Hydro Power

AQUAGREEN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PRIVATE LIMITED.
HYDRO POWER MADE EASY

ADDRESS: SF-1, 1
st
FLOOR BHIKAJI CAMA BHAWAN, BHIKAJI CAMA PLACE
NEW DELHI -110066
PREFACE

The Concept of Hydro Power development in India has undergone tremendous
change since last decade.
The new environment for Hydro Power development is the outcome of:
50,000 MW Hydro Power initiative of government of India.
Indian Electricity Act, 2003.
Concept of allotment of Projects on BOOT basis.
EIA notification, 2006.
Forest Dwellers Act, 2008.

Need for bringing a document, titled Hydro Power Made Easy was felt to
summarize technical, environmental as well as statutory aspects of hydro power
development in India for the benefit of Developers, CEO and general public.
It is hoped that this document will help in overall understanding of Hydro Power
development.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SNO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
1. Hydro Power - General 1 4
Annexure 1.1 Major Hydro Electric Power Stations around the World 3
Annexure 1.2 Major Power Stations in India 4
2. Type of Projects 5 9
3. Regulatory Framework 10 11
Annexure 3.1
Structure of the Detailed Project Report according to CEA
guidelines, March 07
11
4. Implementation Process 12 16
Annexure 4.1 Preparation of DPR 15
Annexure 4.2 Examination & Approval of DPR 16
5. Hydrology and Power Potential 17 22
Annexure 5.1 10 Day Daily Discharge 18-19
Annexure 5.2 Graph/Table Increment MU/MW 22
6. Design Aspects 23 27
Annexure 6.1 Check List for Site Visit 27
7. Land and Infrastructure Aspects 28 29
Annexure 7.1 Land Requirement Table 29
8. Cost Economics 30
9.
Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management
Plans
31 43
Annexure 9.1 Model TOR for River Valley and Hydro Power Projects 32
10. Construction Aspects 44
11. Books & Websites 45 46

HYDRO POWER MADE EASY________________________________________________________________________________
1

1. HYDRO POWER - GENERAL
Hydro Power is considered to be clean, non-polluting and renewable source of
energy.
Estimated Hydro Power Potential of India is estimated at 84000 MW (at 60% load
factor) and ultimate possible installed capacity as 150000 MW.
Majority of Hydro Power stations are concentrated in five Himalayan states.
An approximate distribution of Hydropower Potential in prominent states and
prominent rivers is as below:
STATE RIVER SYSTEM
ESTIMATED CAPACITY (MW)
(APPROX.)
J ammu and Kashmir
J helum
Chenab
800
8000
Himachal Pradesh
Ravi
Beas
Sutlej
2300
4600
9400
Uttarakhand Ganga/Yamuna Basin 2400
Sikkim Teesta 3500
Arunachal Pradesh
Siang
Lohit
Subhansiri
Dibang
Kameng
Tawang
18000
7000
15000
11000
4000
1500

Rest of hydro power potential is in other states.

2

Between 1950 to 1970, numbers of multipurpose Projects with Hydro Power, an
important component were executed. Examples: Bhakra Nangal Dam (1948-
1963), Hirakud Dam (1948-1957), Koyna Dam (Completed in 1963).
Between 1970 to 2000, various Hydroelectric Projects were executed by various
public sector companies of central government. Examples: Salal I 690 MW
(J &K), Chamera I 540 MW (HP), Uri I 480 MW (J &K), Nathpa J hakri 1500 MW
(HP)
Since 2000, Private sector has started playing major role in Hydro Power sector
development.
3

Annexure 1.1
MAJOR HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS AROUND THE WORLD
S NO. NAME
YEAR OF
COMPLETION
COUNTRY
TOTAL
CAPACITY (MW)
1 Three Gorges Dam 2011 China 22500
2 Itaipu 2003 Brazil 14000
3 Guri 1986 Venezuela 10200
4 Tucurui 1984 Brazil 8370
5 Grand Coulee 1980 United States 6809
6 Sayano Sushenskaya 1989 Russia 6400
7 Langton 2009 China 6300
8 Krasnoyarskaya 1972 Russia 6000
9 Robert Bourassa 1981 Canada 5616
10 Churchill Fall 1971 Canada 5429

4

Annexure 1.2
MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS IN INDIA
S NO. NAME OF THE POWER STATION TOTAL CAPACITY (MW)
1. Bhakra Nangal 1325 MW
2. Koyna 1920 MW
3. Nathpa J hakri 1500 MW
4. Dehar 990 MW
5. Chamera 540 MW
6. Tehri 1000 MW
7. Pong 396 MW
8. Uri 480 MW
9. Salal 690 MW
10. Omkareshwar 520 MW

5

2. TYPE OF PROJECTS
Hydro Power Projects harness the Hydro Power Potential of rivers in mountains.
Most Hydro Projects are run-of-river type. They are provided with small live
storage capacity reservoirs enough to meet the requirement of one day storage.
Typical components of a Hydro Power Project are:
A Diversion Structure (either a Dam or a Barrage) across the river
A Water Conductor System
A Power House

Depending upon the gradient of the river, Projects can be broadly divided into
following two categories:
For Rivers with Flat Gradient - Projects with Power House at the toe of
the Dam.
For Rivers with Steep Gradient - Projects with long Water Conductor
System and Power House location away from the Dam.

