar ,RP/ 1ile) application 1or t$e u%e o1 t$e TM 5-ar(iGon7 1or (ra%%ier%# -ar(iGon ,ND/ 1ile) an oppo%ition clai&in+ t$at it i%
con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to it% own &ar*# Oppo%ition wa% )i%&i%%e) an) t$e application wa% +rante)# Later, E%co(ar 1aile) to 1ile t$e
a11i)avit o1 u%e, %o it% re+i%tration wa% cancelle)# E%co(ar reapplie) 1or re+i%tration (ut a%%i+ne) t$i% to Mirpuri# T$i% wa% a+ain
oppo%e) (y -ar(iGon wit$ t$e alle+ation t$at t$e &ar* wa% u%e) in KS an) al%o it $a% protection un)er t$e Pari% !onvention# Mirpuri
clai&% t$e )e1en%e o1 re% 2u)icata#
Hel)< T$e two cae% )o not $ave i)entical cau%e% o1 action# In t$e pre%ent ca%e, -ar(iGon intro)uce) a 1act t$at )i) not e0i%t at t$e
ti&e t$e 1ir%t ca%e wa% 1ile) an) ter&inate)# T$e cancellation 1ro& non;u%e coul) not $ave occurre) in t$e 1ir%t ca%e, an) t$i% +ave
-ar(iGon anot$er cau%e to oppo%e t$e %econ) application# Re% 2u)icata e0ten)% only to 1act% an) con)ition% a% t$ey e0i%te) at t$e
ti&e t$e 2u)+&ent wa% ren)ere)# W$en new 1act% intervene 1urni%$in+ new (a%i%, t$ere i% no lon+er re% 2u)icata#
Sec# 3?I# Pu(lication o1 Re+i%tere) Mar*%> In%pection o1 Re+i%ter# ;
3?I#3# T$e O11ice %$all pu(li%$, in t$e 1or& an) wit$in t$e perio) 1i0e) (y t$e Re+ulation%, t$e &ar* re+i%tere), in t$e or)er o1 t$eir
re+i%tration, repro)ucin+ all t$e particular% re1erre) to in Su(%ection 3?4#:#
3?I#:# Mar*% re+i%tere) at t$e O11ice &ay (e in%pecte) 1ree o1 c$ar+e an) any per%on &ay o(tain copie% t$ereo1 at $i% own
e0pen%e# T$i% provi%ion %$all al%o (e applica(le to tran%action% recor)e) in re%pect o1 any re+i%tere) &ar*# ,n/
Sec# 3B9# !ancellation upon Application (y Re+i%trant> A&en)&ent or Di%clai&er o1 Re+i%tration# ; Kpon application o1 t$e
re+i%trant, t$e O11ice &ay per&it any re+i%tration to (e %urren)ere) 1or cancellation, an) upon cancellation t$e appropriate entry
%$all (e &a)e in t$e recor)% o1 t$e O11ice# Kpon application o1 t$e re+i%trant an) pay&ent o1 t$e pre%cri(e) 1ee, t$e O11ice 1or +oo)
cau%e &ay per&it any re+i%tration to (e a&en)e) or to (e )i%clai&e) in part< Provi)e), T$at t$e a&en)&ent or )i%clai&er )oe% not
alter &aterially t$e c$aracter o1 t$e &ar*# Appropriate entry %$all (e &a)e in t$e recor)% o1 t$e O11ice upon t$e certi1icate o1
re+i%tration or, i1 %ai) certi1icate% i% lo%t or )e%troye), upon a certi1ie) copy t$ereo1#
Sec# 3B3# Seale) an) !erti1ie) !opie% a% Evi)ence# ; !opie% o1 any recor)%, (oo*%, paper%, or )rawin+% (elon+in+ to t$e O11ice
relatin+ to &ar*%, an) copie% o1 re+i%tration%, w$en aut$enticate) (y t$e %eal o1 t$e O11ice an) certi1ie) (y t$e Director o1 t$e
A)&ini%trative, Einancial an) Hu&an Re%ource Develop&ent Service -ureau or in $i% na&e (y an e&ployee o1 t$e O11ice )uly
aut$oriGe) (y %ai) Director, %$all (e evi)ence in all ca%e% w$erein t$e ori+inal% woul) (e evi)ence> an) any per%on w$o applie% an)
pay% t$e pre%cri(e) 1ee %$all %ecure %uc$ copie%# ,n/
Sec# 3B:# !orrection o1 Mi%ta*e% Ma)e (y t$e O11ice# ; W$enever a &aterial &i%ta*e in a re+i%tration incurre) t$rou+$ t$e 1ault o1
t$e O11ice i% clearly )i%clo%e) (y t$e recor)% o1 t$e O11ice, a certi1icate %tatin+ t$e 1act an) nature o1 %uc$ &i%ta*e %$all (e i%%ue)
wit$out c$ar+e, recor)e) an) a printe) copy t$ereo1 %$all (e attac$e) to eac$ printe) copy o1 t$e re+i%tration# Suc$ correcte)
re+i%tration %$all t$erea1ter $ave t$e %a&e e11ect a% t$e ori+inal certi1icate> or in t$e )i%cretion o1 t$e Director o1 t$e A)&ini%trative,
Einancial an) Hu&an Re%ource Develop&ent Service -ureau a new certi1icate o1 re+i%tration &ay (e i%%ue) wit$out c$ar+e# All
certi1icate% o1 correction $ereto1ore i%%ue) in accor)ance wit$ t$e Re+ulation% an) t$e re+i%tration to w$ic$ t$ey are attac$e) %$all
$ave t$e %a&e 1orce an) e11ect a% i1 %uc$ certi1icate% an) t$eir i%%uance $a) (een aut$oriGe) (y t$i% Act# ,n/
Sec# 3B?# !orrection o1 Mi%ta*e% Ma)e (y Applicant# ; W$enever a &i%ta*e i% &a)e in a re+i%tration an) %uc$ &i%ta*e occurre) in
+oo) 1ait$ t$rou+$ t$e 1ault o1 t$e applicant, t$e O11ice &ay i%%ue a certi1icate upon t$e pay&ent o1 t$e pre%cri(e) 1ee< Provi)e),
T$at t$e correction )oe% not involve any c$an+e in t$e re+i%tration t$at re6uire% repu(lication o1 t$e &ar*# ,n/
Sec# 3BB# !la%%i1ication o1 Coo)% an) Service%# ;
3BB#3# Eac$ re+i%tration, an) any pu(lication o1 t$e O11ice w$ic$ concern% an application or re+i%tration e11ecte) (y t$e O11ice %$all
in)icate t$e +oo)% or %ervice% (y t$eir na&e%, +roupe) accor)in+ to t$e cla%%e% o1 t$e Nice !la%%i1ication, an) eac$ +roup %$all (e
prece)e) (y t$e nu&(er o1 t$e cla%% o1 t$at !la%%i1ication to w$ic$ t$at +roup o1 +oo)% or %ervice% (elon+%, pre%ente) in t$e or)er
o1 t$e cla%%e% o1 t$e %ai) !la%%i1ication#
3BB#:# Coo)% or %ervice% &ay not (e con%i)ere) a% (ein+ %i&ilar or )i%%i&ilar to eac$ ot$er on t$e +roun) t$at, in any re+i%tration or
pu(lication (y t$e O11ice, t$ey appear in )i11erent cla%%e% o1 t$e Nice !la%%i1ication#
Sec# 3B8# Duration# ; A certi1icate o1 re+i%tration %$all re&ain in 1orce 1or ten ,39/ year%< Provi)e), T$at t$e re+i%trant %$all 1ile a
)eclaration o1 actual u%e an) evi)ence to t$at e11ect, or %$all %$ow vali) rea%on% (a%e) on t$e e0i%tence o1 o(%tacle% to %uc$ u%e,
a% pre%cri(e) (y t$e Re+ulation%, wit$in one ,3/ year 1ro& t$e 1i1t$ anniver%ary o1 t$e )ate o1 t$e re+i%tration o1 t$e &ar*# Ot$erwi%e,
t$e &ar* %$all (e re&ove) 1ro& t$e Re+i%ter (y t$e O11ice#
Sec# 3BA# Renewal# ;
3BA#3# A certi1icate o1 re+i%tration &ay (e renewe) 1or perio)% o1 ten ,39/ year% at it% e0piration upon pay&ent o1 t$e pre%cri(e) 1ee
an) upon 1ilin+ o1 a re6ue%t# T$e re6ue%t %$all contain t$e 1ollowin+ in)ication%<
,a/ An in)ication t$at renewal i% %ou+$t>
,(/ T$e na&e an) a))re%% o1 t$e re+i%trant or $i% %ucce%%or;in;intere%t, $erea1ter re1erre) to a% t$e =ri+$t $ol)er=>
,c/ T$e re+i%tration nu&(er o1 t$e re+i%tration concerne)>
,)/ T$e 1ilin+ )ate o1 t$e application w$ic$ re%ulte) in t$e re+i%tration concerne) to (e renewe)>
,e/ W$ere t$e ri+$t $ol)er $a% a repre%entative, t$e na&e an) a))re%% o1 t$at repre%entative>
,1/ T$e na&e% o1 t$e recor)e) +oo)% or %ervice% 1or w$ic$ t$e renewal i% re6ue%te) or t$e na&e% o1 t$e recor)e) +oo)% or %ervice%
1or w$ic$ t$e renewal i% not re6ue%te), +roupe) accor)in+ to t$e cla%%e% o1 t$e Nice !la%%i1ication to w$ic$ t$at +roup o1 +oo)% or
%ervice% (elon+% an) pre%ente) in t$e or)er o1 t$e cla%%e% o1 t$e %ai) !la%%i1ication> an)
,+/ A %i+nature (y t$e ri+$t $ol)er or $i% repre%entative#
3BA#:# Suc$ re6ue%t %$all (e in Eilipino or En+li%$ an) &ay (e &a)e at any ti&e wit$in %i0 ,A/ &ont$% (e1ore t$e e0piration o1 t$e
perio) 1or w$ic$ t$e re+i%tration wa% i%%ue) or renewe), or it &ay (e &a)e wit$in %i0 ,A/ &ont$% a1ter %uc$ e0piration on pay&ent o1
t$e a))itional 1ee $erein pre%cri(e)#
3BA#?# I1 t$e O11ice re1u%e% to renew t$e re+i%tration, it %$all noti1y t$e re+i%trant o1 $i% re1u%al an) t$e rea%on% t$ere1or#
3BA#B# An applicant 1or renewal not )o&icile) in t$e P$ilippine% %$all (e %u(2ect to an) co&ply wit$ t$e re6uire&ent% o1 t$i% Act#
Sec# 3B4# Ri+$t% !on1erre)# ;
3B4#3# T$e owner o1 a re+i%tere) &ar* %$all $ave t$e e0clu%ive ri+$t to prevent all t$ir) partie% not $avin+ t$e owner.% con%ent 1ro&
u%in+ in t$e cour%e o1 tra)e i)entical or %i&ilar %i+n% or container% 1or +oo)% or %ervice% w$ic$ are i)entical or %i&ilar to t$o%e in
re%pect o1 w$ic$ t$e tra)e&ar* i% re+i%tere) w$ere %uc$ u%e woul) re%ult in a li*eli$oo) o1 con1u%ion# In ca%e o1 t$e u%e, o1 an
i)entical %i+n 1or i)entical +oo)% or %ervice%, a li*eli$oo) o1 con1u%ion %$all (e pre%u&e)#
3B4#:# T$e e0clu%ive ri+$t o1 t$e owner o1 a well;*nown &ar* )e1ine) in Su(%ection 3:?#3,e/ w$ic$ i% re+i%tere) in t$e P$ilippine%,
%$all e0ten) to +oo)% an) %ervice% w$ic$ are not %i&ilar to t$o%e in re%pect o1 w$ic$ t$e &ar* i% re+i%tere)< Provi)e), T$at u%e o1
t$at &ar* in relation to t$o%e +oo)% or %ervice% woul) in)icate a connection (etween t$o%e +oo)% or %ervice% an) t$e owner o1 t$e
re+i%tere) &ar*< Provi)e), 1urt$er, T$at t$e intere%t% o1 t$e owner o1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar* are li*ely to (e )a&a+e) (y %uc$ u%e# ,n/
Sec# 3B@# K%e o1 In)ication% (y T$ir) Partie% 1or Purpo%e% Ot$er t$an t$o%e 1or w$ic$ t$e Mar* i% K%e)# ; Re+i%tration o1 t$e &ar*
%$all not con1er on t$e re+i%tere) owner t$e ri+$t to preclu)e t$ir) partie% 1ro& u%in+ (ona 1i)e t$eir na&e%, a))re%%e%,
p%eu)ony&%, a +eo+rap$ical na&e, or e0act in)ication% concernin+ t$e *in), 6uality, 6uantity, )e%tination, value, place o1 ori+in, or
ti&e o1 pro)uction or o1 %upply, o1 t$eir +oo)% or %ervice%< Provi)e), T$at %uc$ u%e i% con1ine) to t$e purpo%e% o1 &ere i)enti1ication
or in1or&ation an) cannot &i%lea) t$e pu(lic a% to t$e %ource o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice%# ,n/
Sec# 3BI# A%%i+n&ent an) Tran%1er o1 Application an) Re+i%tration# ;
3BI#3# An application 1or re+i%tration o1 a &ar*, or it% re+i%tration, &ay (e a%%i+ne) or tran%1erre) wit$ or wit$out t$e tran%1er o1 t$e
(u%ine%% u%in+ t$e &ar*# ,n/
3BI#:# Suc$ a%%i+n&ent or tran%1er %$all, $owever, (e null an) voi) i1 it i% lia(le to &i%lea) t$e pu(lic, particularly a% re+ar)% t$e
nature, %ource, &anu1acturin+ proce%%, c$aracteri%tic%, or %uita(ility 1or t$eir purpo%e, o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice% to w$ic$ t$e &ar* i%
applie)#
