250

cm
3

water
Thermo
meter
Asbestos
screen
Copper
container
Tripod
stand
Spirit
lamp
Methanol
Wooden
block
Procedure;
1. 250 cm
3
of water is measured with measuring cylinder 100ml and
poured into copper container, the temperature of water is
recorded with thermometer (0-110)
o
C.
2. A spirit lamp is filled with methanol until half full.
3. A spirit lamp and are weighed with electrical balanced. and the
mass is recorded.
4. The spirit lamp is placed under copper container, and the wick is
lighted.
5. The water is stirred.
6. When the temperature of water is increases 30
o
C, the spirit lamp
is distinguished.
7. Spirit lamp is weighed immediately, and the mass is recorded.
8. The experiment is repeated using different alcohol.

Heat of combustion









To determine the heat of combustion of methanol



































The heat of combustion is the heat change when
1 mol of substance is completely burnt in oxygen
under standard conditions.
Method to determine the heat of combustion of fuel
Precautions steps;
- Use copper container or any suitable metal.
(metal is condustor, all heat from combustion of fuel was absorb
by water)
- Spirit flame is placed on a wooden block, so the flame contact directly the copper
container.
(A bigger area of the flame can be in contact with the copper container)
- Wire gauze is not used.
(to prevent wire gauze absorb heat energy)
- Asbestos screen is placed around the copper container.
(to avoid heat loss to surrounding)
- The water must always be stirred.
(temperature changes is uniform)

Questions

1.Following equation show heat of combustion for ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH

C
2
H
5
OH (ce) + 3O
2
(g) 2CO
2
(g) + 3H
2
O (ce)
H = -1400 kJmol
-1

Heat combustion for 0.46 g etanol, is use to heat
200 cm
3
of water, calculate the temperature rise of water .


2. Complete heat combustion for 1 mol butanol, C
4
H
9
OH release 2600 kJ of heat. Calculate the
mass for butanol that need to burnt completely so heat release can increase the temperature for
500 cm
3
of water to 36
o
C.
[J.A.R: C, 12; O, 16; H, 1]


3. Energy level diagram for combuction reaction for methanol, CH
3
OH is shown below.



Energy
CH
3
OH (ce) + O
2
(g)
CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O (ce)
H = - 720 kJmol
-1

3
2
Heat that release from the complete combustion 8.0 g of methanol, is use to hot 1 dm
3
of water.
Calculate the temperature rise of the water.




4 A pupil carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralization.
Diagram 6 shows the set up of the apparatus used in the experiment.














The following data was obtained;






a) Why was a polystyrene cup used in this experiment?

..
[1 mark]


(b) Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg
-1o
C
-1
and the
density of the solution is 1.0 gcm
-3.

(i) Calculate the change of heat in the experiment.






(ii) Calculate the heat of displacement in the experiment.

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 28
o
C
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution = 28
o
C
Highest temperature of the mixture of product = 41
o
C



100 cm
3
of 2.0 mol dm
-3

Sodium hydroxide solution
100 cm
3
of 2.0 moldm
-3

hydrochloric acid
Thermometer
DIAGRAM 6
Polystyrene cup


[3 marks]





(c) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.












[2 marks]

(d) Based on the experiment, what is meant by the heat of neutralisation?

.......
[1 mark]

(e) The pupil repeats the experiment by replacing hydrochloric acid with
ethanoic acid. All the other conditions remain unchanged.
(i) Predict the value of the heat of neutralisation?

.........
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain why?

........

....

........

....................................................................................................................
[2 marks]



Thermomet
er
Polystyren
e cup
Procedure ;
1. 50 cm
3
hydrochloric acid solution 2.0 mol dm
-3
is measured with
measuring cylinder 50ml and pour into polystyrene cup and the
temperature is recorded using thermometer (0-110)
o
C.
2. 50 cm
3
potassium hydroxide solution 2.0 mol dm
-3
is measured and
pour into another polystyrene cup and the temperature is recorded.
3. Quickly the hydrochloric acid solution is added to the
potassium hydroxide solution, the mixture is stirred using
thermometer.
4. highest/maximum temperature of the mixture is recorded.
5. Repeat the step by using different substance.


50 cm
3

hidrochloric
acid 2.0 mol
dm
-3


Thermomet
er
Polystyren
e cup

50 cm
3

potassium
hydroxide
solution 2.0
mol dm
-3


Heat of neutralization





What is meant by neutralization?

Ionic equation:




































The heat of neutralization is
the heat change when one mole of water is formed
from the reaction between an acid and an alkali.
H
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq) H
2
O (l)
Acid reacts with alkali/oxide base to produce salt and water

Question 1
When 50 cm
3
potassium hydroxide solution, NaOH 1.0 mol dm
-3
is added with 50 cm
3

hydrochloric acid HCl 1.0 mol dm
-3
, the temperature of mixture increase 6.2
o
C.
Calculate the heat of neutralization for this reaction.