Capacity of a Power Plant is decided by product of discharge of water flow and
head difference between Full Reservoir Level and Power House Tail Water
Level.
6

With different combinations of discharges and heads, Projects with different
configurations are possible as illustrated in the following table:
TYPE
ORDER OF
DISCHARGE (CUMECS)
ORDER OF
HEAD (M)
ORDER OF INSTALLED
CAPACITY (MW)
Type A1, Low Discharge,
High Head
5-10 cumecs 400 - 600 m 15 - 50 MW
Type A2, Medium
Discharge, High Head
20-50 cumecs 400 - 600 m 60 - 250 MW
Type A3, High Discharge,
High Head
100-200 cumecs 400 - 600 m 350 - 1000 MW
Type B1, Low Discharge,
Medium Head
20-50 cumecs 200 - 300 m 50 - 120 MW
Type B2, Medium
Discharge, Medium Head
100-200 cumecs 200 - 300 m 150 - 500 MW
Type B3, High Discharge,
Medium Head
400-600 cumecs 200 - 300 m 700 - 1500 MW
Type C1, Low Discharge,
Low Head
100-200 cumecs 50 -100 m 40 - 150 MW
Type C2, Medium
Discharge, Low Head
400-600 cumecs 50 - 100 m 150 - 500 MW
Type C3, High Discharge,
Low Head
800-2000 cumecs 50 - 100 m 300 - 1800 MW

7

Typical layouts of some of the projects are given below:

CHAMERA POWER STATION

Features:
Location: Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh
Capacity 540 MW (3 x 180 MW), Underground Power House containing 3
units of 180 MW each
Annual Generation: 1664.55 million units
Project Cost Rs. 2114.02 Crores, (March'94 price level)
Year of Commissioning/Completion Schedule: 1994
140 m high, 295 m long concrete Arch Gravity Dam
6.4 Km long, 9.5 m diameter Head Race Tunnel
2.4 Km long, 9.5 m diameter Tail Race Tunnel
8

SEWA HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Features:
Location:- State - J &K, District - Kathua, River - Sewa (a tributary of Ravi)
Capacity:- 120 MW (3 X 40)
Annual Generation:- 533.52 MU (90% dependable year)
Year of Commissioning/Completion Schedule: J uly 2010
53 m high Concrete Gravity Dam
6.0 m Horse Shoe Shaped, 289 m length Diversion Tunnel
3.3 m Horse Shoe Shaped concrete lined Head Race Tunnel (HRT), 10.02
Km length.
3 x 40 MW, vertical Pelton Turbine Rated Net Head =560 m, Max. Gross
Head =599 m
Rated Net Head =560 m, Max. Gross Head =599 m
9

DHAULIGANGA POWER STATION

Features:
Location:- District Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand.
Capacity:- Underground Power House containing 4 units of 70 MW each
Annual Generation:- 1134.70 MUs
Year of Commissioning/Completion Schedule:- October 2005
56 m high concrete faced rock fill Dam
6.5 m Dia., 5.29 km long Head Race Tunnel
6.5 m Dia., 437 m long Tail Race Tunnel
10

3. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
While water is a state subject, electricity is a subject in concurrent list.
Development of hydro power in India is governed by Indian Electricity Act, 2003.
As per Electricity Act, 2003, technical concurrence for a Project with Project
installed capacity of 100 MW or less and with capital cost less than Rs 500
crores is to be accorded by respective State Government.
Projects below 25 MW capacity are generally covered under Small Hydro. Small
Hydro is generally dealt at State level by the department of Non Conventional
Energy Resources.
For Project costing more than 500 crores and with installed capacity of 100MW
and more, the technical approval is to be accorded by Central Electricity
Authority.
A Detailed Project Report is to be prepared for each Project following CEA
guidelines (J an 2007)
Table of content of a typical DPR is as enclosed in Annexure 3.1
As per Environment protection Act, 1986, all Hydropower Projects shall be
required to obtain mandatory Environment Clearance.
Therefore besides Detailed Project Report, mandatory Environment Impact
Assessment (EIA) Report and Environment Management Plans (EMP) are to be
prepared.
Refer Section 9.
Other approvals /clearance required are:
Forest Clearance under Forest Conservation Act, 1980.
Land Availability, Water Use etc permissions from State government.
11

Annexure 3.1
Structure of the Detailed Project Report according to CEA guidelines, March, 2007
The DPR should include the following chapters:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 J ustification of Project from Power Supply Angle
Chapter 3 Basin Development
Chapter 4 Inter State/Inter National Aspects
Chapter 5 Survey & Investigation
Chapter 6 Hydrology
Chapter 7 Geology
Chapter 8 Reservoir
Chapter 9 Power Potential & Installed Capacity
Chapter 10 Design of Civil Structures
Chapter 11 Electrical & Mechanical Designs
Chapter 12 Transmission of Power &Communication Facilities
Chapter 13 Construction Programme & Plant Planning
Chapter 14 Project Organization
Chapter 15 Infrastructure Facilities
Chapter 16 Environmental & Ecological Aspects
Chapter 17 Cost Estimates
Chapter 18 Allocation of Cost
Chapter 19 Economic Evaluation
Chapter 20 Future Utilisation of Buildings
Chapter 21 Recommendations
Chapter 22 Clearances
Annex 3 (a) List of relevant documents/ references
Annex 3 (b) Abstract of Cost Estimates
Annex 3 (c) Phasing of expenditure
Annex 3 (d) Project estimated cost & financial package summary
12

4. IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
A) Approval Phase
PROCESS DETAIL
Project Allotted by State Government MOA with State Government
A Pre-Feasibility Report A base document outlining Project concept
SPV Formation Project Specific Company
Techno-Economic concurrence (Compliance
To Indian Electricity Act, 2003)
A Detailed Project Report
a) Preparation (Annexure 4.1)
b) Getting it approved (Annexure 4.2)
Environmental Clearance (Compliance to
Environment Protection Act, 1986)
a) TOR
b) EIA/EMP Report
c) Public Hearing
d) Environment Clearance
Forest Clearance (Compliance to Forest
Conservation Act, 1960)
a) Application at State Level
b) Site Visits and Recommendation
c) Approval of Central Govt.
d) Tree counting
e) Deposition of Tree Compensation
f) Tree felling
g) Land possession
Compliance to Forest Dwellers (Act, 2008) Gram Sabha Resolutions for the land to be
used for project purposes.
Land Acquisition a) Application to State Government
b) Field survey
c) Section 4
d) Compensations
e) Land Possession
Other Approvals a) Magazine Sanction Under Explosives
Act
b) Labour Registration
c) Approval/Clearances/NOC from State
Departments such as irrigation,
fisheries.
Quarries and Borrow Areas Approval of State Mining Department.