3BI#?# T$e a%%i+n&ent o1 t$e application 1or re+i%tration o1 a &ar*, or o1 it% re+i%tration, %$all (e in writin+ an) re6uire t$e %i+nature%
o1 t$e contractin+ partie%# Tran%1er% (y &er+er% or ot$er 1or&% o1 %ucce%%ion &ay (e &a)e (y any )ocu&ent %upportin+ %uc$
tran%1er#
3BI#B# A%%i+n&ent% an) tran%1er% o1 re+i%tration o1 &ar*% %$all (e recor)e) at t$e O11ice on pay&ent o1 t$e pre%cri(e) 1ee>
a%%i+n&ent an) tran%1er% o1 application% 1or re+i%tration %$all, on pay&ent o1 t$e %a&e 1ee, (e provi%ionally recor)e), an) t$e &ar*,
w$en re+i%tere), %$all (e in t$e na&e o1 t$e a%%i+nee or tran%1eree#
3BI#8# A%%i+n&ent% an) tran%1er% %$all $ave no e11ect a+ain%t t$ir) partie% until t$ey are recor)e) at t$e O11ice#
Sec# 389# Licen%e !ontract%# ;
389#3# Any licen%e contract concernin+ t$e re+i%tration o1 a &ar*, or an application t$ere1or, %$all provi)e 1or e11ective control (y t$e
licen%or o1 t$e 6uality o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice% o1 t$e licen%ee in connection wit$ w$ic$ t$e &ar* i% u%e)# I1 t$e licen%e contract )oe%
not provi)e 1or %uc$ 6uality control, or i1 %uc$ 6uality control i% not e11ectively carrie) out, t$e licen%e contract %$all not (e vali)#
389#:# A licen%e contract %$all (e %u(&itte) to t$e O11ice w$ic$ %$all *eep it% content% con1i)ential (ut %$all recor) it an) pu(li%$ a
re1erence t$ereto# A licen%e contract %$all $ave no e11ect a+ain%t t$ir) partie% until %uc$ recor)in+ i% e11ecte)# T$e Re+ulation% %$all
1i0 t$e proce)ure 1or t$e recor)in+ o1 t$e licen%e contract# ,n/
Sec# 383# !ancellation# ;
383#3# A petition to cancel a re+i%tration o1 a &ar* un)er t$i% Act &ay (e 1ile) wit$ t$e -ureau o1 Le+al A11air% (y any per%on w$o
(elieve% t$at $e i% or will (e )a&a+e) (y t$e re+i%tration o1 a &ar* un)er t$i% Act a% 1ollow%<
,a/ Wit$in 1ive ,8/ year% 1ro& t$e )ate o1 t$e re+i%tration o1 t$e &ar* un)er t$i% Act#
,(/ At any ti&e, i1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar* (eco&e% t$e +eneric na&e 1or t$e +oo)% or %ervice%, or a portion t$ereo1, 1or w$ic$ it i%
re+i%tere), or $a% (een a(an)one), or it% re+i%tration wa% o(taine) 1rau)ulently or contrary to t$e provi%ion% o1 t$i% Act, or i1 t$e
re+i%tere) &ar* i% (ein+ u%e) (y, or wit$ t$e per&i%%ion o1, t$e re+i%trant %o a% to &i%repre%ent t$e %ource o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice%
on or in connection wit$ w$ic$ t$e &ar* i% u%e)# I1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar* (eco&e% t$e +eneric na&e 1or le%% t$an all o1 t$e +oo)% or
%ervice% 1or w$ic$ it i% re+i%tere), a petition to cancel t$e re+i%tration 1or only t$o%e +oo)% or %ervice% &ay (e 1ile)# A re+i%tere)
&ar* %$all not (e )ee&e) to (e t$e +eneric na&e o1 +oo)% or %ervice% %olely (ecau%e %uc$ &ar* i% al%o u%e) a% a na&e o1 or to
i)enti1y a uni6ue pro)uct or %ervice# T$e pri&ary %i+ni1icance o1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar* to t$e relevant pu(lic rat$er t$an purc$a%er
&otivation %$all (e t$e te%t 1or )eter&inin+ w$et$er t$e re+i%tere) &ar* $a% (eco&e t$e +eneric na&e o1 +oo)% or %ervice% on or in
connection wit$ w$ic$ it $a% (een u%e)# ,n/
,c/ At any ti&e, i1 t$e re+i%tere) owner o1 t$e &ar* wit$out le+iti&ate rea%on 1ail% to u%e t$e &ar* wit$in t$e P$ilippine%, or to cau%e
it to (e u%e) in t$e P$ilippine% (y virtue o1 a licen%e )urin+ an uninterrupte) perio) o1 t$ree ,?/ year% or lon+er#
383#:# Notwit$%tan)in+ t$e 1ore+oin+ provi%ion%, t$e court or t$e a)&ini%trative a+ency ve%te) wit$ 2uri%)iction to $ear an)
a)2u)icate any action to en1orce t$e ri+$t% to a re+i%tere) &ar* %$all li*ewi%e e0erci%e 2uri%)iction to )eter&ine w$et$er t$e
re+i%tration o1 %ai) &ar* &ay (e cancelle) in accor)ance wit$ t$i% Act# T$e 1ilin+ o1 a %uit to en1orce t$e re+i%tere) &ar* wit$ t$e
proper court or a+ency %$all e0clu)e any ot$er court or a+ency 1ro& a%%u&in+ 2uri%)iction over a %u(%e6uently 1ile) petition to
cancel t$e %a&e &ar*# On t$e ot$er $an), t$e earlier 1ilin+ o1 petition to cancel t$e &ar* wit$ t$e -ureau o1 Le+al A11air% %$all not
con%titute a pre2u)icial 6ue%tion t$at &u%t (e re%olve) (e1ore an action to en1orce t$e ri+$t% to %a&e re+i%tere) &ar* &ay (e
)eci)e)#
"# I% t$ere a pre%u&ption o1 a(an)on&ent un)er t$e law'
A# De%# I1 t$e re+i%tere) owner o1 t$e &ar* wit$out le+iti&ate rea%on 1ail% to u%e t$e &ar* wit$in t$e P$ilippine%, or to cau%e it to (e
u%e) in t$e P$ilippine% (y virtue o1 a licen%e )urin+ an uninterrupte) perio) o1 t$ree ,?/ year% or lon+er, a petition &ay (e 1ile) 1or
t$e cancellation o1 t$e &ar*#
"# W$at i1 your TM e0pire% an) (e1ore you re+i%ter it, %o&eone re+i%ter% (e1ore you 1ile'
A# It woul) )epen) on t$e +ap# I1 it.% 2u%t a &atter o1 )ay% or &ont$%, prior re+i%trant $a% priority# It lon+ +ap, %enior re+i%trant $a%
priority#
Pa+a%a In)u%trial v# !A
3IA3 ; Kai%$a re+i%ter% DKK a% tra)e&ar* 1or %li)e 1a%tener% an) Gipper%#
3IA4; Pa+a%a 1ile% application 1or re+i%tration o1 DKK 1or Gipper%#
3I44 ; Kai%$a 1ile% petition 1or cancellation o1 Pa+a%a.% re+i%tration clai&in+ (ot$ are con1u%in+ly %i&ilar#
Pa+a%a clai&% t$at 1ailure or ne+lect to a%%ert it% tra)e&ar* ri+$t% 1or &ore t$an 1ive year% (ar% Kai%$a 1ro& 1ilin+ t$e petition#
Hel)< Law re6uire% actual co&&ercial u%e o1 t$e &ar* prior to re+i%tration# Here, Kai%$a wa% prior re+i%trant (ut it )i) not pre%ent
proo1 t$at it $a) con%i)era(le %ale% %ince it% 1ir%t u%e# T$e invoice% %u(&itte) )ate (ac* to 3I84 %$owin+ %ale o1 %a&ple%# Sa&ple%
are not 1or %ale an) are o1 no co&&ercial value# Only a1ter &ore t$an 4 year% too )i) Kai%$a 1ile 1or cancellation# An unrea%ona(le
len+t$ o1 ti&e $a) alrea)y pa%%e) (e1ore t$e ri+$t wa% a%%erte)# T$ere i% a pre%u&ption o1 ne+lect alrea)y a&ountin+ to
a(an)on&ent#
-ata In)u%trie% v# !A
New Oly&pian %ou+$t re+i%tration o1 -ata a% tra)e&ar* 1or ca%ual ru((er %$oe%, clai&in+ t$at it $a% u%e) t$i% &ar* %ince 3I49#
-ata ,!ana)a/ oppo%e) t$i% %ayin+ t$at it own% an) $a% not a(an)one) t$e tra)e&ar* -ata# It wa% %$own t$at -ata %$oe% were
in)ee) %ol) in RP prior to WWII, until 3IB@#
Hel)< Any %li+$t +oo)will +enerate) (y -ata wa% co&plete)ly a(an)one) an) lo%t in t$e &ore t$an ?8 year% t$at $ave pa%%e) %ince
it la%t u%e) t$e tra)e&ar*# -ata $a% no P$ilippine +oo)will t$at woul) (e )a&a+e) (y t$e re+i%tration o1 t$e &ar* in New Oly&pian.%
1avor#
Sec# 38:# Non;u%e o1 a Mar* W$en E0cu%e)# ;
38:#3# Non;u%e o1 a &ar* &ay (e e0cu%e) i1 cau%e) (y circu&%tance% ari%in+ in)epen)ently o1 t$e will o1 t$e tra)e&ar* owner# Lac*
o1 1un)% %$all not e0cu%e non;u%e o1 a &ar*#
38:#:# T$e u%e o1 t$e &ar* in a 1or& )i11erent 1ro& t$e 1or& in w$ic$ it i% re+i%tere), w$ic$ )oe% not alter it% )i%tinctive c$aracter,
%$all not (e +roun) 1or cancellation or re&oval o1 t$e &ar* an) %$all not )i&ini%$ t$e protection +rante) to t$e &ar*#
38:#?# T$e u%e o1 a &ar* in connection wit$ one or &ore o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice% (elon+in+ to t$e cla%% in re%pect o1 w$ic$ t$e
&ar* i% re+i%tere) %$all prevent it% cancellation or re&oval in re%pect o1 all ot$er +oo)% or %ervice% o1 t$e %a&e cla%%#
38:#B# T$e u%e o1 a &ar* (y a co&pany relate) wit$ t$e re+i%trant or applicant %$all inure to t$e latter.% (ene1it, an) %uc$ u%e %$all
not a11ect t$e vali)ity o1 %uc$ &ar* or o1 it% re+i%tration< Provi)e), T$at %uc$ &ar* i% not u%e) in %uc$ &anner a% to )eceive t$e
pu(lic# I1 u%e o1 a &ar* (y a per%on i% controlle) (y t$e re+i%trant or applicant wit$ re%pect to t$e nature an) 6uality o1 t$e +oo)% or
%ervice%, %uc$ u%e %$all inure to t$e (ene1it o1 t$e re+i%trant or applicant# ,n/
Sec# 38?# Re6uire&ent% o1 Petition> Notice an) Hearin+# ; In%o1ar a% applica(le, t$e petition 1or cancellation %$all (e in t$e %a&e
1or& a% t$at provi)e) in Section 3?B $ereo1, an) notice an) $earin+ %$all (e a% provi)e) in Section 3?8 $ereo1#
Sec# 38B# !ancellation o1 Re+i%tration# ; I1 t$e -ureau o1 Le+al A11air% 1in)% t$at a ca%e 1or cancellation $a% (een &a)e out, it %$all
or)er t$e cancellation o1 t$e re+i%tration# W$en t$e or)er or 2u)+&ent (eco&e% 1inal, any ri+$t con1erre) (y %uc$ re+i%tration upon
t$e re+i%trant or any per%on in intere%t o1 recor) %$all ter&inate# Notice o1 cancellation %$all (e pu(li%$e) in t$e IPO CaGette#
Sec# 388# Re&e)ie%> In1rin+e&ent# ; Any per%on w$o %$all, wit$out t$e con%ent o1 t$e owner o1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar*<
388#3# K%e in co&&erce any repro)uction, counter1eit, copy, or colora(le i&itation o1 a re+i%tere) &ar* or t$e %a&e container or a
)o&inant 1eature t$ereo1 in connection wit$ t$e %ale, o11erin+ 1or %ale, )i%tri(ution, a)verti%in+ o1 any +oo)% or %ervice% inclu)in+
ot$er preparatory %tep% nece%%ary to carry out t$e %ale o1 any +oo)% or %ervice% on or in connection wit$ w$ic$ %uc$ u%e i% li*ely to
cau%e con1u%ion, or to cau%e &i%ta*e, or to )eceive> or
388#:# Repro)uce, counter1eit, copy or colora(ly i&itate a re+i%tere) &ar* or a )o&inant 1eature t$ereo1 an) apply %uc$
repro)uction, counter1eit, copy or colora(le i&itation to la(el%, %i+n%, print%, pac*a+e%, wrapper%, receptacle% or a)verti%e&ent%
inten)e) to (e u%e) in co&&erce upon or in connection wit$ t$e %ale, o11erin+ 1or %ale, )i%tri(ution, or a)verti%in+ o1 +oo)% or
%ervice% on or in connection wit$ w$ic$ %uc$ u%e i% li*ely to cau%e con1u%ion, or to cau%e &i%ta*e, or to )eceive, %$all (e lia(le in a
