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Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of millet in Africa and Asia. Pearl millet is well adapted to growing in areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It grow well in soil with high salinity or low pH. In northern Namibia, pearl millet grains are stored in wooden, plastic and cement containers for future consumption and also seeds for the next planting season. This study looked at viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet grains in different containers after 0-16 months post-harvest. Germination and viability of pearl millet grains decreased as the period of storage increased, and this was more obvious especially in cement and wooden containers. Viability in wooden container ranged between 64-50% after 8-16 months post-harvest compared to 83-74% in plastic container and 30-12% in wooden container after a similar period of storage. Pearl millet grains were found to contain high amounts of starch and sucrose for the first four months and it decreases as storage time increase. As the duration time of storing the pearl millet grain increased, the amount of starch and sucrose decreased. This happened in all storage containers but there was a rapid loss in starch and sucrose content in cement storage than in the other storage facilities.
Article Citation:
Marius Hedimbi, Natalia K. Ananias and Martha Kandawa-Schulz.
Effects of storage conditions on viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grains.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 088-092.
Full Text:
http://jagri.info/documents/AG0018.pdf
Titre original
Effects of Storage Conditions on Viability, Germination and Sugar Content of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum) Grains
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of millet in Africa and Asia. Pearl millet is well adapted to growing in areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It grow well in soil with high salinity or low pH. In northern Namibia, pearl millet grains are stored in wooden, plastic and cement containers for future consumption and also seeds for the next planting season. This study looked at viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet grains in different containers after 0-16 months post-harvest. Germination and viability of pearl millet grains decreased as the period of storage increased, and this was more obvious especially in cement and wooden containers. Viability in wooden container ranged between 64-50% after 8-16 months post-harvest compared to 83-74% in plastic container and 30-12% in wooden container after a similar period of storage. Pearl millet grains were found to contain high amounts of starch and sucrose for the first four months and it decreases as storage time increase. As the duration time of storing the pearl millet grain increased, the amount of starch and sucrose decreased. This happened in all storage containers but there was a rapid loss in starch and sucrose content in cement storage than in the other storage facilities.
Article Citation:
Marius Hedimbi, Natalia K. Ananias and Martha Kandawa-Schulz.
Effects of storage conditions on viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grains.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 088-092.
Full Text:
http://jagri.info/documents/AG0018.pdf
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of millet in Africa and Asia. Pearl millet is well adapted to growing in areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It grow well in soil with high salinity or low pH. In northern Namibia, pearl millet grains are stored in wooden, plastic and cement containers for future consumption and also seeds for the next planting season. This study looked at viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet grains in different containers after 0-16 months post-harvest. Germination and viability of pearl millet grains decreased as the period of storage increased, and this was more obvious especially in cement and wooden containers. Viability in wooden container ranged between 64-50% after 8-16 months post-harvest compared to 83-74% in plastic container and 30-12% in wooden container after a similar period of storage. Pearl millet grains were found to contain high amounts of starch and sucrose for the first four months and it decreases as storage time increase. As the duration time of storing the pearl millet grain increased, the amount of starch and sucrose decreased. This happened in all storage containers but there was a rapid loss in starch and sucrose content in cement storage than in the other storage facilities.
Article Citation:
Marius Hedimbi, Natalia K. Ananias and Martha Kandawa-Schulz.
Effects of storage conditions on viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grains.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 088-092.
Full Text:
http://jagri.info/documents/AG0018.pdf
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of millet in Africa and Asia. Pearl millet is well adapted to growing in areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high temperature. It grow well in soil with high salinity or low pH. In northern Namibia, pearl millet grains are stored in wooden, plastic and cement containers for future consumption and also seeds for the next planting season. This study looked at viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet grains in different containers after 0-16 months post-harvest. Germination and viability of pearl millet grains decreased as the period of storage increased, and this was more obvious especially in cement and wooden containers. Viability in wooden container ranged between 64-50% after 8-16 months post-harvest compared to 83-74% in plastic container and 30-12% in wooden container after a similar period of storage. Pearl millet grains were found to contain high amounts of starch and sucrose for the first four months and it decreases as storage time increase. As the duration time of storing the pearl millet grain increased, the amount of starch and sucrose decreased. This happened in all storage containers but there was a rapid loss in starch and sucrose content in cement storage than in the other storage facilities. 088-092 | JRA | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 1
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution, and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited. www.jagri.info Journal of Research in Agriculture An International Scientific Research Journal Authors: Marius Hedimbi 1 , Natalia K. Ananias 1 and Martha Kandawa-Schulz 2 .
Institution: 1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, P/Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, P/Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
Corresponding author: Marius Hedimbi. .