13

B) Financials and Commercials and Others

PROCESS DETAIL DETAILS
Transmission Line MOA with State Govt./Power Grid
Power Purchase Agreements PTC and other electricity utilities
Equity Partners Tie ups
Lenders Tie ups

C) Tendering and Award

PROCESS DETAILS
Pre-Qualifications Civil, Hydro-Mech and Electro-Mech
Tender Document Civil, Hydro-Mech and Electro-Mech
Tendering Civil, Hydro-Mech and Electro-Mech
Award Civil, Hydro-Mech and Electro-Mech

14

D) Execution

PROCESS DETAILS
Detailed Engineering EPC Consultant
Project Management, Construction Supervision and Quality
Assurance
Owners Engineer
Construction Contractors
Attending to Oversight/Monitoring by External Agencies
and Submit Progress Reports
Monitoring by CEA
Monitoring By State Government
Monitoring by Environment Panel
Monitoring by Forest Department
Monitoring by Lenders
Monitoring by Equity Partners
Local Public/RTI/PIL/Media
Implementation of Environment Management Plans
under EIA/EMP
Good Relations with Locals
Coordination with State Govt. and District
Administration and Local Panchayats
Owners Core Team
Financial, Commercial and Technical Management of the
Project Overall
Owners Core Team
15

Annexure 4.1
PREPARATION OF DPR
OWNERS TEAM
FIELD INVESTIGATION
AGENCY (AGENCIES)
DESIGN CONSULTANT
Local Environment
Camps and Site Facilities
Award, Coordination,
Monitoring, payment of field
investigation works.
Collection of data regarding
cost of local inputs for rate
analysis
Pathways
Topographical Surveys
Drilling
Drift
Geophysical
Hydrological Measurements
Rain Gauges and Weather
Station
Silt Measurements
Construction Material
Testing
Seismic Parameters
Petrography
Remote Sensing Data
Field Tests
Requirements and
Supervision of Investigations
Hydrological Studies
Geological Mapping
Geological Report
Layout Studies
Hydraulic Design of Barrage
Hydraulic Design of WCS
Design of Powerhouse
Power Potential Studies
Construction Planning and
Equipment Planning
Infrastructure Planning
Quality Estimates
Rate Analysis
Cost Estimates
Financial Analysis
Drawings Volume
Review, Comments and
Discussion through
Independent Consultants
First Draft Compilation
Discussions Second Draft
Final Version
16

Annexure 4.2
EXAMINATION & APPROVAL OF DPR
PROCESS DETAIL
Submission of Hydrology Volume in CEA CWC Hydrology Directorate
DPR Submission in CEA (4 copies) PAC (CEA)
Presentation to CEA HPA (CEA)
Submission of 18 copies PAC,HPA (CEA)
Examination of Dam Design Dams Directorate, CWC
Examination of WCS and PH HCD Directorate, CWC
Gates Aspects Gates Directorate
Geology GSI
Power Potential HPA (CEA)
E&M CEA (E&M Designs)
Switchyard CEA (Power Systems)
Instrumentation CWC
Equipment Planning CWC
Foundation & Seismicity CWC
Qty Aspects CEA, Thermal Civil Design
Rate Analysis CWC, Cost Directorate
Escalation & IDC CEA,TCD
Authority Meeting CEA
Updated DPR CEA
Concurrence Letter CEA

17

5. HYDROLOGY & POWER POTENTIAL
Estimating the water availability at Dam Site/ Barrage Site/ Weir Site is one of the
most vital inputs for Hydropower planning.
Catchment area of the river upto Dam/Barrage/Weir Site and distribution of
rainfall in the catchment are two important factors (besides other factors such as
snow catchment, vegetation, shape and slope of catchment etc.) influencing the
water availability.
Water availability is expressed as average of 10 days flow. Thus there will be 36
values in a year and water availability of 10 to 25 years is estimated. It is either
based on direct observations at that site or transferred from upstream or
downstream sites or from adjoining catchment etc.
An example 10 daily series of water availability of a site is given in Annexure
5.1. Variation of flow during monsoon period and during winter period should be
particularly noted.
To establish the installed capacity of the Project, following two parameters are
required:
Design Discharge (Q in cumecs)
Rated Head (H in meters)
Installed capacity is given by
P (MW) ={Efficiency *Q*H}/100
Efficiency is the combined efficiency of turbine and generator and can be
approximately taken as 0.9
Head is the difference of average reservoir level at the Dam site and Tail water
level in the river at the Power House site. Head losses in the water conductor
system due to friction and other reasons are to be duly accounted for.
18