civil action 1or in1rin+e&ent (y t$e re+i%trant 1or t$e re&e)ie% $ereina1ter %et 1ort$< Provi)e), T$at t$e in1rin+e&ent ta*e% place at t$e
&o&ent any o1 t$e act% %tate) in Su(%ection 388#3 or t$i% %u(%ection are co&&itte) re+ar)le%% o1 w$et$er t$ere i% actual %ale o1
+oo)% or %ervice% u%in+ t$e in1rin+in+ &aterial#
"# I% re+i%tration nee)e) 1or in1rin+e&ent ca%e%'
A# De%# Sec# 388 %ay%, 5any per%on w$o %$all, wit$out t$e con%ent o1 t$e owner o1 t$e RECISTERED MARKN#7
Si&ilar Coo)% F Do&inancyPw$oli%tic te%t
Ne%tle v# !A
Elavor Ma%ter v# Ma%ter Roa%t# Applie) t$e )o&inancy te%t#
A%ia -rewery v# !A R San Mi+uel !orporation
Crino;A6uino, H#
SM! 1ile) a co&plaint a+ain%t A%ia -rewery Inc# ,A-I/ 1or in1rin+e&ent an) un1air co&petition 1or A-I.% -eer Pale Pila%en or -eer na
-eer# SM! cite% t$e 1ollowin+ i%%ue% ,ratio 1ollow% i%%ue/
3# SM! Pale Pil%en $a% recta+ular $op% an) &alt )e%i+n w$ic$ i% %i&ilar wit$ A-I.% tra)e&ar* F Te%t o1 Do&inancy wa% u%e) w$ere
%i&ilarity in %iGe 1or& an) color w$ile relevant i% not conclu%ive# Here, 5-eer7 )oe% not appear in SM!.% TM, 5San Mi+uel7 )oe% not
appear in A-I.% TM# No %i&ilarity in %oun), %pellin+ or appearance# No evi)ence pre%ente) (y SM! provin+ t$at anyone w$o
purc$a%e% A-I can (e )eceive) t$at it i% SM!.%#
:# -ottle.% are (ottle) in a&(er;colore) %teinie (ottle% o1 ?:9 &l capacity F %teinie (ottle% are %i&ilar (ut not i)entical# Al%o, t$e (ottle
i% a %tan)ar) type ori+inally )evelope) in KS an) not an SM! )e%i+n# Al%o, protection i% con1ine) to non1unctional 1eature%# A&(er
color i% 1or preventin+ tran%&i%%ion o1 li+$t an) provi)e% &a0i&u& protection to (eer# Al%o, ?:9 &l i% t$e %tan)ar) pre%cri(e) un)er
a circular o1 t$e DTI#
!ourt al%o $el) t$at t$ere i% a %u(%tantial price )i11erence#
Ne+re< T$e ca%e %ee&% to (e )eci)e) in a wron+ &anner, (y an ol) la)y 2u%tice# San Mi+uel Li+$t co&e% out in tran%parent (ottle%,
an) t$ere are +reen an) yellow (ottle% in t$e &ar*et# Al%o, a1ter con%u&in+ ? (eer%, you can.t really tell t$e )i11erence in ta%te#
Del Monte v# !A R Sun%$ine Sauce
Del Monte ,KS/ +rante) P$ilPac* ,RP/ ri+$t to &anu1acture an) %ell pro)uct% un)er Del Monte TM an) it re+i%tere) t$e TM#
Sun%$ine &anu1acture% %auce too, containe) in variou% *in)% o1 (ottle% inclu)in+ t$e Del Monte (ottle w$ic$ it (ou+$t 1ro& 2un*
%$op%# P$ilpac* 1ile% co&plaint 1or TM in1rin+e&ent an) 1or un1air co&petition# !A $el) t$at a %i)e;(y;%i)e co&pari%on %$ow% no
colora(le i&itation o1 TM %ince )e%i+n i% )i11erent#
Hel)< Si)e;(y;%i)e co&pari%on i% not t$e 1inal te%t o1 %i&ilarity# Avera+e %$opper i% u%ually in a $urry an) )oe% not in%pect every
pro)uct on t$e %$el1 a% i1 $e were (row%in+ in a li(rary# So t$e ca%ual purc$a%er w$o i% un%u%piciou% &u%t (e t$e %tan)ar)# T$e
1actor% to con%i)er are ,3/ t$e trainin+ an) e)ucation o1 t$e u%ual purc$a%er, ,:/ t$e co%t o1 t$e article an) t$e ,?/ con)ition% un)er
w$ic$ it i% u%ually purc$a%e)# T$u%, t$ere i% TM in1rin+e&ent o1 t$e &ar* (ut none a% to t$e (ottle (ecau%e alt$ou+$ (a) 1ait$ o1
Sun%$ine i% evi)ent %ince Del Monte.% (ottle %tate%, 5Del Monte !orp, Not to (e Re1ille),7 t$ere i% %till no in1rin+e&ent %ince t$e
(ottle.% )e%i+n wa% re+i%tere) only in t$e Supple&ental Re+i%ter an) t$i% )oe% not ve%t t$e re+i%trant wit$ t
e e0clu%ive ri+$t to u%e t$e la(el nor )oe% it +ive ri%e to t$e pre%u&ption o1 vali)ity o1 t$e re+i%tration#
!onver%e Ru((er v# Kniver%al Ru((er
Kniver%al Ru((er 1ile) an application 1or t$e re+i%tration o1 5Kniver%al !onver%e7 1or u%e on ru((er %$oe% an) ru((er %lipper%#
!onver%e 1ile% an oppo%ition %ayin+ t$at t$e TM i% con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to t$e wor) 5!onver%e7# !onver%e pre%ent% lone witne%%, a
private &erc$ant wit$ %tore% %ellin+ !onver%e t$at t$e %ale% in $er %tore avera+e) 3:;:9 pair% a &ont$ purc$a%e) &o%tly (y
(a%*et(all palyer% o1 local private e)ucational in%titution%# S$e pre%ent% %ale% invoice% a% proo1#
Hel)< 5!onver%e7 i% t$e )o&inant wor) w$ic$ i)enti1ie% petitioner# Kniver%al a)&it% t$at !onver%e $a% *nown t$at t$e wor)
!onver%e (elon+% to an) i% (ein+ u%e) (y petitioner# -oun)le%% c$oice o1 wor)% are availa(le an) w$en t$ere i% no rea%ona(le
e0planation 1or t$e )e1en)ant.% c$oice o1 %uc$ a &ar*, t$e in1erence i% inevita(le t$at it w%a c$o%en to )eceive# Sale% invoice% are
(e%t proo1 o1 actual %ale% o1 !onver%e pro)uct% in RP# Sale o1 3:;:9 pair% i% not con%i)ere) in%i+ni1icant (ecau%e t$e %$oe% are o1
$i+$ e0pen%ive 6uality w$ic$ not too &any people can a11or)# Suc$ actual u%e o1 +oo)% in t$e local &ar*et e%ta(li%$e% tra)e&ar*
u%e w$ic$ %erve% a% t$e (a%i% 1or action ai&e) at tra)e&ar* pre;e&ption#
"# W$at i% t$e (e%t proo1 o1 u%e o1 t$e pro)uct in t$e country'
A# Sale% invoice%#
"# W$at i1 t$e %ale% were )one over t$e internet, i% it %u11icient to e%ta(li%$ actual u%e'
A# De%# T$ere i% no nee) 1or actual pre%ence in RP#
"# W$at i1 t$e 1orei+n (a%e) co&pany )oe% a)verti%in+ in ca(le, i% it %u11icient to prove u%e o1 t$e &ar* in RP'A# No )e1inite an%wer,
(ut !onver%e %ee&% to re6uire actual %ale%, %ince it %ay% t$at %ale% invoice% are t$e (e%t proo1 o1 u%e in a country#
E&eral) Car&ent% v# !A
HD Lee ,Lee Hean%/ 1ile) 1or t$e cancellation o1 t$e TM o1 E&eral) Car&ent% calle) 5Styli%tic Mr# Lee7 ,%*irt%, 2ean%, (lou%e%, %oc*%,
(rie1%, 2ac*et%, 2o++in+ %uit%/# HD Lee clai&% t$at t$e pro)uct% are %o clo%ely relate) t$at it will cau%e con1u%ion, &i%ta*e an)
)eception# !A u%e) t$e te%t o1 )o&inancy %ayin+ t$at i1 t$e co&petin+ tra)e&ar* contain% t$e e%%ential or )o&inant 1eature% o1
anot$er, %uc$ t$at it will cau%e con1u%ion an) )eception, t$en t$ere woul) (e in1rin+e&ent# T$u%, %ince t$e la(el% are %i&ilar, t$e !A
rule) t$ere wa% in1rin+e&ent#
Hel)< T$e S! u%e) t$e $oli%tic te%t w$ic$ %ay% t$at t$e entirety o1 t$e &ar*% in 6ue%tion &u%t (e con%i)ere) in )eter&inin+
con1u%in+ %i&ilarity# It rule) t$at t$ere i% no in1rin+e&ent# E&eral).% TM i% 5Styli%tic Mr# Lee7 an) i% not con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to 5Lee#7
Since t$e pro)uct i% 2ean% w$ic$ are not ine0pen%ive, t$e ca%ual (uyer i% &ore cautiou% an) )i%cri&inatin+# !on1u%ion an)
)eception i% le%% li*ely# T$e avera+e con%u&er al%o (uy% $i% 2ean% (y (ran)# Al%o, 5Lee7 i% pri&arily a %urna&e, %o HD Lee can.t
ac6uire e0clu%ive owner%$ip o1 t$e ter&# In a))ition, HD Lee 1aile) to %$ow prior actual co&&ercial u%e o1 it% 5Lee7 TM in RP (e1ore
it 1ile) it% application#
"# Woul) t$e re%ult $ave (een )i11erent $a) a )i11erent te%t (een u%e)'
A# It %ee&% t$at way, %ince t$e !A u%e) )o&inancy te%t an) t$e re%ult wa% )i11erent 1ro& t$e S! )eci%ion w$ic$ u%e) t$e $oli%tic
te%t#
"# W$y wa% t$i% ca%e )eci)e) )i11erently 1ro& t$e !onver%e'
A# In !onver%e, t$ere wa% proo1 o1 actual prior co&&ercial u%e#
Li& Hoa v# Director
Li& Hoa 1ile) 1or application o1 re+i%tration o1 TM con%i%tin+ o1 two &i)+et roo%ter% in co&(at wit$ t$e wor) -anta&, 1or 1oo)
%ea%onin+# A+rico& Dev.t oppo%e) t$e application %ayin+ t$at it i% con1u%in+ly %i&ilar wit$ it% own TM w$ic$ i% a pictorial
repre%entation o1 a $en wit$ t$e wor)% 5Hen -ran)7 an) 5Marca Mano*7 al%o u%e) in 1oo) %ea%onin+#
Hel)< T$ere i% %uc$ %i&ilarity (etween t$e& a% to cau%e con1u%ion# In t$e te%t o1 )o&inancy, %i&ilarity in %iGe, 1or&, color, w$ile
relevant, i% not conclu%ive# I1 t$e co&petin+ tra)e&ar* contain% t$e &ain or e%%ential )o&inant 1eature% o1 anot$er, in1rin+e&ent
ta*e% place# Duplication i% not nece%%ary, not i% it nece%%ary t$at t$e in1rin+in+ la(el %$oul) %u++e%t an e11ort to i&itate# Al%o, t$e
pro)uct i% purc$a%e) (y coo*% an) $ou%e$ol) $elp, %o&eti&e% illiterate w$o are +ui)e) (y pictorial repre%entation% an) t$e %oun)
o1 t$e wor)# T$ere i% al%o +reater )an+er $ere %ince t$e pro)uct% are c$eap#
"# W$at wa% t$e 1actor con%i)ere) (y t$e court'
A# Sa&e ani&al% an) %i&ilar pro)uct%#
"# Woul) t$ere (e in1rin+e&ent in croco)ile an) alli+ator'
A# De%#
"# Ti+er an) lion'
A# De%#
"# Woul) t$e rulin+ (e t$e %a&e i1 t$e ca%e involve) leat$er +oo)%'
A# It &ay $ave (een )eci)e) )i11erently %ince t$e ca%e woul) involve e0pen%ive pro)uct% w$ere t$e (uyer% are wary an) not
illiterate#
P$ilip% E0port v# !A R SE!
P$ilip% E0port ,Net$erlan)%/ own% TM 1or 5P$ilip%,7 1or electrical pro)uct%# Stan)ar) P$ilip% ,RP/ wa% i%%ue) a certi1icate o1
re+i%tration (y SE! 1or t$e (u%ine%% o1 c$ain roller%, (elt%, (earin+# PE 1ile) a co&plaint a%*in+ 1or t$e cancellation o1 SP.% na&e
an) 1ile) 1or a petition 1or in2unction# SE! rule) a+ain%t PE, %ayin+ t$at Sec# 3@ o1 t$e !orp# !o)e i% applica(le only w$en t$e
corporate na&e% are i)entical#
Hel)< T$e ri+$t to u%e a corporate na&e i% a property ri+$t, a ri+$t in re& w$ic$ it &ay a%%ert# !orp !o)e +ive% two re6uire&ent%<
,3/ T$at co&plaint ac6uire) a prior ri+$t over %uc$ na&e an) ,:/ t$at t$e propo%e) na&e i% eit$er i)entical, )eceptively or
con1u%in+ly %i&ilar, or patently )eceptive# PE.% prior a)option o1 t$e ter& 5P$ilip%7 i% not in )ou(t, an) t$e te%t a% to w$et$er it woul)
(e con1u%in+ i% t$e or)inary per%on# 5P$ilip%7 i% in)ee) t$e )o&inant wor)# Note t$at alt$ou+$ no proo1 wa% pre%ente) o1 actual
con1u%ion, it i% %u11icient t$at con1u%ion i% pro(a(ly or li*ely to occur#
"# W$ere )i) t$e ca%e e&anate'
A# Ero& SE!#
"# Doe% SE! $ave 2uri%)iction over t$e ca%e'
A# De% (ecau%e it involve% corporate na&e%#
"# W$o $a% 2uri%)iction over ca%e% involvin+ corporate na&e% un)er PD I9:;A, t$e SE! or t$e RT!'