Email: mhedimbi@unam.na/ mhedimbi@yahoo.com.
Phone No: (+264) (61) 206 3425.
Fax: (+264) (61) 206 3791.
Web Address: http://www.jagri.info documents/AG0018.pdf.
Dates: Received: 01 Feb 2012 Accepted: 09 Feb 2012 Published: 16 Jun 2012 Article Citation: Marius Hedimbi, Natalia K. Ananias and Martha Kandawa-Schulz. Effects of storage conditions on viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grains. Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1: 088-092 Original Research Journal of Research in Agriculture J o u r n a l
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An International Scientific Research Journal
INTRODUCTION Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a traditional staple food crop of the semi-arid tropical zones of Africa and Asia, and it is cultivated in areas with a rainfall ranging from 150 mm to 800 mm per annum. It has a high nutritional value compared to other cereals like maize, wheat or rice, it is digested more slowly and thus delays hunger, it has a higher lipid and protein content, and its amino acid balance is better than that of other cereals (Labetoulle, 2000). Pearl millet is one of the most drought tolerant cereals and can grow in soil with low fertility which is unsuitable for other cereals. Being particularly resistant to moisture stress and adapted to high temperatures, it has a low yield, which also explains its high nutritional value compared to other cereals. In the dryer parts of Southern Africa (Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia and South Africa) pearl millet is traditionally grown as a staple food crop (Mallet and du Plessis, 2001). Pearl millet is a principal source of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals for millions of people in the regions where it is cultivated as the dominant crop (Hulse et al., 1980). Pearl millet, like sorghum, is generally composed of 9-13% protein but large variations in protein content, ranging from 6-21%, have been observed (Baker, 2003). Pearl millet grains are usually made up of 70% carbohydrates and consist almost exclusively of starch. The starch itself is composed of two third amylopectin and one-third amylase (USAID, 1971). It has no husk, no tannin, contains 5-7% oil, and has higher protein and energy levels than maize or sorghum. Pearl millet is also rich in B vitamins, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc copper and manganese (Baker, 2003). Pearl millet is the most important cereal crop in Namibia and over 60% of Namibia population depends on it as their staple food (Ipinge, 1998). It is widely grown in seven regions of Namibia such as Caprivi, Kavango, Oshikoto, Ohangwena, Oshana, Omusati and Kunene covering about 355200 hectors of land (Ipinge, 1998). In Namibia more pearl millet are produced annually, and the farmers store pearl millet till the next rain season. A number of storage facilities are used to store pearl millet in Namibia (Goussault and Adrian, 1977) such as wood containers, cement buildings, and plastic containers. Pearl millet stored in some of the facilities such as cement and wooden containers have been observed to have deteriorated in their physical appearance, mainly due to pest invasion. However it is not clear if these reductions in physical appearance also translate into reduced viability, germination and sugar content of the grains. Therefore this study was conducted to find out the effect that different storage facilities have on viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet grains after various period of storing the grains post-harvest.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample collection Pearl millet grain samples were collected from the northern part of Namibia, in the Omusati region (Oikokola village), Ohangwena region (Endola village) and Oshikoto region (Omupupa village). Samples were collected every four months for 16 months post-harvest. Three samples from each storage facility from each village were collected. Samples that were not used immediately were kept in plastic containers and stored at 4C in the dark until use. Viability test The method for viability test was modified from that reported by Pelah et al., (2003). Ten pearl millet grains from each storage facility were soaked in water for 24 hours at room temperature to allow hydration and initiate the germination process. Grains were then placed in different petri dishes and covered with 1% of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) solution. The petri dishes were closed and covered with aluminium foil and left in the TTC solution for 24 hours and the viability 089 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1: 088-092 Hedimbi et al., 2012 of the seeds were observed after 24 hours. Viable seeds appeared pink to red inside. Germination test Plastic pots were filled with the growth media (vermiculate). Twenty seeds from each facility were sown per pot. The grains were watered every 2 days for about three weeks and their ability to germinate was recorded. Starch test Pearl millet grains were ground to fine powder using the mortar and the pestle. The grounded powder was placed in petri dishes. Approximately 1mL of iodine solution was added to each petri dish. A dark blue colour indicates the presence of starch. Sucrose test Pearl millet grains were ground to fine powder using the mortar and the pestle. About 3g of fine powder was transferred into different test tubes. About 5mL of water was added to each test tube, and the test tubes were swirled to mix the flour and water. About 5mL of Benedicts reagent was added to each test tube and the test tubes were heated to boil in a water bath for few minutes. If the solution turns green it indicates the presence of sucrose.