Annexure 5.1
AVERAGE 10-DAILY DISCHARGE (BASED ON DAILY DATA) IN CUMEC (CA=1850 SQKM)
YEAR
MONTH
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1978
I 466.86 304.92 548.64 854.26 2392.50 3886.49 1744.71 2752.77 1838.93 1256.10 639.81 564.77
II 412.16 421.46 548.75 723.61 2990.12 2676.06 2467.57 2969.70 2444.44 975.06 801.73 140.16
III 379.58 250.47 698.61 2856.63 4907.57 3521.66 1995.70 1780.14 2265.69 403.14 949.55 177.67
1979
I 303.10 365.01 336.16 699.69 2286.69 2169.33 6035.12 7135.28 7656.44 493.28 944.62 504.60
II 178.63 348.36 330.92 757.54 2075.44 3205.31 7231.91 4398.77 4512.50 2252.25 769.36 184.99
III 214.01 435.06 1676.88 997.32 2276.73 7113.74 10073.91 6317.62 1428.84 1025.13 651.61 542.99
1980
I 571.00 401.60 653.85 1122.41 1518.50 2461.00 1485.25 10232.91 3419.53 4107.21 714.84 439.87
II 373.79 298.93 682.96 1312.85 1678.22 2034.85 7553.31 16181.63 3662.47 3096.96 852.56 587.81
III 484.82 285.33 980.98 1273.98 1957.99 2250.64 3377.59 6386.45 4596.45 2248.71 605.90 275.09
1981
I 466.86 417.34 653.85 1122.41 555.54 1870.93 9192.22 6355.21 5808.00 4755.14 1949.10 1461.31
II 412.16 424.42 682.96 1013.32 1655.57 3491.86 8416.24 7322.45 6508.58 2934.34 1370.24 1716.75
III 379.58 391.57 980.98 495.87 2702.45 4874.58 5778.52 6977.48 4847.76 2196.65 1631.97 1408.20
1982
I 1119.35 417.34 653.85 1445.31 1518.50 4028.54 2228.39 4153.55 3999.36 4753.14 2964.76 989.15
II 812.96 424.42 527.74 1633.11 1678.22 3579.03 3869.03 2308.92 7154.08 3807.79 1062.21 1262.12
III 219.13 391.57 541.76 1113.13 1957.99 3912.88 8537.27 4834.03 5603.46 444.21 1001.87 973.77
1983
I 416.44 557.87 513.40 977.67 407.68 1106.41 1206.75 939.99 2126.00 1383.08 139.81 91.98
II 547.68 577.74 548.18 947.63 630.13 114.39 1331.07 1186.84 1477.13 1630.99 145.07 133.43
III 610.38 687.83 584.23 295.19 743.45 4208.03 3167.46 1341.79 1973.43 362.21 106.10 100.01
1984
I 76.90 139.19 315.02 568.56 197.12 2263.69 5807.05 3863.91 2967.79 3119.75 1117.10 1088.28
II 153.88 98.07 438.12 217.98 631.90 2005.18 4383.66 3320.43 3516.31 1894.96 892.80 936.86
III 122.02 128.20 726.54 248.36 1660.69 3037.07 5333.74 2418.83 3118.31 3703.00 817.62 1020.01
1985
I 811.86 591.71 1720.14 4207.54 4058.07 4948.11 2531.01 5463.90 3249.54 4958.76 1117.10 629.28
II 694.42 543.74 1677.27 4117.22 4342.16 4282.26 3521.27 3623.14 5345.87 3004.97 892.80 587.81
III 626.98 542.20 2596.72 3323.28 4214.08 5412.14 3005.44 4357.26 5395.04 2981.91 817.62 532.24
1986
I 466.86 1164.34 1086.65 548.40 1242.52 2188.64 765.05 2226.24 2600.53 3042.92 1441.17 297.81
II 412.16 1114.86 1255.57 637.28 1027.16 2319.57 1902.19 2031.68 3281.83 2658.88 1741.15 174.60
III 379.58 1130.95 921.22 1001.69 1059.16 3650.39 4731.54 2709.85 2752.49 1546.60 1214.69 532.24
1987 I 466.86 417.34 653.85 445.18 678.57 568.11 5445.84 6322.44 6733.21 2413.56 2305.54 1032.89
19

II 412.16 424.42 643.18 1186.55 437.85 2786.85 4344.58 7398.38 2726.18 2185.28 1752.10 1024.30
III 379.58 391.57 501.70 615.58 602.20 2157.25 5816.52 3596.84 5264.37 2640.87 1292.71 795.75
1988
I 539.10 257.04 1048.18 2274.17 2156.00 2109.83 8739.03 2939.92 6737.06 3126.68 1279.03 887.75
II 659.96 782.59 1731.93 2212.67 2760.95 2154.83 2185.06 6494.94 3894.16 1871.51 1530.84 753.68
III 509.49 808.14 2373.95 2248.25 3148.99 2381.90 4683.61 10812.71 2662.04 2260.31 1406.88 551.89
1989
I 440.89 310.85 573.84 800.70 1529.75 3377.50 10476.44 991.26 2390.52 2559.56 1026.01 508.01
II 358.31 315.19 419.10 2692.25 1879.53 2572.84 6620.04 2058.90 1563.68 1204.80 468.85 400.31
III 379.57 251.95 775.61 2491.85 2289.23 3265.91 3555.42 1912.57 2268.49 1067.59 788.88 352.19
1990
I 466.86 864.14 930.02 1042.09 2542.11 5356.69 3199.23 5739.80 4504.84 6591.41 1659.57 1247.27
II 412.16 278.55 682.96 926.08 2252.80 3685.17 6794.87 6626.95 6322.72 3866.04 1613.87 1079.93
III 896.57 247.88 917.82 1629.08 2013.59 4562.74 10433.34 6588.79 5831.42 1432.89 1402.08 876.42
1991
I 382.99 173.18 514.52 926.40 1478.61 1778.45 4361.03 7177.27 2816.31 1907.09 324.91 134.32
II 307.50 144.28 482.38 1239.12 900.34 2669.06 3618.77 5696.93 2771.81 2325.94 167.43 153.53
III 227.31 79.88 926.83 731.66 534.02 1318.62 2681.53 3095.46 2505.32 531.07 103.81 131.25
1992
I 60.17 139.21 83.79 661.15 669.36 629.25 1162.65 390.29 4313.73 948.07 78.73 58.08
II 92.63 424.42 85.93 1009.34 293.12 1037.05 1043.00 444.72 2932.48 1545.83 79.54 164.84
III 91.73 68.47 103.26 521.90 343.50 2030.69 775.62 1981.12 1749.11 804.82 92.08 147.07
1993
I 413.71 156.38 175.79 262.62 1064.17 1852.49 3027.04 3360.37 1499.94 1450.12 171.46 133.18
II 353.95 169.27 189.47 378.18 1618.06 1988.73 950.03 3226.64 1545.71 1243.65 144.27 103.86
III 172.94 174.11 388.55 539.85 916.23 2091.28 1757.41 2490.37 1849.50 779.28 198.61 98.99

20

Design discharge is arrived as below:
a) From the given hydrological series on water availability, determine 90%
dependable year.
b) After giving allowance to environmental release, carry out incremental
installed capacity vis a vis a incremental energy studies. (by assuming
different design discharges and a given rated head)
c) The installed capacity and corresponding design discharge are decided
considering following factors:
Ratio of incremental energy to incremental installed capacity
(MU)/(MW) should be between 1.5 to 2.
Load factor should be around 50 %
A three hour peaking should be desirably available in leanest
period.
Design energy is generally defined as energy in 90 % dependable year
corresponding to 95 % dependable year.
For clarity, a solved example is given in Annexure 5.2.
21