A# T$i% i% %till a +rey area#
"# W$ic$ te%t %$oul) (e applie) in t$i% ca%e'
A# T$e court %ee&e) to apply t$e )o&inancy te%t# Note t$at w$en +oo)% are %i&ilar an) t$e &ar*% are i)entical, Sec# 3B4#3 +ive% a
pre%u&ption o1 t$e li*eli$oo) o1 con1u%ion#
Spectru& o1 t$e Li*eli$oo) o1 !on1u%ion
Sa&e +oo)% Di11erent +oo)%
I)entical &ar*% Di11erent &ar*%
Ne+re< T$ere %$oul) (e no )i11erence (etween t$e )o&inancy an) $oli%tic te%t# Wit$ eit$er te%t, you %$oul) arrive at t$e %a&e
conclu%ion, (a%e) on t$i% %pectru&#
Di%%i&ilar Coo)%
Polaroi) v# Polara)
Polaroi) ,Delaware/ i% re+i%trant o1 t$e na&e Polaroi) 1or t$e u%e o1 %$eet polariGin+ &aterial, la&p%, optical lan%# It 1ile% an action
1or in2unction a+ain%t Polara) clai&in+ t$at it% u%e in1rin+e) on it% tra)e&ar* an) i% un1air co&petition# Polara) i% en+a+e) in
&anu1acture o1 &icrowave +eneratin+ )evice% an) T %tu)io e6uip&ent# Polara) a)&it% t$at $e $a) %o&e *nowle)+e o1 plainti11.%
u%e o1 t$e na&e Polaroi), (ut not a% to electronic%# Polara) u%e) t$e na&e a% early a% 3IB8, (ut t$ere wa% no prote%t# It re+i%tere)
in 3I8?, an) plainti11 )elaye) %uit until 3I8A# Polaroi) clai&% t$at lac$e% )oe% not apply in t& ca%e% %ince in2unction, rat$er t$an
)a&a+e%, are %ou+$t#
Hel)< Plainti11 i% +uilty o1 lac$e%# Doctrine o1 lac$e% $a% no %uc$ reac$ a% clai&e) w$en t$e +oo)% are )i11erent# TM owner.% intere%t
i% in preventin+ %uc$ u%e (ecau%e $e &ay wi%$ to pree&pt t$e &ar*et 1or later e0ploitation# Here, owner.% ri+$t% in %uc$ appen)ant
&ar*et% are ea%ily lo%t# T$ey &u%t (e a%%erte) early, le%t t$ey (e &a)e t$e &ean% o1 reapin+ a $arve%t w$ic$ ot$er% $ave %own#
"# W$at are t$e 1actor% cite) (y t$e court in )eci)in+ in1rin+e&ent ca%e% w$en t$e pro)uct% are )i11erent'
A# 3# Stren+t$ o1 t$e &ar*
:# De+ree o1 %i&ilarity (etween t$e two &ar*%
?# Pro0i&ity o1 t$e pro)uct%
B# Li*eli$oo) t$at t$e prior owner will (ri)+e t$e +ap
8# Actual con1u%ion
A# De1en)ant.% +oo) 1ait$ in a)optin+ it% own &ar*
4# "uality o1 t$e )e1en)ant.% pro)uct
@# Sop$i%tication o1 t$e (uyer%
"KALITD INNS INTERNATIONAL, IN!# v# McDONALD.S !ORPORATION
On Septe&(er :3, 3I@4 , "uality Inn% International, Inc# announce) a new c$ain o1 econo&y $otel% to (e &ar*ete) un)er t$e na&e
5McSleep Inn#7 McDonal).% !orporation re%pon)e) i&&e)iately clai&in+ t$at t$e na&e 5McSleep7 in1rin+e) on t$e McDonal).%
1a&ily o1 &ar*% t$at are c$aracteriGe) (y t$e pre1i0 5Mc7 co&(ine) wit$ a +eneric wor)# Ro(ert !# HaGar), Hr#, !EO o1 "uality
International in 3I@9, clai&e) $e wa% )rivin+ )own t$e $i+$way w$en it $it $i&, 5to na&e t$e new econo&y c$ain McSleep,7 an)
$a) no intent o1 u%in+ McDonal).% +oo)will to it% a)vanta+e# McDonal).% conten)% t$at it i% t$e owner o1 a 1a&ily o1 &ar*% eac$ o1
w$ic$ i% 1or&ulate) (y co&(inin+ t$e pre1i0 5Mc7 wit$ a +eneric wor) to 1or& a 1anci1ul tra)e&ar* or %ervice &ar*# It conten)% t$at
5McSleep Inn7 t$at $a) (een a)opte) (y "uality International i% li*ely to cau%e con1u%ion an) t$at "uality International %electe) t$e
wor) Mc Sleep )eli(erately to tra)e on t$e +oo)will an) reputation o1 McDonal).%#
!onclu%ion< T$e !ourt 1in)% an) conclu)e% t$at ,3/ McDonal).% i% entitle) to en1orce it% 1a&ily o1 &ar*% t$at are c$aracteriGe) (y t$e
co&(ination o1 t$e pre1i0 5Mc7 wit$ a +eneric wor)> ,:/ t$e na&e McSleep Inn i% li*ely to cau%e an apprecia(le nu&(er o1 t$e pu(lic
to (e con1u%e) (y (elievin+ McSleep Inn i% %pon%ore), a%%ociate), a11iliate), connecte), or en)or%e) (y McDonal).%> an) ,?/ t$e
a)option an) u%e (y "uality International o1 t$e na&e McSleep Inn wa% a )eli(erate atte&pt to (ene1it (y t$e +oo) will an)
reputation o1 McDonal).%# T$e !ourt 1oun) tra)e&ar* in1rin+e&ent, un1air co&petition, an) )ilution un)er t$e Illinoi% %tatute#
"# In t$i% ca%e, w$at were t$e 4 1actor% applie)'
Si&ilar wit$ t$e earlier one% +iven# T$e%e are con%i)ere) in )eter&inin+ t$e li*eli$oo) o1 con1u%ion<
,3/ t$e %tren+t$ o1 )i%tinctivene%% o1 t$e &ar*,
,:/ t$e %i&ilarity o1 t$e two &ar*%,
,?/ t$e %i&ilarity o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice% wit$ t$e &ar*% i)enti1y,
,B/ t$e %i&ilarity o1 t$e 1acilitie% u%e) (y t$e partie% in con)uctin+ t$eir (u%ine%%e%,
,8/ t$e %i&ilarity o1 a)verti%in+ u%e) (y t$e partie%,
,A/ t$e )e1en)ant.% intent,
,4/ an) actual con1u%ion#
I1 we apply t$e 1act% o1 t$e ca%e to t$i% %tatute, we will %ee t$at %o&e o1 t$e%e con)ition% $ave (een &et#
"# !an (a) 1ait$ in tra)e&ar* in1rin+e&ent ca%e% (e pre%u&e)'
A# No, it %$oul) (e proven#
"# Are %urvey% a)&i%%i(le' Since in t$e "uality Inn ca%e, a %urvey wa% pre%ente) (y McDonal).% w$ic$ %$owe) t$at people
a%%ociate) McDonal).% wit$ "uality Inn.% McSleep#
A# De%, i1 acco&panie) wit$ te%ti&ony o1 t$e per%on con)uctin+ t$e %urvey, or i1 it 1all% un)er t$e co&&ercial li%t e0ception#
Sec# 38A# Action%, an) Da&a+e% an) In2unction 1or In1rin+e&ent# ;
38A#3# T$e owner o1 a re+i%tere) &ar* &ay recover )a&a+e% 1ro& any per%on w$o in1rin+e% $i% ri+$t%, an) t$e &ea%ure o1 t$e
)a&a+e% %u11ere) %$all (e eit$er t$e rea%ona(le pro1it w$ic$ t$e co&plainin+ party woul) $ave &a)e, $a) t$e )e1en)ant not
in1rin+e) $i% ri+$t%, or t$e pro1it w$ic$ t$e )e1en)ant actually &a)e out o1 t$e in1rin+e&ent, or in t$e event %uc$ &ea%ure o1
)a&a+e% cannot (e rea)ily a%certaine) wit$ rea%ona(le certainty, t$en t$e court &ay awar) a% )a&a+e% a rea%ona(le percenta+e
(a%e) upon t$e a&ount o1 +ro%% %ale% o1 t$e )e1en)ant or t$e value o1 t$e %ervice% in connection wit$ w$ic$ t$e &ar* or tra)e na&e
wa% u%e) in t$e in1rin+e&ent o1 t$e ri+$t% o1 t$e co&plainin+ party#
38A#:# On application o1 t$e co&plainant, t$e court &ay i&poun) )urin+ t$e pen)ency o1 t$e action, %ale% invoice% an) ot$er
)ocu&ent% evi)encin+ %ale%# ,n/
38A#?# In ca%e% w$ere actual intent to &i%lea) t$e pu(lic or to )e1rau) t$e co&plainant i% %$own, in t$e )i%cretion o1 t$e court, t$e
)a&a+e% &ay (e )ou(le)#
38A#B# T$e co&plainant, upon proper %$owin+, &ay al%o (e +rante) in2unction#
"# W$at are t$e type% o1 re&e)ie% +rante) 1or in1rin+e&ent'
A# 3/ Da&a+e%, :/ i&poun)in+ o1 %ale% invoice, ?/ in2unction#
"# W$at *in) o1 )a&a+e% are co&pen%a(le'
A# Only lo%% o1 pro1it# -ut w$en t$ere i% intent to &i%lea), )ou(le t$e pro1it#
NOTE< It i% t$u% evi)ent t$at even w$en t$ere i% no intent to &i%lea), t$ere can (e in1rin+e&ent#
"# !an t$e court awar) )a&a+e% w$en t$ere i% no notice to in1rin+er' Li*e w$en $e i% not aware t$at $e i% in1rin+in+'
A# It appear% t$at t$e court can )o t$i%, %ince intent to &i%lea) i% not e%%ential# ,'/
Sec# 384# Power o1 !ourt to Or)er In1rin+in+ Material De%troye)# ;
384#3# In any action ari%in+ un)er t$i% Act, in w$ic$ a violation o1 any ri+$t o1 t$e owner o1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar* i% e%ta(li%$e), t$e
court &ay or)er t$at +oo)% 1oun) to (e in1rin+in+ (e, wit$out co&pen%ation o1 any %ort, )i%po%e) o1 out%i)e t$e c$annel% o1
co&&erce in %uc$ a &anner a% to avoi) any $ar& cau%e) to t$e ri+$t $ol)er, or )e%troye)> an) all la(el%, %i+n%, print%, pac*a+e%,
wrapper%, receptacle% an) a)verti%e&ent% in t$e po%%e%%ion o1 t$e )e1en)ant, (earin+ t$e re+i%tere) &ar* or tra)e na&e or any
repro)uction, counter1eit, copy or colora(le i&itation t$ereo1, all plate%, &ol)%, &atrice% an) ot$er &ean% o1 &a*in+ t$e %a&e, %$all
(e )elivere) up an) )e%troye)#
384#:# In re+ar) to counter1eit +oo)%, t$e %i&ple re&oval o1 t$e tra)e&ar* a11i0e) %$all not (e %u11icient ot$er t$an in e0ceptional
ca%e% w$ic$ %$all (e )eter&ine) (y t$e Re+ulation%, to per&it t$e relea%e o1 t$e +oo)% into t$e c$annel% o1 co&&erce#
Sec# 38@# Da&a+e%> Re6uire&ent o1 Notice# ; In any %uit 1or in1rin+e&ent, t$e owner o1 t$e re+i%tere) &ar* %$all not (e entitle) to
recover pro1it% or )a&a+e% unle%% t$e act% $ave (een co&&itte) wit$ *nowle)+e t$at %uc$ i&itation i% li*ely to cau%e con1u%ion, or
to cau%e &i%ta*e, or to )eceive# Suc$ *nowle)+e i% pre%u&e) i1 t$e re+i%trant +ive% notice t$at $i% &ar* i% re+i%tere) (y )i%playin+
wit$ t$e &ar* t$e wor)% =Re+i%tere) Mar*= or t$e letter R wit$in a circle or i1 t$e )e1en)ant $a) ot$erwi%e actual notice o1 t$e
re+i%tration#
Sec# 38I# Li&itation% to Action% 1or In1rin+e&ent# ; Notwit$%tan)in+ any ot$er provi%ion o1 t$i% Act, t$e re&e)ie% +iven to t$e owner
o1 a ri+$t in1rin+e) un)er t$i% Act %$all (e li&ite) a% 1ollow%<
38I#3 Notwit$%tan)in+ t$e provi%ion% o1 Section 388 $ereo1, a re+i%tere) &ar* %$all $ave no e11ect a+ain%t any per%on w$o, in +oo)
1ait$, (e1ore t$e 1ilin+ )ate or t$e priority )ate, wa% u%in+ t$e &ar* 1or t$e purpo%e% o1 $i% (u%ine%% or enterpri%e< Provi)e), T$at $i%
ri+$t &ay only (e tran%1erre) or a%%i+ne) to+et$er wit$ $i% enterpri%e or (u%ine%% or wit$ t$at part o1 $i% enterpri%e or (u%ine%% in
w$ic$ t$e &ar* i% u%e)#
38I#: W$ere an in1rin+er w$o i% en+a+e) %olely in t$e (u%ine%% o1 printin+ t$e &ar* or ot$er in1rin+in+ &aterial% 1or ot$er% i% an
innocent in1rin+er, t$e owner o1 t$e ri+$t in1rin+e) %$all (e entitle) a% a+ain%t %uc$ in1rin+er only to an in2unction a+ain%t 1uture
printin+#
38I#?# W$ere t$e in1rin+e&ent co&plaine) o1 i% containe) in or i% part o1 pai) a)verti%e&ent in a new%paper, &a+aGine, or ot$er
%i&ilar perio)ical or in an electronic co&&unication, t$e re&e)ie% o1 t$e owner o1 t$e ri+$t in1rin+e) a% a+ain%t t$e pu(li%$er or
)i%tri(utor o1 %uc$ new%paper, &a+aGine, or ot$er %i&ilar perio)ical or electronic co&&unication %$all (e li&ite) to an in2unction
a+ain%t t$e pre%entation o1 %uc$ a)verti%in+ &atter in 1uture i%%ue% o1 %uc$ new%paper%, &a+aGine%, or ot$er %i&ilar perio)ical% or in
