Research Paper Outline Semper i

Muhammad Nathoo
Professor Keating
General Biology 116 - SEC 111
January 30, 2014
Chapter 32 - Unikont Diversity 2
Review : Figure 26.21
I. Characteristics of animals
A.Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms
B.Cells - no cell walls
C.Heterotrophs - ingest food and digest food inside body
D.Diferentiated cells (specialized function)
1.most animals also have diferentiated tissues (group of cells
act as unit)
2.higher forms have diferentiated organs (specialized tissues
for function)
3.Muscle and nerve tissue - movement, nerve impulses
4.bodies held together by structural proteins (most abundant -
collagen)
Research Paper Outline Semper ii
5.Sexual reproduction - diploid stage is dominant stage in life
cycle
a)meiosis
b)fertilization: sperm + egg = zygote (2n)
E.Embryonic development
1.cleavage - series of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth
between divisions
2.blastula - typically a hollow ball of cells that surround a cavity
called blastocoel
3.gastrulation - process in which embryo folds inward, expands,
and flls blastocoel. Produces gastrula that has diferent layers
of embryonic tissues
a)endoderm - inner layer of embryonic tissue
b)ectoderm - outer layer
c)archenteran - pouch opens to outside via blastopore
F. Some animals develop directly into adults (humans)
G.Other animals have at least 1 larval stage
1.larva - sexually immature, morphologically diferent from adult
a)diferent foods + habitats from adult stage
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2.metamorphosis - juvenile (not yet sexually mature)
H.Development regulated by gene expression
1.homeobox genes code for proteins that regulate expression of
developmental genes
2.ex: Hox genes - control expression of many genes that
infuence morphology
3.choanofagellates (protists) are ancestor of animal
4.metazoa = animal kingdom, are monophyletic group
II.Body plans
A.set of morphological and developmental traits (mechanism of
comparison)
B.Diferentiation of cells, tissues, and organs
1.All animals have specialized cells, but not all have defned
tissues and organs
2.First major step
a)Porifera (sponges) - do not have clearly defned tissues
and organs
b)Eumetazoa - do have clearly defned tissues and organs
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C.Symmetry - arrangement of body structures in relation to axis of
body
1.Radial (wheel, cylinder) - multiple planes divide into mirror
images
a)sessile - attached
b)planktonic
2.bilateral
a)only one plane through midline - right and left halves
b)cephalization - head region, central nervous system,
coordinate complex movement
c)dorsal - back/top, ventral - underside, anterior - toward
head, posterior - toward tail, left and right
d)Bilateria
3.Asymmetry - no plane will produce mirror images
a)Porifera (sponges)
D.Embryonic tissue development
1.embryos of all eumetazoans become layered
2.germ layers - concentric layers
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a)ectoderm - outer layer, gives rise to outer coating and
nervous system
b)endoderm - inner layer, lines archenteran, gives rise to
lining of digestive tube and digestive organs
c)mesoderm - middle layer, gives rise to most other body
structures
3.diploblastic organisms develop only ectoderm and endoderm
layers
4.Triploblastic organisms develop all three layers (bilateria)
E.Body Cavities
1.Coelom - body cavity fuid-flled space between body wall and
digestive tube (triploblastic animals)
2.Types
a)acoelomate triploblastic - lack coelom, body is solid, no
fuid-flled space
b)pseudocoelomate - fuid-flled coelom, body cavity formed
from endoderm and mesoderm (not completely lined with
mesoderm)
Research Paper Outline Semper vi
c)coelomates - true coelom, completely lined with
mesoderm
3.Advantages to coelom/pseudocoelom vs. acoelomates
a)hydrostatic skeleton - fuid under pressure
b)circulating materials through body - dont need to be fat
c)organs can grow and move independently of outer body
wall
III.Developmental modes - 2 types based on aspects of early
development
A.Cleavage
1.protostomes
a)spiral cleavage
(1)planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis
of embryo
b)determinate cleavage dev. fate of each embryonic cell
rigidly set very early if a cell reward - adult lack parts
c)deuterostomes
(1)radial cleavage plances parallel or perpendicular to
vertical axis of embryo
Research Paper Outline Semper vii
(2)indeterminate cleavage each cell produced by early
cleavage divisions retains capacity to develop into a
complete embryo
B.Coelom formation
1.during gastrulation, embryos digestive tube initially forms as
blind pouch - archenteran
2.protostomes - as archenteran forms, solid masses of
mesoderm split and form coelom
3.deuterostomes - mesoderm buds from wall of archenteran -
coelom
C.fate of blastopore
1.early development - blastula - a group of cells moves inward
to form blastopore
2.protostome (1st mouth) - blastopore develops into month
3.deuterostome (2nd mouth) - blastopore develops into anus,
second opening forms later in mouth
IV.Diversifcation of animals
A.Cambrian explosion (535 - 525 million years ago)
1.rapid appearance of diferent animal body plans
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2.First fossils of large animals with hard, mineralized skeletons
B.Most current phyla established by ~500 million years ago
1.~36 phyla extant
C.Animal phylogeny (Fig 32.11)
1.share common ancestor
a)monophyletic - metazoa
2.Sponges - basal animals, phylum Porifera, monophyletic
group
3.Eumetazoa - true tissues, phyla Ctenophora and Cnidaria are
basal eumetazoans, diploblastic, radial symmetry
4.Clade Bilateria - most of animal phyla
a)bilateral symmetry, 3 germ layers
b)Cambrian explosion
5.3 major clades of bilaterian animals
a)deulerostomia
b)Lophatrachozoa
(1)all invertebrates
(2)Some develop lophophore - crown of ciliated tentacles
that function in feeding
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(3)other phyla go through trochophore larval stage
c)Ecdysozoa
(1)all invertebrates
(2)echdysis - as organism grows, molds/sheds
exoskeleton or cuticle
D.Phylum Chordata
1.clade deuterostomia
2.only phylum with vertebrates, but also includes invertebrates