Annexure 5.2
AVAILABILITY OF UNITS IN KWH/KW FOR INCREMENTAL INSTALLATION IN 90% DEPENDABLE YEAR
1983-84
NET HEAD 238.78
OVERALL
EFFICIENCY
92.00%
SNO.
INSTALLED
CAPACITY MW
ANNUAL
ENERGY MU
LOAD FACTOR %
INCREMENTAL
ENERGY MU
INCREMENTAL
ENERGY MU/MW
LOAD FACTOR
FOR ADDITIONAL
CAPACITY %
1 80 439.90 62.77%
2 81 443.16 62.46% 3.26 3.26 37.22%
3 82 446.37 62.14% 3.20 3.20 36.55%
4 83 449.40 61.81% 3.03 3.03 34.62%
5 84 452.19 61.45% 2.79 2.79 31.85%
6 85 454.97 61.10% 2.78 2.78 31.75%
7 86 457.33 60.71% 2.36 2.36 26.97%
8 87 459.43 60.28% 2.10 2.10 23.95%
9 88 461.53 59.87% 2.10 2.10 23.95%
10 89 463.48 59.45% 1.95 1.95 22.30%
11 90 465.35 59.02% 1.87 1.87 21.34%
12 91 467.05 58.59% 1.70 1.70 19.45%
13 92 468.47 58.13% 1.42 1.42 16.22%
14 93 469.87 57.67% 1.39 1.39 15.88%
15 94 469.87 57.06% 0.00 0.00 0.00%
16 95 469.87 56.46% 0.00 0.00 0.00%
17 96 469.87 55.87% 0.00 0.00 0.00%
18 97 469.87 55.30% 0.00 0.00 0.00%
19 98 469.87 54.73% 0.00 0.00 0.00%
20 99 469.87 54.18% 0.00 0.00 0.00%
21 100 469.87 53.64% 0.00 0.00 0.00%

22

Incremental v/s Installed Capacity

23

6. DESIGN ASPECTS
6.1 General
Hydro Powers are site specific. A comprehensive site visit enables the technical
team to take suitable decisions regarding site & components (Refer Annexure 6.1
for a typical check list for site visit for better outcome.)
Location of Dam and Power House sites and general layout of the Project is
evolved considering various factors:
River gradient and various tributaries joining the river on either bank
Limits defined by upstream and downstream projects
Accessibility and existing roads and bridges
Topography, Geology and Hydrology

A few typical layouts of existing projects are given as reference.

6.2 Requirement of Live Capacity of the Reservoir
A minimum live capacity is the volume of water needed for three hour generation.
Higher as well lower volumes are many times accepted.

6.3 Area - Capacity Curve of the Reservoir
Area capacity curve of the reservoir is prepared based on topographical survey in
suitable scale say 1 in 10000.

6.4 Submergence Aspects and Height of Diversion Structure
Due to environmental reasons, excessive submergence is not acceptable.
Therefore height of structure is kept to minimum required.
24

6.5 Whether Dam or Barrage
If the height of structure is planned in 20 m 25 m range or below, a Barrage
structure on permeable foundation is preferred provided rock foundation in river
bed is not too shallow. This is more likely for projects of 100 MW or similar size.
In other cases, a Dam of appropriate height is selected.
Spillway Capacity and no of gates is fixed based upon design flood which is
estimated based upon catchment area size and nature, amount of rainfall etc.
Spillway Crest is fixed close to river bed to allow easy flushing of sediments in
reservoir.

6.6 Power Intake and Desilting Basin
Power Intake consists of a trashrack structure, a bell mouth entrance and gate
slots for intake gate. The intake weir is kept sufficiently above spillway crest.
Minimum Draw Down Level is fixed based upon water seal criteria to avoid vortex
formation. Design discharge for intake is generally 120 % of design discharge for
power generation. Extra 20 % discharge is for flushing in desilting basins.
Desilting basins shall be either surface or underground. One or more basins shall
be provided. For medium and high head schemes, criteria of 90 % removal of 0.2
mm and above particles is used. For low head schemes, criteria of 90 % removal
of 0.3 mm and above particles is generally specified.
Separate Desilting basins are not provided if suspended silt concentration in the
river is quite low or if the reservoir itself can act as a Desilting Basin.

6.7 Head Race Tunnel Alignment, Length and Diameter
HRT alignment is based upon prevailing topography and geology. Length of HRT
is based upon location of surge shaft besides other factors.
25

Size of HRT is based upon economic diameter studies.
HRT can be both lined and unlined. Geological conditions play important role in
the decision. Velocity of water flow in a lined HRT shall be of the order of 3 to 4
m/sec.

6.8 Surge Shaft Location, Diameter and Height
Surge Shaft location is determined based upon topographical considerations. A
flat topography is preferred. Size is determined based upon Thoma criteria.
Maximum upsurge and downsurge levels are computed to determine the height
of surge shaft.

6.9 Penstock Alignment, Length and Size
Whether Underground or Surface Penstock is to be provided shall depend upon
topography, geology as well as economics. Length of Penstock is determined by
Surge Shaft and Power House locations.
Penstocks shall generally be steel lined, but RCC lined. Pressure Shafts are
sometimes provided, when head is low and geological conditions are favourable.
Size of Penstock is determined based upon economic diameter considerations. A
generally adopted velocity for steel lined penstocks is 5 to 7 m/sec.

6.10 Powerhouse Location, Type and Machine Centre Line
Decision to have a Surface or Underground Power House shall depend upon
topography, geology and economics. Suitable location shall depend upon
geology, topography as well as head to be harnessed.
No. of machines shall depend upon type, maximum size as well as flexibility in
generation consistent with economy. Machine centre line and other parameters
26

are determined based upon various established formulae. The Specific Speed as
well as Rated Speed both are important considerations.
Power House layout is worked out based upon experience and past practices.

6.11 Tail Race and River Joining Works
Tail race joins the water from draft tubes back to the river. An upstream slope is
given from draft tube to end of weir in the tailrace.

6.12 Hydro- Mechanical Works
Hydro mechanical works include both gates and hoists. Radial gates are
provided for spillways. Gates are also provided at Power Intake, Surge Shaft and
draft tubes which are generally vertical fixed wheel type gates.

6.13 Electro Mechanical Works
Electro- mechanical works include turbines, generators, MIV valves, governors
and transformers. This also includes control system as well as all auxiliaries in
the Power House.