1uture tran%&i%%ion% o1 %uc$ electronic co&&unication%# T$e li&itation% o1 t$i% %u(para+rap$ %$all apply only to innocent in1rin+er%<
Provi)e), T$at %uc$ in2unctive relie1 %$all not (e availa(le to t$e owner o1 t$e ri+$t in1rin+e) wit$ re%pect to an i%%ue o1 a new%paper,
&a+aGine, or ot$er %i&ilar perio)ical or an electronic co&&unication containin+ in1rin+in+ &atter w$ere re%trainin+ t$e )i%%e&ination
o1 %uc$ in1rin+in+ &atter in any particular i%%ue o1 %uc$ perio)ical or in an electronic co&&unication woul) )elay t$e )elivery o1 %uc$
i%%ue or tran%&i%%ion o1 %uc$ electronic co&&unication i% cu%to&arily con)ucte) in accor)ance wit$ t$e %oun) (u%ine%% practice,
an) not )ue to any &et$o) or )evice a)opte) to eva)e t$i% %ection or to prevent or )elay t$e i%%uance o1 an in2unction or re%trainin+
or)er wit$ re%pect to %uc$ in1rin+in+ &atter# ,n/
Sec# 3A9# Ri+$t o1 Eorei+n !orporation to Sue in Tra)e&ar* or Service Mar* En1orce&ent Action# ; Any 1orei+n national or 2uri)ical
per%on w$o &eet% t$e re6uire&ent% o1 Section ? o1 t$i% Act an) )oe% not en+a+e in (u%ine%% in t$e P$ilippine% &ay (rin+ a civil or
a)&ini%trative action $ereun)er 1or oppo%ition, cancellation, in1rin+e&ent, un1air co&petition, or 1al%e )e%i+nation o1 ori+in an) 1al%e
)e%cription, w$et$er or not it i% licen%e) to )o (u%ine%% in t$e P$ilippine% un)er e0i%tin+ law%#
"# !onver%e an) !anon re6uire) prior actual u%e in RP o1 t$e &ar* in or)er 1or t$e 1orei+n oppo%itor.% ca%e to pro%per# I% actual u%e
in RP %till re6uire)'
A# It appear% t$at t$i% i% no lon+er a re6uire&ent, %ince t$e 1orei+n national w$o %ue% un)er t$i% %ection i% re6uire) not to en+a+e in
(u%ine%% in t$e P$ilippine%#
Du v# !A
P$ilip Du i% t$e e0clu%ive )i%tri(utor o1 Hou%e o1 May1air wallcoverin+ pro)uct%# Kni%ia i&porte) t$e %a&e +oo)% via ENE Tra)in+
an) %ol) t$e pro)uct% in t$e )o&e%tic &ar*et# Du 1ile) 1or in2unction# Kni%ia clai&% i+norance o1 t$e e0clu%ive contract#
Hel)< T$e ri+$t to per1or& an e0clu%ive )i%tri(utor%$ip a+ree&ent an) to reap t$e pro1it% re%ultin+ 1ro& %uc$ per1or&ance are
proprietary ri+$t% w$ic$ a party &ay protect an) w$ic$ &ay not (e )i&ini%$e) (y t$e e0pe)ient act o1 utiliGin+ a per%on to o(tain
+oo)% 1ro& t$e %upplier to )e1eat t$e very purpo%e 1or w$ic$ t$e e0clu%ive )i%tri(utor%$ip wa% conceptualiGe) at t$e e0pen%e o1 t$e
e0clu%ive )i%tri(utor# Al%o, t$e Hou%e o1 May1air in En+lan) wa% )upe) into (elievin+ t$at t$e +oo)% or)ere) t$rou+$ ENE Tra)in+
wa% to (e %$ippe) to Ni+eria only (ut t$e +oo)% were actually %ol) in t$e P$ilippine%#
"# W$at )oe% t$i% ca%e $ave to )o wit$ IP ri+$t%' ,actual 6ue%tion a%*e) (y Ne+re/
A# IP ri+$t%, li*e e0clu%ive )i%tri(utor%$ip, are proprietary ri+$t% w$ic$ a party &ay protect#
"# !o# A (a%e) in Sin+apore $a% e0clu%ive )i%tri(ution wit$ !o# - in RP 1or pro)uct 5D#7 !an !o# - prevent !o# ! 1ro& (rin+in+ t$e
pro)uct to t$e P$ilippine%'
A# De%#
"# W$at i1 ! i% not aware o1 t$e e0clu%ive )i%tri(utor%$ip'
A# Ero& t$e ca%e, it %ee&% t$at intent i% re6uire)# ,(ut an%wer c$an+e% later/
"# W$at i1 t$e pro)uct i% a li1e;%avin+ )ru+ i&porte) (y t$e +overn&ent'
A# T$e +overn&ent &ay pro(a(ly i&port it (y e0ertin+ it% police power#
"# W$ere )o you )raw t$e line'
A# May(e 1or li1e;%avin+ )ru+%, or i&portant tec$nolo+ie% li*e 1a%t +rowin+ rice palay# I1 not, +overn&ent will (e )eprivin+ per%on% o1
proprietary ri+$t% ,property/ wit$out )ue proce%%#
"# W$at )oe% TRIPS an) WTO provi)e on parallel i&portation'
A# Once t$e pro)uct i% )i%tri(ute), $e can no lon+er control re%ale (ecau%e t$e ri+$t i% li&ite) to t$e 1ir%t )i%tri(ution#
"# So %$oul) - $ave (een a(le to prevent i&portation, %ince a1ter t$e 1ir%t %ale, t$ere i% no &ore ri+$t to control %ale' Won.t t$ere (e
a &onopoly i1 t$i% i% t$e ca%e'
A# De%, it )oe% %ee& t$at way, (ecau%e only t$e +overn&ent, in t$e e0erci%e o1 police power, can )eprive per%on% o1 property ri+$t%
wit$out )ue proce%%#
Sec# 3A3# Aut$ority to Deter&ine Ri+$t to Re+i%tration# ; In any action involvin+ a re+i%tere) &ar*, t$e court &ay )eter&ine t$e ri+$t
to re+i%tration, or)er t$e cancellation o1 a re+i%tration, in w$ole or in part, an) ot$erwi%e recti1y t$e re+i%ter wit$ re%pect to t$e
re+i%tration o1 any party to t$e action in t$e e0erci%e o1 t$i%# Hu)+&ent an) or)er% %$all (e certi1ie) (y t$e court to t$e Director, w$o
%$all &a*e appropriate entry upon t$e recor)% o1 t$e -ureau, an) %$all (e controlle) t$ere(y#
Sec# 3A:# Action 1or Eal%e or Erau)ulent Declaration# ; Any per%on w$o %$all procure re+i%tration in t$e O11ice o1 a &ar* (y a 1al%e or
1rau)ulent )eclaration or repre%entation, w$et$er oral or in writin+, or (y any 1al%e &ean%, %$all (e lia(le in a civil action (y any
per%on in2ure) t$ere(y 1or any )a&a+e% %u%taine) in con%e6uence t$ereo1#
Sec# 3A?# Huri%)iction o1 !ourt# ; All action% un)er Section% 389, 388, 3AB, an) 3AA to 3AI %$all (e (rou+$t (e1ore t$e proper court%
wit$ appropriate 2uri%)iction un)er e0i%tin+ law%#
Sec# 3AB# Notice o1 Eilin+ Suit Civen to t$e Director# ; It %$all (e t$e )uty o1 t$e cler*% o1 %uc$ court% wit$in one ,3/ &ont$ a1ter t$e
1ilin+ o1 any action, %uit, or procee)in+ involvin+ a &ar* re+i%tere) un)er t$e provi%ion% o1 t$i% Act, to noti1y t$e Director in writin+
%ettin+ 1ort$< t$e na&e% an) a))re%%e% o1 t$e liti+ant% an) )e%i+natin+ t$e nu&(er o1 t$e re+i%tration or re+i%tration% an) wit$in one
,3/ &ont$ a1ter t$e 2u)+&ent i% entere) or an appeal i% ta*en, t$e cler* o1 court %$all +ive notice t$ereo1 to t$e O11ice, an) t$e latter
%$all en)or%e t$e %a&e upon t$e 1ilewrapper o1 t$e %ai) re+i%tration or re+i%tration% an) incorporate t$e %a&e a% a part o1 t$e
content% o1 %ai) 1ilewrapper# ,n/
Sec# 3A8# Tra)e Na&e% or -u%ine%% Na&e%# ;
3A8#3# A na&e or )e%i+nation &ay not (e u%e) a% a tra)e na&e i1 (y it% nature or t$e u%e to w$ic$ %uc$ na&e or )e%i+nation &ay
(e put, it i% contrary to pu(lic or)er or &oral% an) i1, in particular, it i% lia(le to )eceive tra)e circle% or t$e pu(lic a% to t$e nature o1
t$e enterpri%e i)enti1ie) (y t$at na&e#
3A8#:# ,a/ Notwit$%tan)in+ any law% or re+ulation% provi)in+ 1or any o(li+ation to re+i%ter tra)e na&e%, %uc$ na&e% %$all (e
protecte), even prior to or wit$out re+i%tration, a+ain%t any unlaw1ul act co&&itte) (y t$ir) partie%#
,(/ In particular, any %u(%e6uent u%e o1 t$e tra)e na&e (y a t$ir) party, w$et$er a% a tra)e na&e or a &ar* or collective &ar*, or
any %uc$ u%e o1 a %i&ilar tra)e na&e or &ar*, li*ely to &i%lea) t$e pu(lic, %$all (e )ee&e) unlaw1ul#
3A8#?# T$e re&e)ie% provi)e) 1or in Section% 38? to 38A an) Section% 3AA an) 3A4 %$all apply &utati% &utan)i%#
3A8#B# Any c$an+e in t$e owner%$ip o1 a tra)e na&e %$all (e &a)e wit$ t$e tran%1er o1 t$e enterpri%e or part t$ereo1 i)enti1ie) (y
t$at na&e# T$e provi%ion% o1 Su(%ection% 3BI#: to 3BI#B %$all apply &utati% &utan)i%#
Sec# 3AA# Coo)% -earin+ In1rin+in+ Mar*% or Tra)e Na&e%# ; No article o1 i&porte) &erc$an)i%e w$ic$ %$all copy or %i&ulate t$e
na&e o1 any )o&e%tic pro)uct, or &anu1acturer, or )ealer, or w$ic$ %$all copy or %i&ulate a &ar* re+i%tere) in accor)ance wit$ t$e
provi%ion% o1 t$i% Act, or %$all (ear a &ar* or tra)e na&e calculate) to in)uce t$e pu(lic to (elieve t$at t$e article i% &anu1acture) in
t$e P$ilippine%, or t$at it i% &anu1acture) in any 1orei+n country or locality ot$er t$an t$e country or locality w$ere it i% in 1act
&anu1acture), %$all (e a)&itte) to entry at any cu%to&$ou%e o1 t$e P$ilippine%# In or)er to ai) t$e o11icer% o1 t$e cu%to&% %ervice in
en1orcin+ t$i% pro$i(ition, any per%on w$o i% entitle) to t$e (ene1it% o1 t$i% Act, &ay re6uire t$at $i% na&e an) re%i)ence, an) t$e
na&e o1 t$e locality in w$ic$ $i% +oo)% are &anu1acture), a copy o1 t$e certi1icate o1 re+i%tration o1 $i% &ar* or tra)e na&e, to (e
recor)e) in (oo*% w$ic$ %$all (e *ept 1or t$i% purpo%e in t$e -ureau o1 !u%to&%, un)er %uc$ re+ulation% a% t$e !ollector o1
!u%to&% wit$ t$e approval o1 t$e Secretary o1 Einance %$all pre%cri(e, an) &ay 1urni%$ to t$e %ai) -ureau 1ac%i&ile% o1 $i% na&e,
t$e na&e o1 t$e locality in w$ic$ $i% +oo)% are &anu1acture), or $i% re+i%tere) &ar* or tra)e na&e, an) t$ereupon t$e !ollector o1
!u%to&% %$all cau%e one ,3/ or &ore copie% o1 t$e %a&e to (e tran%&itte) to eac$ collector or to ot$er proper o11icer o1 t$e -ureau
o1 !u%to&%# ,Sec# ?8, R# A# No# 3AA/
"# !an t$e cu%to&% %eiGe t$e +oo)%'
A# It appear% un)er t$i% %ection t$at all t$ey can )o i% to prevent entry# -ut un)er Art# I o1 t$e Pari% !onvention, 5All +oo)% unlaw1ully
(earin+ a tra)e&ar* or tra)e na&e %$all (e %eiGe) on i&portation into t$o%e countrie% o1 t$e Knion w$ere %uc$ &ar* or tra)e na&e
i% entitle) to le+al protection#7 Note t$at un)er t$e Pari% convention, aut$oritie% %$all not (e (oun) to e11ect %eiGure# I1 t$e le+i%lation
o1 a country )oe% not per&it %eiGure on i&portation, it %$all (e replace) (y pro$i(ition o1 i&portation or (y %eiGure on in%i)e t$e
country#
Sec# 3A4# !ollective Mar*%# ;
3A4#3# Su(2ect to Su(%ection% 3A4#: an) 3A4#?, Section% 3:: to 3AB an) 3AA %$all apply to collective &ar*%, e0cept t$at re1erence%
t$erein to =&ar*= %$all (e rea) a% =collective &ar*#=
3A4#: ,a/ An application 1or re+i%tration o1 a collective &ar* %$all )e%i+nate t$e &ar* a% a collective &ar* an) %$all (e acco&panie)
(y a copy o1 t$e a+ree&ent, i1 any, +overnin+ t$e u%e o1 t$e collective &ar*#
,(/ T$e re+i%tere) owner o1 a collective &ar* %$all noti1y t$e Director o1 any c$an+e% &a)e in re%pect o1 t$e a+ree&ent re1erre) to in
para+rap$ ,a/#
3A4#?# In a))ition to t$e +roun)% provi)e) in Section 3BI, t$e !ourt %$all cancel t$e re+i%tration o1 a collective &ar* i1 t$e per%on