Question 2
HCl (ak) + NaOH (ak) NaCl (ak) + H
2
O (ce)
H = -57 kJmol
-1

Based on the thermochemistry equation above, answer the following equation;
a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction above
b) When 100 cm
3
excessive potassium hydroxide solution is mix with 100 cm
3

hydrochloric acid, solution temperature increase 13.6
o
C. calculate the concentration of
hydrochloric acid use.
































Procedure;
1. 50 cm
3
copper(II) sulphate solution of 0.1 mol dm
-3
is measured
with measuring cylinder 50ml and poured into polystyrene cup,
record the temperature with
termometer (0-110)
o
C.
2. 1.0 g metal powder is weighed by using electronic balance and
quickly added into the polystyrene cup that contain copper(II)
sulphate solution.
3. The mixture is stirred using the thermometer.
4. The highest/maximum temperature of heat is recorded.
5. Repeat the step by using different substance. [if necessary]




Thermome
ter
Polystyren
e cup
50.0 cm
3

copper(II)
sulphate
solution 0.1
mol dm
-3

Beaker that
contain
1 g zinc
powder
(excess)
Heat of Displacement





What is meant by displacement reaction?



To determine the heat of diplacement of copper by zinc



























Question 1
Excess iron powder is added into 50 cm
3
copper(II) chloride solution, CuCl
2
1.0 mol dm
-3
, brown
solid is formed and blue solution change to green.
Iron has displace copper from its salt solution. The following data is get from above experiment.

Initial temperature for copper(II)chloride solution = 28.0
o
C
Highest temperature for mixture solution = 57.0
o
C
The Heat of Diplacement is the heat change
when one mole of metal is diplaced from its solution by a more electropositive metal.
Metal that more electropositive will displace
metal that is less electropositive from its salt solution.


Calculate heat changes when 1 mol of copper is displace by iron.


Question2
Study the following equation;
Fe (s) + CuSO
4
(aq) Cu (s) + FeSO
4
(aq)
H = -250 kJ mol
-1


If excessive iron powder is add into 100 cm
3
copper(II) sulphate solution 0.25 mol dm
-3
,
calculate
i. Heat released
ii. Temperature rise
iii. Mass of copper that is displace
iv. Mass of salt that formed if it crystalize
v. Draw energy level diagram

If magnesium powder is use to replace iron powder, is it the energy that release is more higher,
same or lower.
[A
r
= Cu, 64; Fe, 56; S, 32; O, 16]




























Thermometer
Polystyrene
cup

Procedure
1. 25 cm
3
sodium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm
-3
is measured with measuring cylinder 50ml,
and poured into polystyrene cup, record the temperature with termometer (0-110)
o
C.
2. 25 cm
3
silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm
-3
is measured with measuring cylinder 50ml, and
poured into another polystyrene cup, record the temperature with termometer (0-110)
o
C.
3. Sodium chloride solution is added to silver nitrate solution quickly.
4. The reacting mixture is stirred using thermometer.
5. Highest temperature obtained is recorded.
6. Repeat all the step by using different substance.

Precaution steps;
- Use polystyrene cup. (polystyrene cup is insulator, to avoid loss of heat)
- Stir the mixture.
25 cm
3
sodium
chloride solution
0.5 mol dm
-3


Thermometer
Polystyrene
cup
25 cm
3
silver
nitrate solution
0.5 mol dm
-3


Heat of precipitation


- precipitate is unsoluble salt
- precipitate must be prepared through double bond
decomposition or precipitation method






The heat of precipitation is the heat change
when one mole of a precipitate is formed from their ions in aqueous solution
Method to determine the heat of precipitatio

1. thermochemical equation for precipitate of copper(II)hydroxide,
Cu(OH)
2
given below,

Cu
2+
(ak) + 2OH
-
(ak) Cu(OH)
2
(p) H = -60 kJ

How many its volume solution for copper(II)sulphate, CuSO
4
1.0
mol dm
-3
that need to mixture with 50 cm
-3
sodium hydroxide
solution, NaOH 2.0 mol dm
-3
to increase temperature of the solution
mixture to 6.3
o
C?

2. when solution of 500 cm
3
M
2+
2.0 mol dm
-3
is mixture with
500 cm
3
solution of ion Cl
-
, heat of solution increase to
o
C.
Calculate the heat of precipitate for the reacted ion M
2+
and ion Cl
-

to precipitate the formula substance MCl
2
.


3. In one experiment to determine the heat of precipitate between ion
M
2+
and ion SO
4
2-
, found that when 250 cm
3

of M
2+
2 mol dm
3
solution is mix with 250 cm
3
solution of
ion SO
4
2-
, temperature of the solution increase at 30
o
C.
Calculate heat of precipitation for the reaction between
ion M
2+
and ion SO
4
2-