27

Annexure 6.1
CHECK LIST FOR SITE VISIT
S NO. LIST
1. Find out limits of Upstream Project
2. See Reservoir area
3. See extent of submergence and houses
4. Note river gradient and river width
5. Appreciate left bank and right bank along the river
6. Appreciate possible HRT route
7. Note down various nalas along the route
8. Collect Local information
9. See Surge Shaft area
10. See Pressure Shaft/Penstock route
11. See Power House area
12. See Tail Race area
13. Find out limits of Downstream Project
14. Find out transmission aspects
15. Note down routes and accessibility
16. Find out sources of Construction materials
17. Find out general geological aspects
18. See possible locations of Muck disposal sites
20. See possible location of Facility Areas

Note A GPS and a camera should be necessarily carried during site visit along
with toposheet.
28

7 LAND & INFRASTRUCTURE ASPECTS
In a Hydro Power Project, land is required for various purposes as below:
Permanent works (Dam, HRT Power House, Pothead Yard etc.)
Reservoir submergence
Access Roads
Construction facilities such as aggregate plants, batching plants and
stores and equipment yards
Contractors camps
Permanent office and township
Muck disposal sites
Quarry and River shoals for construction materials
Explosive magazines

The land can be private land, community land, Govt. land or forest land. Land is
either acquired or taken on lease.
An example of land requirement statement for a Hydro Project is given in
Annexure 7.1

29

Annexure 7.1
LAND REQUIREMENT TABLE
S NO. PROJECT COMPONENTS
TOTAL AREA
(IN HA)
1. Barrage Complex
a) River Bed
b) Surface

0.5 Ha
1.3 Ha

1.8 Ha
2.
Penstock, Power House Site, Switch Yard & Tail
Race Channel
3.5 Ha 3.5 Ha
3 Surge Shaft 0.3 Ha 0. 3 Ha
4
Under Ground Structure
a) Portals (HRT)
b) Portals (Ss & Penstock)
c) HRT Area (Not Required To Be Acquired)

2 Ha
2 Ha
2.6 Ha

6.6 Ha
5 Muck Disposal Area 10 Ha 10 Ha
6 Magazine Area 0.03 Ha 0.03 Ha
7 Construction Facilities & Contractors Camp 11.5 Ha 11.5 Ha
8 Permanent Colony & Office 3.5 Ha 3.5 Ha
9 Approach Roads
a) Roads in Barrage Complex
b) Roads in Power House Complex
c) Other Roads for Adits, etc.
1.3 Ha
2.6 Ha
0.6 Ha

4.5 Ha
10 Borrow Area 3 Ha 3.0 Ha
11 Submergence
a) River Bed
b) Surface

0.9 Ha
1.5 Ha

2.5 Ha
TOTAL 47.23 Ha
30

8 COST ECONOMICS
Cost of the Project is generally grouped in the following heads:
A - Prelimi nary
B - Land
C - Works (This includes cost of Dam, river diversion and related hydro
mechanical works)
J - Power Plant (This includes cost of civil and hydro mechanical works of
Power Intake, Desilting basin, HRT, Surge Shaft, Pressure Shaft ,
Penstocks, Power House, Tailrace and Switchyard)
Communications (Roads and Bridges)
K - Buildings
O - Miscellaneous
X - Envi ronment and Ecology
Establishment costs
Electrical works

Once the hard cost is determined, escalation and Interest during construction are
calculated based upon construction period and phasing of expenditure.
The Tariff of electricity produced is calculated by first working out the annual cost
and dividing by the estimated energy produced in a year. Guidelines provided by
CERC are generally followed.

31

9 EIA & EMP ASPECTS
a) Environment Impact Assessment includes:
Study of base line data
Impact Prediction because of project construction

The study area to be considered is 10 km radius both from Dam and Power
House.

The scope of study is as per standard terms of reference sanctioned by Expert
Appraisal committee for Hydro Electric Projects constituted by MOEF. (Annexure
9.1)
Base line data includes three season data of air, water, noise, traffic, soil as well
as study of river hydrology, geology, seismicity, flora and fauna as well as socio-
economic and cultural aspects.
Impact prediction includes both those during construction as well as during
operation.
b) Environment Management Plans i nclude:
Catchment area treatment
Reservoir rim treatment
Muck disposal plans
R & R
Compensatory Afforestation
Local area development
Public Health management
Minimum Release of water for sustenance of aquatic life
Cost estimate for the same

32

Annexure 9.1
MODEL TOR FOR RIVER VALLEY AND HYDRO POWER PROJECTS

EIA Studies
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
Review of the Country's legislative and administrative frame work within which
the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is to be undertaken to ensure that the
Project is in compliance with national environmental and social requirements.
Scoping and Assessment of Alternatives
Scoping should be done before EIA, using suitable standard matrices. All the
alternatives explored by Project proponent should be studied from the
environmental angle. Scoping matrix, likely impacts identified for various aspects
of environment (aquatic, terrestrial and socio-economic) during construction and
operation phase of the Project must be discussed in brief for each alternative and
reasons for selecting the best and optimum alternative on social and
environmental considerations, and reasons for rejecting other alternatives be
mentioned.
Methodology
Methods used for collecting data must be mentioned. In analysis of Air, Water
and Noise, methodology adopted, instruments used etc., should be mentioned.
The land-use/land-cover pattern of the area should be determined through
remote sensing studies, interpretation of satellite imagery, topographic sheets
coupled with ground truthing. In analysis of terrestrial as well as aquatic biota,
the references used as guidelines should be cited. Standard methods must be
used for characterizing the diversity and other significant features of the biota
and details of field survey given.
33

The baseline studies will consist of 3 seasonal studies (Pre-monsoon, monsoon and
winter seasons) and will be conducted in the following study area.