re6ue%tin+ t$e cancellation prove% t$at only t$e re+i%tere) owner u%e% t$e &ar*, or t$at $e u%e% or per&it% it% u%e in contravention
o1 t$e a+ree&ent% re1erre) to in Su(%ection 3AA#: or t$at $e u%e% or per&it% it% u%e in a &anner lia(le to )eceive tra)e circle% or t$e
pu(lic a% to t$e ori+in or any ot$er co&&on c$aracteri%tic% o1 t$e +oo)% or %ervice% concerne)#
3A4#B# T$e re+i%tration o1 a collective &ar*, or an application t$ere1or %$all not (e t$e %u(2ect o1 a licen%e contract#
Sec# 3A@# Kn1air !o&petition, Ri+$t%, Re+ulation an) Re&e)ie%# ;
3A@#3# A per%on w$o $a% i)enti1ie) in t$e &in) o1 t$e pu(lic t$e +oo)% $e &anu1acture% or )eal% in, $i% (u%ine%% or %ervice% 1ro&
t$o%e o1 ot$er%, w$et$er or not a re+i%tere) &ar* i% e&ploye), $a% a property ri+$t in t$e +oo)will o1 t$e %ai) +oo)%, (u%ine%% or
%ervice% %o i)enti1ie), w$ic$ will (e protecte) in t$e %a&e &anner a% ot$er property ri+$t%#
3A@#:# Any per%on w$o %$all e&ploy )eception or any ot$er &ean% contrary to +oo) 1ait$ (y w$ic$ $e %$all pa%% o11 t$e +oo)%
&anu1acture) (y $i& or in w$ic$ $e )eal%, or $i% (u%ine%%, or %ervice% 1or t$o%e o1 t$e one $avin+ e%ta(li%$e) %uc$ +oo)will, or w$o
%$all co&&it any act% calculate) to pro)uce %ai) re%ult, %$all (e +uilty o1 un1air co&petition, an) %$all (e %u(2ect to an action
t$ere1or#
3A@#?# In particular, an) wit$out in any way li&itin+ t$e %cope o1 protection a+ain%t un1air co&petition, t$e 1ollowin+ %$all (e )ee&e)
+uilty o1 un1air co&petition<
,a/ Any per%on, w$o i% %ellin+ $i% +oo)% an) +ive% t$e& t$e +eneral appearance o1 +oo)% o1 anot$er &anu1acturer or )ealer, eit$er
a% to t$e +oo)% t$e&%elve% or in t$e wrappin+ o1 t$e pac*a+e% in w$ic$ t$ey are containe), or t$e )evice% or wor)% t$ereon, or in
any ot$er 1eature o1 t$eir appearance, w$ic$ woul) (e li*ely to in1luence purc$a%er% to (elieve t$at t$e +oo)% o11ere) are t$o%e o1 a
&anu1acturer or )ealer, ot$er t$an t$e actual &anu1acturer or )ealer, or w$o ot$erwi%e clot$e% t$e +oo)% wit$ %uc$ appearance a%
%$all )eceive t$e pu(lic an) )e1rau) anot$er o1 $i% le+iti&ate tra)e, or any %u(%e6uent ven)or o1 %uc$ +oo)% or any a+ent o1 any
ven)or en+a+e) in %ellin+ %uc$ +oo)% wit$ a li*e purpo%e>
,(/ Any per%on w$o (y any arti1ice, or )evice, or w$o e&ploy% any ot$er &ean% calculate) to in)uce t$e 1al%e (elie1 t$at %uc$ per%on
i% o11erin+ t$e %ervice% o1 anot$er w$o $a% i)enti1ie) %uc$ %ervice% in t$e &in) o1 t$e pu(lic> or
,c/ Any per%on w$o %$all &a*e any 1al%e %tate&ent in t$e cour%e o1 tra)e or w$o %$all co&&it any ot$er act contrary to +oo) 1ait$ o1
a nature calculate) to )i%cre)it t$e +oo)%, (u%ine%% or %ervice% o1 anot$er#
3A@#B# T$e re&e)ie% provi)e) (y Section% 38A, 384 an) 3A3 %$all apply &utati% &utan)i%#
"# W$at i% un1air co&petition'
A# It i% t$e pa%%in+ o11 o1 one.% +oo)% a% t$o%e o1 anot$er#
!o&pana Ceneral )e Ta(aco% v# Al$a&(ra !i+ar
!o&pania 1ile% ca%e a+ain%t Al$a&(ra w$o %ol) ci+arette% (earin+ t$e wor)% 5Al$a&(ra I%a(ela%,7 1or TM in1rin+e&ent an) un1air
co&petition, ari%in+ 1ro& t$e u%e o1 t$e wor) 5I%a(ela%#7
Hel)< In in1rin+e&ent ca%e, t$e action )oe% not procee) on t$e t$eory t$at t$e pu(lic will (e )e1rau)e), alt$ou+$ t$at &ay (e t$e
re%ult# It i% on t$e clai& t$at t$e plainti11.% ri+$t on t$e &ar* a$% (een inva)e)# T$ere i% no nee) to proo1 anyt$in+ &ore t$an ri+$t to
t$e e0clu%ive u%e# No proo1 o1 1rau) or intent to )e1rau) i% nece%%ary# In un1air co&petition, t$e action i% e0clu%ively (a%e) on 1rau)#
A violation o1 TM cannot (e carrie) on wit$ an action o1 un1air co&petition (a%e) on %i&ilarity to t$e plainti11.% TM# T$e law )oe% not
per&it t$e%e two action% to (e &aintaine) on t$e %a&e 1act%#
,A% to in1rin+e&ent ca%e/
T$ere can (e no re+i%tration o1 a TM w$ic$ repre%ent% t$e +eo+rap$ical place o1 pro)uction or t$e ori+in o1 t$e pro)uct or i% &erely
t$e )e%cription# Al%o, t$ere i% no %econ)ary &eanin+ o1 t$e wor) 5I%a(ela7 ac6uire) (y lon+ a%%ociation wit$ plainti11.% ci+arette%#
T$ere are al%o ot$er ci+arette% u%in+ 5I%a(ela#7
"# !an a per%on 1ile 1or (ot$ tra)e&ar* in1rin+e&ent an) un1air co&petition'
A# De%, t$ey are not &utually e0clu%ive#
"# !an you 1ile 1or (ot$ in t$e %a&e action'
A# De%# -ut in Al$a&(ra, i1 t$e action i% (a%e) on t$e &ar*, it i% only an action 1or in1rin+e&ent#
"# !o&pare in1rin+e&ent an) un1air co&petition#
A# See c$art#
Tra)e&ar* In1rin+e&ent
Kn1air !o&petition
W$at i%'
Knaut$oriGe) u%e o1 a tra)e&ar*
Pa%%in+ o11 o1 one.% pro)uct 1or anot$er (a%e) on +eneral appearance
-a) 1ait$Pintent nece%%ary'
No#
Intent to )eceivePErau)ulent intent i% e%%ential
Re+i%tration o1 t$e tra)e&ar* re6uire)'
Prior re+i%tration i% re6uire)
Re+i%tration i% not nece%%ary
Sec# 3AI# Eal%e De%i+nation% o1 Ori+in> Eal%e De%cription or Repre%entation# ;
3AI#3# Any per%on w$o, on or in connection wit$ any +oo)% or %ervice%, or any container 1or +oo)%, u%e% in co&&erce any wor),
ter&, na&e, %y&(ol, or )evice, or any co&(ination t$ereo1, or any 1al%e )e%i+nation o1 ori+in, 1al%e or &i%lea)in+ )e%cription o1 1act,
or 1al%e or &i%lea)in+ repre%entation o1 1act, w$ic$<
,a/ i% li*ely to cau%e con1u%ion, or to cau%e &i%ta*e, or to )eceive a% to t$e a11iliation, connection, or a%%ociation o1 %uc$ per%on wit$
anot$er per%on, or a% to t$e ori+in, %pon%or%$ip, or approval o1 $i% or $er +oo)%, %ervice%, or co&&ercial activitie% (y anot$er
per%on> or
,(/ in co&&ercial a)verti%in+ or pro&otion, &i%repre%ent% t$e nature, c$aracteri%tic%, 6ualitie%, or +eo+rap$ic ori+in o1 $i% or $er or
anot$er per%on.% +oo)%, %ervice%, or co&&ercial activitie%, %$all (e lia(le to a civil action 1or )a&a+e% an) in2unction provi)e) in
Section% 38A an) 384 o1 t$i% Act (y any per%on w$o (elieve% t$at $e or %$e i% or li*ely to (e )a&a+e) (y %uc$ act#
3AI#:# Any +oo)% &ar*e) or la(ele) in contravention o1 t$e provi%ion% o1 t$i% Section %$all not (e i&porte) into t$e P$ilippine% or
a)&itte) entry at any cu%to&$ou%e o1 t$e P$ilippine%# T$e owner, i&porter, or con%i+nee o1 +oo)% re1u%e) entry at any
cu%to&$ou%e un)er t$i% %ection &ay $ave any recour%e un)er t$e cu%to&% revenue law% or &ay $ave t$e re&e)y +iven (y t$i% Act
in ca%e% involvin+ +oo)% re1u%e) entry or %eiGe)# ,Sec# ?9, R# A# No# 3AAa/
Sec# 349# Penaltie%# ; In)epen)ent o1 t$e civil an) a)&ini%trative %anction% i&po%e) (y law, a cri&inal penalty o1 i&pri%on&ent 1ro&
two ,:/ year% to 1ive ,8/ year% an) a 1ine ran+in+ 1ro& Ei1ty t$ou%an) pe%o% ,P89,999/ to Two $un)re) t$ou%an) pe%o% ,P:99,999/,
%$all (e i&po%e) on any per%on w$o i% 1oun) +uilty o1 co&&ittin+ any o1 t$e act% &entione) in Section 388, Section 3A@ an)
Su(%ection 3AI#3#
"# W$at action% are availa(le to TM $ol)er%'
A# !ivil, cri&inal an) a)&ini%trative ca%e%#
"# W$at i% t$e venue'
A# Eor civil ca%e%, eit$er MT! ,(elow P?99K, (elow PB99K 1or Manila/ or RT! )epen)in+ on t$e a&ount#
Eor cri&inal ca%e%, it i% unclear i1 2uri%)iction %$oul) )epen) on t$e i&pri%on&ent or 1ine#
Eor a)&ini%trative ca%e%, t$e DTI 1or tra)ena&e%, t$e IPO 1or tra)e&ar*%#
PRIMER ON INTERNET RELATED
TRADE MARK ISSKES
Hoint Reco&&en)ation !oncernin+ Provi%ion% on
t$e Protection o1 Mar*%, an) Ot$er In)u%trial Property Ri+$t% in Si+n%, on t$e Internet
"# W$at are %o&e o1 t$e i&portant provi%ion% )i%cu%%e) in Hoint Reco&&en)ation'
A# Only Article : an) ? were )i%cu%%e) in cla%%# T$ey are<
Article :K%e o1 a Si+n on t$e Internet in a Me&(er State
K%e o1 a %i+n on t$e Internet %$all con%titute u%e in a Me&(er State 1or t$e purpo%e% o1 t$e%e provi%ion%, only i1 t$e u%e $a% a
co&&ercial e11ect in t$at Me&(er State a% )e%cri(e) in Article ?#
Article ?Eactor% 1or Deter&inin+ !o&&ercial E11ect in a Me&(er State
,3/ LEactor%M In )eter&inin+ w$et$er u%e o1 a %i+n on t$e Internet $a% a co&&ercial e11ect in a Me&(er State, t$e co&petent
aut$ority %$all ta*e into account all relevant circu&%tance%# !ircu&%tance% t$at &ay (e relevant inclu)e, (ut are not li&ite) to<
,a/ circu&%tance% in)icatin+ t$at t$e u%er o1 t$e %i+n i% )oin+, or $a% un)erta*en %i+ni1icant plan% to )o, (u%ine%% in t$e Me&(er
State in relation to +oo)% or %ervice% w$ic$ are i)entical or %i&ilar to t$o%e 1or w$ic$ t$e %i+n i% u%e) on t$e Internet#
,(/ t$e level an) c$aracter o1 co&&ercial activity o1 t$e u%er in relation to t$e Me&(er State, inclu)in+<
,i/ w$et$er t$e u%er i% actually %ervin+ cu%to&er% locate) in t$e Me&(er State or $a% entere) into ot$er co&&ercially &otivate)
relation%$ip% wit$ per%on% locate) in t$e Me&(er State>
,ii/ w$et$er t$e u%er $a% %tate), in con2unction wit$ t$e u%e o1 t$e %i+n on t$e Internet, t$at $e )oe% not inten) to )eliver t$e +oo)%
or %ervice% o11ere) to cu%to&er% locate) in t$e Me&(er State an) w$et$er $e a)$ere% to $i% %tate) intent>
,iii/ w$et$er t$e u%er o11er% po%t;%ale% activitie% in t$e Me&(er State, %uc$ a% warranty or %ervice>
,iv/ w$et$er t$e u%er un)erta*e% 1urt$er co&&ercial activitie% in t$e Me&(er State w$ic$ are relate) to t$e u%e o1 t$e %i+n on t$e
Internet (ut w$ic$ are not carrie) out over t$e Internet#
,c/ t$e connection o1 an o11er o1 +oo)% or %ervice% on t$e Internet wit$ t$e Me&(er State, inclu)in+<
,i/ w$et$er t$e +oo)% or %ervice% o11ere) can (e law1ully )elivere) in t$e Me&(er State>
,ii/ w$et$er t$e price% are in)icate) in t$e o11icial currency o1 t$e Me&(er State#
,)/ t$e connection o1 t$e &anner o1 u%e o1 t$e %i+n on t$e Internet wit$ t$e Me&(er State, inclu)in+<
,i/ w$et$er t$e %i+n i% u%e) in con2unction wit$ &ean% o1 interactive contact w$ic$ are acce%%i(le to Internet u%er% in t$e Me&(er
State>
,ii/ w$et$er t$e u%er $a% in)icate), in con2unction wit$ t$e u%e o1 t$e %i+n, an a))re%%, telep$one nu&(er or ot$er &ean% o1 contact