RESULTS Effects of storage facilities and duration on viability and germination In general, grains in storage facilities lost their viability and germination chances as the duration of storage post-harvest increases. The cement storage container shows a rapid decrease of viability and germination, especially between four and eight months (Figure 1). Viability in wooden container ranged between 64-50% after 8-16 months post-harvest compared to 83-74% in plastic container and 30-12% in wooden container after a similar period of storage. After 16 months post-harvest, viability and germination remained high in plastic container (about 80%) compared to cement container (less than 20%) and wooden containers (20% germination and 60% viability) (Figure 1). Starch and sucrose content in pearl millet As duration of storage increased, starch and sucrose levels decreased in all storage containers. In cement container, there was no sucrose detected after 16 months post-harvest. Starch and sucrose content was better in the plastic and wooden storage facilities then in the cement facilities from 8-16 months of storage (Table 1).
DISCUSSION Germination and viability of pearl millet grains decreased as the period of storage increased, and this was more obvious especially in cement and wooden containers. There was a rapid loss of viability and germination in the cement storage facility after four months of storage and germination was less than 5% after 16 months of storage in cement (Figure 1). The rapid loss of viability and germination in cement can be attributed to pest degradation due to the high pest infestation associated with this storage facility. The level of moisture content in the cement is likely to be high compared to other storage facilities and might have caused an increase in the amount of pest which in turn Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1: 088-092 090 Hedimbi et al., 2012 Figure 1: Viability and germination of pearl millet grains in different storage containers after 0-16 months post-harvest.
would have resulted in low viability and germination in the cement facility. Change in climate conditions has been implicated as one of the reasons for increase in crop pests by farmers in Rongai district, Kenya, in a study by Ngeno et al., (2011). The main reason why farmers regards pest infestation as the main reason for reduction in agricultural output could be explained by the damage and losses caused by different pests within a short period (Ngeno et al., 2011). Viability was higher than germination in all storage facilities and this might be an indication of low correlation between viability and germination, which means not all viable grains are capable of germination. It is possible that the low germination observed in this study might be attributed to the artificial growth medium (Vermiculate) used. However, no negative effect of the growth medium used on germination has been reported in the literature. Pearl millet grains were found to contain high amounts of starch and sucrose for the first four months and it decreases as storage time increases. As the duration time of storing the pearl millet grain increased, the amount of starch and sucrose decreased. This happened in all storage containers but there was a rapid loss in starch and sucrose content in cement storage than in the other storage facilities. Starch and sucrose content remained better in plastic facility with medium (++) amount after 16 months of storage compared to other storage facilities which had low to no presence after the same period of storage (Table 1). This study has shown that pearl millets are rich in starch and sucrose. In a similar study by Hulse et al., (1980), high amounts of starch were found in sorghum and millets grains. Plastic storage facility was the best in preserving the grain qualities studied, but it is likely to be good at absorbing heat which will cause proteins to change from one form to another (Boora and Kapar, 1985). Adu-Amankwa and Boateng (2011) carried out a study on the postharvest loss of plantains (Musa spp. AAB, ABB) in selected markets in Ghana and suggested that high temperatures are likely to cause withering of products due to high transpiration and respiration. The study revealed that cement is not a good container to store pearl millet grains as it results in significant loss of viability, germination, starch and sucrose as compared to other facilities. The high level of pest infestation, which eats the inner core of the grains, is likely to be the cause of loss of grain quality observed in this study.
REFERENCES Adu-Amankwa PA and Boateng BA. 2011. Post- harvest status of plantains in some selected markets in Ghana. J Res Agri., 1:006-010. 091 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1: 088-092 Hedimbi et al., 2012 Cement Wooden Plastic Duration of storage (months) Starch Sucrose Starch Sucrose Starch Sucrose 0 (control) +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ 4 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ 8 ++ + +++ +++ ++ +++ 12 + + ++ + ++ ++ 16 + - + + ++ ++ Table 1. Starch and sucrose content in pearl millet grains in different storage containers 0-16 months post-harvest. +++=strong presence; ++=moderate presence; +slight presence; - = not detected. Figure 2: Germination of pearl millet grains after 12 months post-harvest in different storage containers. From left to right: Cement, traditional and plastic storage containers. Baker RD. 2003. Millet production guide. New Mexico State University. USA.
Boora P and Kapar A. 1985. Influence of storage on the protein quality of pearl millet flour. J. Sci food Agri., 36(1):59-62.
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Hulse JH, Laing EM and Pearson OK. 1980. Sorghum and the Millets: Their compositions and nutritive value. Academic Press, New York.
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USAID [United States Agency for International Development]. 1971. Improving the nutritional quality of cereals. Office of nutritional technical assistance Bureau, Washington DC, 81-83. Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1: 088-092 092 Hedimbi et al., 2012 Submit your articles online at www.jagri.info
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