Study Area: The study area should include the following areas:

Catchment Area
Submergence Area
Project Area to be acquired for various appurtenant works area within 10 km
from main project components (i.e. Dam/Barrage/Diversion structure, Power
house etc).
To examine the cascading effect, a clear map showing the
approved/under construction/completed HEPs on the both U/S and D/S to
this project. Connect such information to establish the total length of
interference of natural river flow, the total length of tunnelling of the river
and the committed unrestricted release from the site of diversion into the
main river. Adverse impact on land stability, catchment soil erosion,
reservoir sedimentation and spring flow (if any) due to (a) considerable
road construction/ widening activity (b) interfere of reservoir with the in-
flowing streams (c) blasting for commissioning the HRT, TRT and some
other structures should be studied
Various maps providing salient features of the project need to be depicted
in proper scale map of at least 1:15,000 like

1. The location map of the proposed project.
2. The Project layout shall be superimposed on a contour map of
ground elevation showing main project features (viz. location of
Dam, head works, main canal, branch canals, quarrying etc.) shall
be depicted in a scaled map.
3. Drainage map of the catchment up to the project site.
34

4. Soil map of the study area.
5. Geological and seismo-tectonic maps of the study area showing
main project features.
6. Remote sensing studies, interpretation of satellite imagery,
topographic sheets along with ground verification shall be used to
develop the land use/land cover pattern of study area using overlay
mapping techniques viz. Geographic Information Systems (GISs).
False colour composite (FCC) generated from satellite data of study
area should be presented.

A. BASELINE DATA
1. Geological and Geophysical Aspects
Geography & Physiography of the project area
Design discharge & its RI (Recurrence interval)
Regional Geology and structure of the catchment
Seismicity, tectonics and history of past earthquakes in the area
Critical review of the geological features around the project area
Impact of project on geological environment. J ustification for location &
execution of the project in relation to structural components (Dam/barrage
height)
2. Seismo-Tectonics
Study of Design Earthquake Parameters
A site specific study of earth quake parameters will be done. The results of the
site specific earth quake design parameters will be sent for approval of the
NCSDP (National Committee of Seismic Design Parameters, Central Water
Commission, New Delhi for large Dams.

35

3. Hydrology of the basin
Hydro Meteorology, drainage systems
Catastrophic events like cloud bursts and flash floods, if any would be
documented.
For estimation of Sedimentation rate direct sampling of river flow is to be
done during EIA to get actual silt flow rate (to be expressed in ha-m km-2
year-1). The one year of EIA study will provide an opportunity to do this for
ascertaining the actual silt flow rate.
Water availability for the project and the aquatic fauna
Design discharge and its recurrence interval
4. Biological Resources
I. Flora
General vegetation pattern and floral diversity viz. trees, shrubs, grasses,
herbs, significant microflora etc. Vegetation should cover all groups of
plants including lichens and orchids.
Forests and forest types
Water body inundating forest area
Vegetation profile, no. of species in the project area, etc.
Community Structure through Vegetation mapping
Species Diversity Index (Shanon - Weaver Index) of the biodiversity in the
project area as well as plant fossil & phytoplankton
Documentation of economically important plants, medicinal as well as
timber, fuel wood etc.
Endemic, endangered and threatened species
Impact of impoundment and construction activities on the vegetation
Cropping and Horticulture pattern and practices in the study area.
Location of any Biosphere Reserve, National Park or Sanctuary in the
vicinity of the project, if any
36

For categorization of sub-catchments into various erosion classes and for
the consequent CAT plan, the entire catchment (Indian portion) is to be
considered and not only the directly draining catchment,
II. Fauna
Fauna study should be carried-out for all groups of animals
Inventorisation of terrestrial wildlife and present status
Zoogeographic distribution/affinities, Endemic, threatened and
endangered species and animal fossil
III. Avifauna
Fauna study should be carried-out for all groups of animals
Status
Resident/Migratory/Passage migrants
Zoogeographic distribution/affinities, endemic, threatened and endangered
species & animal fossils
Impact of project on threatened/endangered taxa, if any
Inventorisation of terrestrial wildlife and present status along with schedule
of the species
IV. Aquatic Ecology
Aqua- fauna like macro-invertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplanktons,
benthos etc.
Conservation Status
Fish and Fisheries
Fish migrations, if any
Breeding grounds
Impact of Dam building on fish migration and habitat degradation
37

Overall ecological impact up to 10 Km d/s from the confluence of the TRT
with the river and the impact of untreated and waste water in to the river
and the alternatives explored.
V. Conservation areas and status of threatened/endangered taxa
Biotic Pressures
Management plan for conservation areas and threatened/endangered taxa
VI. Remote Sensing & GIS studies
Various maps providing salient features of the project need to be depicted
in proper scale map of at least 1:15,000 like

The project layout shall be superimposed on a contour map of ground
elevation showing main project features (viz. location of Dam, head works,
main canal, branch canals, quarrying etc.) shall be depicted in a scaled
map.
Delineation of critically degraded areas in the directly draining catchment
on the basis of Silt Yield Index as per the methodology of AISLUS.
The location map of the proposed project.
Land use and land cover mapping.
Drainage pattern/map
Soil map of the study area
Geo-physical features, slope and relief maps Geological and
seismotectonic maps of the study area showing main project features.
Remote sensing studies, interpretation of satellite imagery,
topographic sheets along with ground verification shall be used to
develop the land use/land cover pattern of study area using overlay
mapping techniques viz. Geographic Information Systems (GISs).
38

False colour composite (FCC) generated from satellite data of
study area should be presented.
Demarcation of Snow fed and rain fed areas for a realistic estimate
of the water availability.
VII. Socio-economic aspects
Land details*
Demographic profile
Ethnographic Profile
Economic structure
Development profile
Agricultural practices
Cultural and aesthetics sites
Infrastructure facilities: education, health and hygiene, communication
network, etc.
Impact on socio-cultural and ethnographic aspects due to Dam building
report.
*Report would include list of all the Project Affected Families with their names,
education, land holdings, other properties, occupation, etc.