in t$e Me&(er State>
,iii/ w$et$er t$e %i+n i% u%e) in connection wit$ a )o&ain na&e w$ic$ i% re+i%tere) un)er t$e ISO Stan)ar) country co)e ?3AA Top
Level Do&ain re1errin+ to t$e Me&(er State>
,iv/ w$et$er t$e te0t u%e) in con2unction wit$ t$e u%e o1 t$e %i+n i% in a lan+ua+e pre)o&inantly u%e) in t$e Me&(er State>
,v/ w$et$er t$e %i+n i% u%e) in con2unction wit$ an Internet location w$ic$ $a% actually (een vi%ite) (y Internet u%er% locate) in t$e
Me&(er State#
,e/ t$e relation o1 t$e u%e o1 t$e %i+n on t$e Internet wit$ a ri+$t in t$at %i+n in t$e Me&(er State, inclu)in+<
,i/ w$et$er t$e u%e i% %upporte) (y t$at ri+$t>
,ii/ w$et$er, w$ere t$e ri+$t (elon+% to anot$er, t$e u%e woul) ta*e un1air a)vanta+e o1, or un2u%ti1ia(ly i&pair, t$e )i%tinctive
c$aracter or t$e reputation o1 t$e %i+n t$at i% t$e %u(2ect o1 t$at ri+$t#
,:/ LRelevance o1 Eactor%M T$e a(ove 1actor%, w$ic$ are +ui)eline% to a%%i%t t$e co&petent aut$ority to )eter&ine w$et$er t$e u%e o1
a %i+n $a% pro)uce) a co&&ercial e11ect in a Me&(er State, are not pre;con)ition% 1or reac$in+ t$at )eter&ination# Rat$er, t$e
)eter&ination in eac$ ca%e will )epen) upon t$e particular circu&%tance% o1 t$at ca%e# In %o&e ca%e% all o1 t$e 1actor% &ay (e
relevant# In ot$er ca%e% %o&e o1 t$e 1actor% &ay (e relevant# In %till ot$er ca%e% none o1 t$e 1actor% &ay (e relevant, an) t$e
)eci%ion &ay (e (a%e) on a))itional 1actor% t$at are not li%te) in para+rap$ ,3/, a(ove# Suc$ a))itional 1actor% &ay (e relevant,
alone, or in co&(ination wit$ one or &ore o1 t$e 1actor% li%te) in para+rap$ ,3/, a(ove#
"# I% actual %ale nee)e) to con%titute u%e'
A# No# T$e Hoint Reco&&en)ation %tate% t$at t$e 1ollowin+ are %u11icient< ,a/ circu&%tance% in)icatin+ t$at t$e u%er o1 t$e %i+n i%
)oin+, or ,(/ $a% un)erta*en %i+ni1icant plan% to )o, (u%ine%% in t$e Me&(er State in relation to +oo)% or %ervice% w$ic$ are
i)entical or %i&ilar to t$o%e 1or w$ic$ t$e %i+n i% u%e) on t$e Internet#
"# Hapane%e co&pany i% %ellin+ pro)uct% in t$e Internet u%in+ Hapane%e lan+ua+e# I% t$i% co&&ercial u%e'
A# No#
"# I1 a co&pany $a% no &ean% o1 )eliverin+ t$e pro)uct% to a particular country, i% t$i% an i&portant 1actor to con%i)er'
A# De%#
"# Po%t %ale% %ervice%, w$ere %$oul) t$i% (e )one'
A# T$e place w$ere t$e ite& i% %ol)#
"# Doe% t$e place w$ere t$e %ale i% per1ecte) )eter&ine w$ere t$e co&&ercial u%e o1 t$e tra)e&ar* i% un)erta*en' ,Hu%t a note<
Ceneral Rule< Art# 38:?, !ivil co)e< W$ere in pur%uance o1 a contract o1 %ale, t$e %eller i% aut$oriGe) to %en) t$e +oo)% to t$e (uyer,
)elivery o1 t$e +oo)% to a carrier i% )ee&e) to (e )elivery o1 t$e +oo)% to t$e (uyer#
E0ception< W$en ot$erwi%e %peci1ie), e#+#, t$e Incoter&%, i#e#, EO- Manila ,title tran%1er% in Manila/
A# No# T$ere i% co&&ercial u%e w$en t$e u%er o1 t$e &ar* i% actually %ervin+ cu%to&er% locate)
in t$e Me&(er State or $a% entere) into ot$er co&&ercially &otivate) relation%$ip% wit$ per%on% locate) in t$e Me&(er State#
Do&ain Na&e%
"# W$at are t$e part% o1 a )o&ain na&e'
A# Everyt$in+ t$at prece)e% t$e )ot i% %econ) level )o&ain S ya$ooL#Mco& T Everyt$in+ t$at co&e% a1ter t$e )ot i% 1ir%t level )o&ain#
"# W$at are t$e )ual 1unction% o1 a )o&ain na&e'
A# T$e 1unction% are<
3# Repre%ent% t$e a))re%% o1 a co&puter on t$e Internet %o t$at every co&puter can co&&unicate wit$ every ot$er co&puter#
:# Serve% t$e %a&e 1unction in electronic co&&erce a% t$e tra)e&ar* in &ore tra)itional &o)e% o1 (u%ine%%#
"# How )o you o(tain a )o&ain na&e'
A# T$rou+$ an Internet Service Provi)er t$at %u(&it% t$e electronic application to :B9 re+i%trie% worl)wi)e# A&on+ t$e%e are NSI F
Networ* Solution% Inc#
"# W$at i% t$e %y%te& o1 re+i%try'
A# Do&ain na&e% are a%%i+ne) on a 1ir%t co&e 1ir%t %erve (a%i%# T$re i% no re6uire&ent o1 u%e o1 t$e )o&ain na&e in connection
wit$ an Internet;relate) %ervice# W$ile t$i% &ay %ee& to ai) cy(erpiracy, t$i% ai)% in )e1en%ive re+i%try to prevent cy(er;piracy#
"# W$at i% t$e &anner (y w$ic$ )i%pute% on )o&ain na&e% are re%olve)'
A# T$e owner o1 a tra)e&ar* re+i%tration can c$allen+e t$e )o&ain na&e $ol)er.% re+i%tration o1 an 5i)entical7 %econ);level )o&ain
provi)e) t$e 5e11ective )ate7 o1 t$e co&plainant.% tra)e&ar* re+i%tration pre)ate% t$e 5creation )ate7 o1 t$e )o&ain na&e
re+i%tration#
"# W$at i% t$e proce)ure'
A# It i% a% 1ollow%<
3# NSI will %en) a letter to t$e )o&ain na&e re+i%trant +ivin+ $i& ?9 )ay% to %upply $i% own tra)e&ar* re+i%tration#
:# I1 t$e )o&ain na&e re+i%trant.% TM re+i%tration pre)ate% t$e notice o1 )i%pute, $e will (e a(le to *eep $i% )o&ain na&e# T$e
tra)e&ar* owner.% recour%e woul) (e to 1ile a law%uit or to $ave a %ettle&ent or ar(itration#
?# I1 t$e )o&ain na&e re+i%trant cannot pro)uce it% own TM re+i%tration<
a# re+i%trant can tran%1er )o&ain na&e to TM owner
(# re+i%trant can re+i%ter new TM w$ic$ place% t$e )i%pute) na&e 5on $ol)7
c# re+i%trant canr e1u%e to tran%1er, )i%pute na&e i% 5on $ol)7
)# re+i%trant can 1ile 1or )eclaratory 2u)+&ent
"# W$at are t$e re6uire&ent% to invo*e t$e NSI )i%pute re%olution'
A# TM owner &u%t $ave TM re+i%tration, t$e )i%pute i% 1or an i)entical %econ) level re+i%try, on t$e 1e)eral principal re+i%ter,
application 1ilin+ )ate pre)ate% t$e creation )ate o1 t$e )o&ain na&e#
"# I% t$e )i%pute re%olution via(le'
A# Not i1 t$e TM owner wi%$e% to u%e t$e )o&ain na&e (ecau%e t$e )o&ain na&e will (e put on $ol) in)e1initely#
"# W$at i% t$e new &et$o) 1or )o&ain na&e )i%pute re%olution'
A# T$e Kni1or& Di%pute Re%olution Policy ,KDRP/ w$ic$ applie% to any )o&ain na&e con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to t$e co&plainant.%
tra)e&ar*, not %i&ply an i)entical one#
"# W$at i% t$e co&plainant.% (ur)en o1 proo1'
A# T$ey are t$ree
3# T$e re+i%trant.% )o&ain na&e i% i)entical or con1u%in+ly %i&ilar to a tra)e&ar* or %ervice &ar* o1 t$e co&plainant>
:# T$e re+i%trant $a% no ri+$t% or le+iti&ate intere%t in t$e )o&ain na&e>
?# T$e )o&ain na&e $a% (een re+i%tere) an) u%e) in (a) 1ait$#
"# W$at are %o&e in)icator% o1 (a) 1ait$'
A# ,3/ Re%pon)ent.% o11er to %ell t$e )o&ain na&e
,:/ no u%e o1 t$e )o&ain na&e
,?/ atte&pt to %$ow a11iliation or tra)e o11 t$e +oo)will o1 t$e co&plainant
,B/ 1ailure to 1ile a re%pon%e
,8/ pattern o1 re+i%terin+ )o&ain na&e con%i%tin+ o1 &ar*% (elon+in+ to ot$er% w$o are not a11iliate) wit$ re%pon)ent
,A/ %u%pect ti&in+ in t$at re%pon)ent wa% aware o1 co&plainant.% prior ri+$t%
"# Plea%e +ive a %$ort %u&&ary o1 t$e procee)in+%#
A# !ertainly#
3# A co&plaint i% 1ile) in $ar) copy an) via e;&ail F t$i% %$oul) re6ue%t tran%1er o1 )o&ain na&e an) not cancellation> a provi)er
,%uc$ a% WIPO/ i% %electe), an) t$e paneli%t% &u%t (e %electe)#
:# A re%pon%e i% 1ile) :9 )ay% 1ro& co&&ence&ent )ate in $ar) copy an) e;&ail#
"# Are prece)ent% re%pecte)'
A# So&e KDRP )eci%ion% $ave cite) ot$er )eci%ion% a% prece)ent (ut t$ere are &any incon%i%te) )eci%ion%#
Da$ooO Inc# v# Net Ca&e%, Inc#
Da$oo own% t$e tra)e&ar*% DAHOOO an) DAHOOO> %ervice% inclu)e (ot$ local an) international we( )irectory an) %earc$ %ervice%,
online +a&e%, people %earc$e%# Net Ca&e% u%e% t$e )o&ain na&e ya$oop%#co& 1or a +a&(lin+ we(%ite t$at o11er% +a&(lin+ on a
variety o1 %port%, inclu)in+ (a%*et(all, $oc*ey, tenni%, an) (o0in+# Da$oo 1ile) a cea%e;an);)e%i%t letter (ut Net Ca&e% clai&% t$at it
u%e% t$e na&e wit$ a (ona 1i)e o11erin+ o1 +oo)%, $a% u%e) t$e na&e 1or &any &ont$% wit$out o(2ection an) it )oe% not pro&ote
%earc$ en+ine% nor cau%e actual con1u%ion#
Hel)< -a%e) on t$e ? 1actor te%t, ,3/ con1u%ion ; a rea)er i% li*ely to (elieve t$at t$e %u(2ect )o&ain na&e i% relate) to t$e
co&lainant an) it% &ar*#> ,:/ le+iti&ate ri+$t F it i% a rea%ona(le in1erence t$at t$e %u(2ect )o&ain na&e wa% create) wit$ DAHOOO.%
&ar* in &in)# Net Ca&e% $a% %pent little ti&e an) &oney to )evelop t$e %ite, an) it cannot (e %ai) to $ave le+iti&ate intere%t in t$e
)o&ain na&e> ,?/ (a) 1ait$ F (ut t$ere i% no (a) 1ait$# T$e only proo1 alle+e) i% t$at Net Ca&e% i% (ene1itin+ 1ro& t$e notoriety o1 it%
&ar*# T$i% i% not enou+$#
P$ilip% v# Par* Kyoun+ Seo*
P$ilip% ,Net$erlan)%/ own% t$e TM P$ilip%# Par* ac6uire) 5p$ilip%#co&#p$7 an) re+i%tere) it wit$ )otPHone, Inc# in RP# T$ere are no
active we(%ite% 1or t$e& (ut are currently pointe) to na&e %erver%#W$en P$ilip% %ent it a cea%e an) )e%i%t letter, it replie) t$at it i%
not willin+ to %ell t$e )o&ain na&e% yet, (ut woul) li*e to *now e0actly a(out t$e con)ition an) propo%ition o1 t$o%e w$o are
intere%te) in t$e%e )o&ain na&e%# Par* ar+ue% t$at it u%e) 5P$ilip%7 (ecau%e it i% an acrony& 1or P$ilippine In1or&ation Provi)in+
Service#
Hel)< ,3/ con1u%ion F t$e na&e% are i)entical> ,:/ le+iti&ate ri+$t% F Par* $a% no le+iti&ate ri+$t over t$e TM P$ilip%# It i% not
%upporte) (y any evi)ence o1 u%e, an) re1erence to t$e O01or) Dictionary )oe% not )i%clo%e %uc$ accepte) a((reviation# ,?/ (a)
1ait$ F t$e re%pon%e to t$e letter %u++e%t% t$at it wa% part o1 Par*.% intention to %ell t$e )o&ain na&e at %o&e ti&e 1or valua(le
con%i)eration# T$e court al%o o(%erve) a pattern o1 re+i%terin+ 1a&ou% &ar*% in RP# T$ere i% no evi)ence t$at Par* $a% ever $a) a
(u%ine%% w$ic$ atte&pte) to u%e t$e )o&ain na&e%#
Da$ooO v# Da$oo !o&puter Service%
Da$ooO ,Delaware/ i% a %earc$ en+ine an) Da$oo !o&puter Service% ,RP/ i% a (u%ine%% in Ma*ati w$ic$ re+i%tere) 5ya$oo#co&#p$7
an) 5ya$oo#p$#7 Da$ooO !lai&% t$at it i% t$e owner o1 t$e &ar* an) t$e u%e o1 D!S i% in1rin+in+# D!S clai&% t$at it% &ain inco&e i%
1ro& t$e %ale o1 %ervice% an) %ale o1 $ar)ware an) %o1tware# It% inco&e $a% ri%en only 3#4U %ince t$e )o&ain na&e wa% ac6uire)
an) it i% only a %&all co&pany w$ic$ $a% $a) 3,99B $it% on it% %ite#
Hel)< D!S $a% no le+iti&ate ri+$t o1 intere%t in t$e )o&ain na&e# It% alle+e) ri+$t% are (a%e) on a certi1icate o1 re+i%tration o1
(u%ine%% na&e# -ut t$ere i% no evi)ence t$at re+i%tration o1 a (u%ine%% na&e wit$ t$e DTI o1 RP provi)e% t$e re+i%trant wit$ any
e0clu%ive ri+$t% wit$ re%pect to t$e (u%ine%% na&e# It )i) not provi)e D!S wit$ an e0clu%ive ri+$t to u%e o1 t$e )o&ain na&e# T$ere
i% al%o clear (a) 1ait$ %ince it i% inconceiva(le t$at D!S coul) $ave (een unaware o1 t$e co&plainant.% na&e an) TM w$en it
re+i%tere)#
P$ilip% v# Rel%on
P$ilip% Electronic% ,Net$erlan)%/ 1ile) a co&plaint a+ain%t Rel%on Lt)# o1 We%tern Sa&oa w$ic$ re+i%tere) 5p$ilip%#w%7# Rel%on )i)
not reply to t$e co&plaint#
Hel)< T$e 1act t$at Rel%on 1aile) to provi)e a re%pon%e to t$e co&plaint )oe% not relieve t$e co&plainant P$ilip% o1 t$e (ur)en o1
provin+ it% ca%e# T$ou+$ Rel%on )i) not e0pre%%ly c$allen+e any o1 t$e a%%ertion%, t$i% cannot %i&ply (e ta*en a% an a)&i%%ion# ,3/
i)entity ; T$ere i% in)ee) i)entity o1 t$e na&e%# ,:/ le+iti&ate ri+$t% F not proven# It% alle+ation% %ay t$at it $a% no ri+$t to t$e )o&ain
na&e are no &ore t$an t$e 1actor% +iven in t$e Policy# Mere a%%ertion i% not proo1# ,?/ -a) 1ait$ F t$ere i% no c$allen+e to t$e
co&plaint# -ut t$ere ou+$t not to (e any in1erence% 1ro& )e1ault ot$er t$an t$o%e t$at $ave (een e%ta(li%$e) or can (e 1airly in1erre)
1ro& t$e 1act% in t$e co&plaint# T$ere i% al%o no evi)ence t$at t$ere i% intention to %ell, nor a plan to %ell t$e )o&ain na&e#
A&erica Online v# Eran* Al(ane%e
A&erica Online u%e% 5aol#co&7# Eran* re+i%tere) 5aoltra)er#co&7# AOL 1ile) a co&plaint %ayin+ t$at t$ere i% u%e in (a) 1ait$, %ince
Eran* re+i%tere) t$e )o&ain na&e a1ter AOL.% a)option o1 t$e &ar*, t$at t$ey are nearly i)entical, t$at Eran* $a% re+i%tere)
nu&erou% ot$er )o&ain na&e% t$at in1rin+e upon 1a&ou% &ar*% inclu)in+ 5inteltra)er#co&,7 5ci%cotra)er#co&,7 5i(&tra)er#co&,7 etc#
Hel)< AOL $a% not &et all t$e re6uire&ent%# No 6ue%tion t$at it i% con1u%in+ly %i&ilar# However, Eran* $a% ri+$t% or le+iti&ate
intere%t% to t$e )o&ain na&e, %ince $e $a% u%e) t$e )o&ain na&e wit$ a (ona 1i)e o11erin+ o1 %ervice%, t$at i%, online %toc*
(ro*era+e %ervice%# T$ere i% 1air u%e o1 t$e )i%pute) )o&ain na&e an) t$e u%e o1 Eran* i% &erely )e%criptive o1 t$e %ervice% o11ere)
(y Eran*# T$ere i% al%o a )i%clai&er on t$e we(%ite o1 any a11iliation wit$ AOL w$ic$ %upport% t$e 1in)in+ o1 +oo) 1ait$#
Da$ooO v# Syryn0, Inc#
April .II, Da$oo o11icially anounce) it% ac6ui%ition o1 5(roa)ca%t#co&7, an internet co# t$at %pecialiGe% in a++re+ation an) (roa)ca%t
o1 %trea&in+ au)io via t$e internet# -ut a% early a% Marc$ .II, t$ere $a) (een in)u%try %peculation on %uc$ &er+er# T$e )ay (e1ore
Syryn0 re+i%tere) t$e )o&ain na&e 5ya$oo(roa)ca%t#co&7 an) 5ya$oolinu0#co&7 ,Mar .II/, Wall Street Hournal reporte) t$at Da$ooO
Wa% in tal*% to ac6uire -roa)ca%t#co&# Da$oo 1ile) a co&plaint (ut Syryn0 clai&% t$at it %pent V399;V3:8K to +et t$e %ite +oin+
alt$ou+$ t$e %ite actually connect% to an in)e0 pa+e )i%playin+ a )ea)line# Syryn0 1ile) no re%pon%e#
Hel)< ,3/ i)entical F e%ta(li%$e)> ,:/ le+iti&ate u%e F re%pon)ent $a% to prove u%e or preparation to u%e> t$at $e $a% (een co&&only
*nown (y t$e )i%pute) )o&ain na&e, an) t$at $e i% &a*in+ a le+iti&ate nonco&&ercial or 1air u%e o1 t$e na&e wit$ no intent 1or
co&&ercial +ain# Here, Syryn0 i% in )e1ault an) $e $a% 1aile) to prove t$e 1actor%> ,?/ t$e na&e i% al%o re+i%tere) in (a) 1ait$,
(ecau%e it $a% re+i%tere) &ultiple )o&ain na&e% all i)entical to na&e% (elon+in+ to Da$oo#
Art$ur Cuinne%% v# De2an Mace%ic
Art$ur Cuine%% ,Ireline/ own% t$e TM 5Cuinne%%7 1or (eer# De2an re+i%tere) t$e )o&ain na&e 5+uine%%#co&7 1or a we(%ite )e)icate)
to t$e )i%cu%%ion o1 $o&e (rewin+ an) %port%#
Hel)< ,3/ i)entity F De2an i% not in1rin+in+ on Art$ur.% &ar* a% $e i% not %ellin+ %i&ilar ware% or %ervice%# Cuinne%% $a% ot$er
pro)uct% li*e t$e Cuinne%% Worl) -oo* o1 Recor)%, Cuinne%% Eli+$t, Cuinne%% Croup# T$e wor) 5+uinne%%7 i% not auto&atically
a%%ociate) wit$ 5+uinne%% (eer7# T$ere i% al%o a le+iti&ate nonco&&ercial, 1air u%e o1 t$e )o&ain na&e wit$ no intent 1or
co&&ercial +ain# Revenue% are &o)e%t an) %erve to cover $o%tin+ an) &aintenance co%t%# Al%o, t$ere i% no (a) 1ait$ %ince every
e11ort $a% (een &a)e to eli&inate t$e li*eli$oo) o1 any po%%i(le &i%ta*en a%%ociation o1 t$e %ite wit$ t$e (eer#
"# W$at are t$e 1actor% %$owin+ (a) 1ait$'
A# T$e 1actor% are<
,i/ circu&%tance% t$at in)icate t$at t$e Re%pon)ent $a% re+i%tere) or $a% ac6uire) t$e )o&ain na&e pri&arily 1or t$e purpo%e o1
%ellin+, rentin+, or ot$erwi%e tran%1errin+ t$e )o&ain na&e re+i%tration to t$e !o&plainant w$o i% t$e owner o1 t$e tra)e&ar* or
%ervice &ar* or to a co&petitor o1 t$e !o&plainant, 1or valua(le con%i)eration in e0ce%% o1 t$e Re%pon)ent.% )ocu&ente) out;o1;
poc*et co%t% )irectly relate) to t$e )o&ain na&e>
,ii/ re+i%tration o1 t$e )o&ain na&e in or)er to prevent t$e owner o1 t$e tra)e&ar* or %ervice &ar* 1ro& re1lectin+ t$e &ar* in a
corre%pon)in+ )o&ain na&e, provi)e) t$at t$e Re%pon)ent $a% en+a+e) in a pattern o1 %uc$ con)uct>
,iii/ re+i%tration o1 t$e )o&ain na&e pri&arily 1or t$e purpo%e o1 )i%ruptin+ t$e (u%ine%% o1 a co&petitor>
,iv/ (y u%in+ t$e )o&ain na&e, intentionally atte&ptin+ to attract, 1or co&&ercial +ain, Internet u%er% to t$e Re%pon)ent.% we( %ite
or ot$er on;line location, (y creatin+ a li*eli$oo) o1 con1u%ion wit$ t$e co&plainantW% &ar* a% to t$e %ource, %pon%or%$ip, a11iliation,
or en)or%e&ent o1 t$e we( %ite or location or o1 a pro)uct or %ervice on it or a location#
"# I% t$e KDRP availa(le to RP co&panie% 1or violation o1 )o&ain na&e%'
A# De%, %ince 2uri%)iction i% ac6uire) (y KDRP w$en partie% %u(&it to it% 2uri%)iction#
"# A KK co&pany re+i%tere% 52olli(ee#u*7, can Holli(ee 1ile a ca%e a+ain%t it in RP RT!.%'
A# No# RP court can.t ac6uire 2uri%)iction over t$at 1orei+n 1ir&, t$e cau%e o1 action o1 Holli(ee woul) not (e on RP law, an) t$i% ca%e
)i11er% 1ro& tra)itional TM in1rin+e&ent ca%e% in &any a%pect%#
A(u%e o1 We( Tec$nolo+ie%
"# W$at are t$e i%%ue% in lin*in+'
A# Lin*in+ i% vital to t$e %ea&le%% 1unctionin+ o1 t$e we(, (ecau%e it re)uce% t$e nee) to u%e co&ple0 a))re%% an) provi)e% nearly
in%tantaneou% acce%% to ot$er %ite% o1 intere%t# Lin*in+ increa%e% 5$it%7 w$ic$ increa%e% a)verti%in+ revenue%# -ut t$e pro(le&
pri&arily i% t$at one lo%e% trac* o1 e0actly w$o%e we(%ite one i% on, w$ere t$e in1or&ation i% co&in+ 1ro&, an) $ow current it i%#
"# W$at are t$e )an+er% o1 1ra&in+'
A# In 1ra&in+, a u%er rea)% content 1ro& one %ite in anot$er.% %ite# In t$e Total New% ca%e, plainti11 o(2ecte) not to lin*in+ per %e (ut
only to partial lin*in+, w$ere t$eir a)verti%in+ $a% (een e)ite) or )elete) an) t$e )e1en)ant% $ave %u(%titute) t$eir own a)verti%in+#
I&plie) licen%e to lin* )i) not per&it any ri+$t to alter#
"# Su&&ariGe t$e )an+er% o1 1ra&in+#
A# T$ey are< ,3/ Lo%% o1 a)verti%in+ revenue, an) ,:/ !on1u%ion over t$e owner%$ip o1 a %ite
"# W$at i% a &etata+'
A# It i% a %o1tware para&eter o1 HTML, w$ere a we(%ite creator can )e%cri(e w$at i% availa(le in t$at particular %ite, an) %earc$
en+ine% rely on t$at to &atc$ a we(%ite to a %earc$ 6uery#
"# W$at i% cy(er%tu11in+'
A# It i% t$e placin+ o1 &ultiple entrie% o1 a *eywor) on t$e 1ace o1 a we(pa+e# It can (e invi%i(le on t$e 1ace o1 a we(pa+e ,(lac*
letterin+ a+ain%t (lac* (ac*+roun)/ or 1ro& repeate) u%e o1 a wor) ,e#+# T$i% %ite i% not relate) to J, i% not en)or%e) (y J, we )on.t
u%e J, J, %orry i1 you %ee t$i%, J, we love you#/
"# W$at i% t$e pro(le& (rou+$t a(out (y &etata++in+ an) cy(er%tu11in+'
A# Internet a)verti%in+ erevenue% are )riven (y t$e nu&(er o1 $it% or ti&e% a certainw e(%ite i% acce%%e)# T$e purpo%e o1 (ot$ i% to
lure per%on% %earc$in+ t$e t$ir);party tra)e&ar* to an unrelate) we(%ite#
"# !au%e o1 action in &etata++in+ an) cy(er%tu11in+'
A# Kn1air co&petition#
"# W$at i% an a++re+ation %ite'
A# A %ite t$at e%%entially %erve% a% a %pecialiGe) %earc$ en+ine# An auction a++re+ation %ite will %erve to %earc$ &ultiple auction
%ite% (y u%e o1 auto&ate) %o1tware pro+ra&%#
"# !au%e o1 action#
A# In one ca%e, e-ay 1ile) 1or tre%pa%%, 1al%e a)verti%in+, tra)e&ar* )ilution, co&puter 1rau) an) a(u%e, un1air co&petition, un2u%t
enric$&ent# T$e court +rante) it an in2unction %ince it wa% 1oun) t$at t$e a++re+ation %ite.% action% wa% unaut$oriGe) an) t$e
pro0i&ate cau%e o1 in2ury %u11ere) (y e-ay )ue to lo%% o1 (an)wi)t$ or %erver capacity#
"# W$at i% &ou%etrappin+'
A# Here, w$en one view% a we(pa+e, $e i% una(le to +o (ac* to any o1 t$e previou% pa+e% vi%ite) an) i% trappe) at t$e la%t %ite
viewe)#
"# W$at are we(rin+%'
A# We(rin+% are a we( wit$in a we(, w$ere owner% o1 we(%ite% wit$ a co&&on t$e&e (an) to+et$er to arran+e %ite% into lin*e)
circle%# Eor e0a&ple%, t$ere can (e a Star Tre* we(rin+, etc#
"# W$at are po%%i(le violation% in we(rin+%'
A# T$ere coul) (e violation on $ow t$e tra)e&ar*% are u%e)#
"# Will an action in RP a+ain%t 5%uc*%7 %ite% pro%per' E#+#, 2olli(ee%uc*%#co&, ateneo%uc*%#co&#
A# Po%%i(le cau%e% o1 action woul) (e violation o1 a(u%e o1 ri+$t provi%ion% un)er Art# 3I, :9, :3 o1 t$e !ivil !o)e, an) t$at t$e
1ree)o& o1 %peec$ )oe% not e0ten) to t$at#
"# KS 1ir& )i%tri(utin+ porn over t$e net# How can RP %top porno+rap$er% over t$e internet'
A# May(e t$rou+$ ISP.%, un)er t$e E;!o&&erce Act#