VIII. Collection of data pertaining to water (Physico-chemical and
biological parameters), air and noise environment and likely i mpact
during construction and post construction periods.
39

IX. Air Environment
Baseline Information on ambient air quality in the project area covering
aspects like SPM, RSPM, Sox, NOx
Noise Environment
Traffic density in the project area

X. Construction Methodology and Schedule including the tunnel driving
operations, machinery and charge density, etc.

B. IMPACT PREDICTION
Air
Changes in ambient levels and ground level concentrations due to total
emissions from point, line and area sources
Effects on soils, material, vegetation, and human health
Impact of emissions DG sets used for construction power if any, on air
environment.
Noise
Changes in ambient levels due to noise generated from equipment,
blasting operations and movement of vehicles
Effect on fauna and human health
Water
Changes in quality
Sedimentation of reservoir
Impact on fish fauna
Impact of sewage disposal
40

Land
Changes in land use and drainage pattern
Changes in land quality including effects of waste disposal
Riverbank and their stability
Impact due to submergence
Biological
Deforestation and shrinkage of animal habitat
Impact on fauna and flora (including aquatic species if any) due to
decreased flow of water
Impact on rare and endangered species, endemic species, and migratory
route of animals, if any
Impact on breeding and nesting grounds, if any
Impact on animal distribution, migration routes (if any), habitat
fragmentation and destruction due to Dam building activity
Socio-economic Aspects
Impact on the local community including demographic changes
Impact on economic status
Impact on human health
Impact on increased traffic
Impact on Holy Places and Tourism
Downstream impact on water, land & human environment due to drying up
of the river in the stretch between Dam site and Power House site.
Positive as well as negative impacts likely to be accrued due to the project
are to be listed.

41

I. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
a) Catchment Area Treatment Plan
Delineation of micro-watersheds in the river catchment and mapping of critically
degraded areas requiring various biological and engineering treatment
measures. Identification of area for treatment based upon Remote Sensing &
GIS methodology and Silt Yield Index (SYI) method of AISLUS coupled with
ground survey. The prioritization of watershed for treatment based upon SYI.
Spatial Information in each micro watershed should be earmarked on maps in the
scale of 1:50,000. The Cat plan would be prepared with year-wise Physical and
financial details.
b) Creation of Green Belt Plan around the Periphery of the Reservoir and
Compensatory Afforestation Scheme in consultation with the State Forest
department.
c) Biodiversity Conservation and Wild life Management Plan for conservation
and preservation of endemic, rare and endangered species of flora and fauna (in
consultation with the State Wildlife Department)
c) Fisheries Development plan for the conservation/management of reveri ne
fishes.
d) Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R&R) along with social/community
development would be framed in consultation with the Project Affected Persons
(PAPs), Project Authorities and the State Government. R & R Plan would be
drafted according to the NPRR 2003 and the policy of State Government.
e) Muck Disposal Plan
Suitable sites for dumping of excavated material would be identified in
consultation with the State Pollution Control Board and Forest Department)

42

f) Energy Conservation Measures
g) Dam Break Analysis & Disaster Management Plan.
h) Restoration and landscaping of working Areas: reclamation of borrow pits
(quarry sites) and construction areas.
i) Public Health Delivery System including the provisions for drinking water
facility for the local community.
j) Management during the Road Construction
k) Sanitation & Solid Waste Management Plan for domestic waste from colonies
and labour camps, etc.
l) Water and Air Quality & Noise Environment Management duri ng
construction and post-construction periods.
m) Forest Protection Plan
n) Reservoir RIM Treatment Plan
o) Environmental Monitoring Programme (With physical & financial details
covering all the aspects form EMP).
p) For such a large and high budget project, neglecting drinking water
component may not be justified. Therefore, if supplying safe drinking water
to the population surrounding the project area is not to be considered, a
clear justification for this may be given
q) Option assessment study to show that are the option available for fulfilling the
needs of the people that the project hopes to fulfill. This section should also show
if and how the proposed project is the least cost option and also include reducing
the transmission and distribution losses to the minimum.
43

r) A summary of Cost Estimate for all the plans (Cost for implementing all the
Environmental Management Plans including the cost for implementing
Environmental Monitoring Programme, aforesaid compensation, mitigation and
management measures, etc.)

In respect of North-East, the following should be added
Tribal area development plan as the area is predominantly tribal.
Mitigations measures to check shifting cultivation (Zhum Cultivation)
in the catchment area with provision for alternative and better
agricultural practices
In addition to Socio-economic aspects of the study area, a separate
chapter on socio-cultural aspects based upon study on Ethnography
of the area.

44

10 CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS
Construction aspects of a hydro electric project can be divided as below:
(a) Development of Infrastructure
(b) Mobilization of plant and equipments
(c) Posting of specialists and workmen
(d) Construction materials availability including spares for equipments
(e) Availability of design and drawings
(g) Execution of civil, mechanical and electro mechanical works
Work on all components starts simultaneously. Rainy season affects the work
seriously.
Manufacture of mechanical and electrical items is generally at the factory.
A 4 to 5 years period for construction is considered optimum.
Work execution for both surface and underground works can be divided in
following different phases:
Infrastructure and mobilization phase

Excavation phase

Concrete and reinforcement phase

Grouting and finishing phase

Erection and dry commissioning phase

Reservoir filling, HRT filling and wet testing phase
45

11 BOOKS & WEBSITES
A) Books
1) Brown, Gutherie, "Hydro Electric Engineering Practice"
2) Masonyi, Emil "Water Power Development", Vol I and II
3) Nigam P.S, "Handbook of Hydroelectric Engineering"
4) Varshney R.S," Hydro Power Structures
5) Design of Small Dams
46

B) Websites

1. MOP www.powermin.nic.in

Indian Electricity Act, 2003
Acts &Notifications
New Government Policies & Programmes
2. CEA www.cea.nic.in

Guidelines for Formulation of DPR for HE schemes
Best Practices Document
Guidelines for accord of concurrence to HE
schemes
Co-operation with neighboring Countries
PFR under 50,000 MW Hydro initiative
3. CERC www.cercind.gov.in

Guidelines vetting the capital cost of HE schemes
Procedures for calculating the expected revenues
from tariff & charges Regulations,2010
Sharing of interstate transmission charges & losses
Regulations,2010
4. CWC www.cwc.nic.in Information on Major Projects of India
5. MOEF www.moef.nic.in

Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act,1974
Air (prevention and control of pollution) Act,1981
Environment Protection Act, 1986
Forest Conservation Act,1980
EIA Notification Act, 2006
6. Ministry of
Tribal Affairs
www.tribal.gov.in Forest Dwellers Act, 2008
7. BIS www.bis.org.in List of BIS codes under Water Resource Division
8. NHPC www.nhpc.india.com Layout and Salient features of various HE Projects
under operation and under construction.

Hydro Power

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Hydro Power

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

AQUAGREEN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PRIVATE LIMITED.

HYDRO POWER MADE EASY

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi