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Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33% reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50% in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity
Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33% reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50% in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity
Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33% reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50% in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity
Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (106 spores ml-1) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179.
Full Text:
http://jagri.info/documents/AG0047.pdf
Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane
Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber
Keywords: Hairy root, Antifungal activity, Sugarcane, Red rot ABSTRACT:
Red rot disease is the major constraint for sugarcane production in India and the pathogen has gained virulence in recent years. About 33 % reduction in yield was observed and loss in sucrose and commercial cane sugar was estimated upto 32 to 50 % in average infections. The present investigation was carried out in sugarcane breeding institute, Coimbatore to study the effect of Psoralea corylifolia hairy root extract against high intensity Colletotrichum falcatum spore suspension (10 6 spores ml -1 ) causing red rot disease reaction in canes under Controlled Condition Treatment (CCT) Chamber. Nodal infection, green top, internodal discoloration and internal discoloration of the canes in CCT chamber were taken as the parameters for fixing the disease evaluation after 10 days of incubation. The results of CCT method authenticated the results obtained under laboratory conditions. The study revealed 100 per cent effectiveness of two per cent P. corylifolia hairy root extract over red rot pathogen infection when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension of C. falcatum. 173-179 | JRA | 2013 | Vol 2 | No 2 This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited. www.jagri.info Journal of Research in Agriculture An International Scientific Research Journal Authors: Rajkumar D* and Murugesan R
Institution: Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamilnadu, India.
Corresponding author: Rajkumar D
Email:
Web Address: http://www.jagri.info/ documents/AG0047.pdf.
Dates: Received: 10 June 2013 Accepted: 01 July 2013 Published: 13 July 2013 Article Citation: Rajkumar D and Murugesan R. Antifungal Activity of Psoralea corylifolia Hairy Root Extract against Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber. Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179 Original Research Journal of Research in Agriculture J o u r n a l
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R e s e a r c h
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A g r i c u l t u r e
An International Scientific Research Journal
INTRODUCTION Sugarcane is one of the most important cash crops grown in India, for its adaptability to be cultivated under a wide range of climate, cultural and soil conditions. This crop occupies 2.8 % of cultivated area and contributes to the tune of 7.5 % of agricultural production of the country. Sugarcane crop is one among the important cash crops in India and a main source of white crystal sugar and also provides gur and khandasari (brown sugar)which are the main substitute of sugar. In India about 35 million farmers involved in sugarcane cultivation and about 50 million people depend on depend on sugar factories and other related industries for their employment. Different pathogens viz., fungi, bacteria, viruses and phytoplasmas infects sugarcane crop (Agnihotri, 1990). In India, the red rot disease caused by fungus Colletotrichum falcatum (Went, 1893) is considered as very serious disease where sugarcane is cultivated. The disease was responsible for the elimination of many elite sugarcane varieties (Beniwal et al., 1989). Various chemical fungicides are available for the control of red rot in sugarcane. As sugarcane is a long duration crop, the treatment of sett with fungicides will not be sufficient to protect sugarcane crop from red rot pathogen (Viswanathan, 2010). The use of synthetic fungicide leads to several problems such as residue in food and feed, pathogen resistance, toxicity to non target organism and environmental pollution in different agricultural ecosystems. In addition to these, elimination of soil born inoculum through chemicals is difficult and costly; and development of resistant varieties through breeding methods is long term endeavour (Alexander and Viswanathan, 1996). Therefore, with the increasing public awareness of environmental safety and persistent demand for ecofriendly products, we are forced to produce quality products both for export and domestic consumption. Hence, an alternative approach is the use of botanicals in management of this disease which are eco friendly in nature, in addressing the problem (Ahmad et al., 1998). Botanicals are the rich sources of secondary metabolites viz., triterpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and other aromatic compounds (Singh et al., 1976; Beniwal et al., 1988). Some of the plant extracts were well known for their antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties (Amoros et al., 1992; Jayakumar et al., 2007). When compared to synthetic pesticides botanicals have low mammalian toxicity and they are also target specific. The biocidal compounds of botanicals were highly degradable and its activity extends to wide range of insect pests and pathogens (Kalaycioglu et al., 1997). Botanical fungicides contains numerous ingredients so that the pathogens requires several mutations to develop resistance to them (Das and Das, 1994; Naqvi et al., 1991). In our earlier studies it was found that 15 % aqueous extract of Psoralea corylifolia leaves and 2 % methanol extract of P. corylifolia hairy roots showed 100 % inhibitory to C. falcatum under in vitro conditions. In continuation of our work, in the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the antifungal activity of methanol extract of P. corylifolia hairy roots against C. falcatum under Controlled condition treatment (CCT) Chamber. The controlled condition testing method was found to be an effective method when compared to other methods available for identifying the resistant or susceptible sugarcane variety against the infection of red rot pathogen C. falcatum (Mohanraj et al., 1997).
MATERIALS AND METHODS Evaluation by controlled condition testing method was done essentially as per the method developed by Mohanraj et al., (1997).The experiment was done at Controlled condition treatment (CCT) chamber in Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore. The testing chamber is of 3m x 3m x 3.6m dimensions which was fabricated with steel frames covered with high density polythene sheets. The inside of the chamber 174 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179 Rajkumar and Murugesan, 2013 was illuminated each day for 8 h by fluorescent lamps with a total light energy output of 320 watts. A timer controlled humidifier (make - L and TEM 1000) was operated inside the chamber so as to maintain 90 per cent relative humidity throughout experimentation period (Figure 1). Eight months old sugarcanes of variety CoC 671 were collected from the field, and they were placed inside the chamber such that the lowest node of the sugarcane stalk was 10 to 15 cm below the surface of the wet sand bed in trays. Nodes of 6 th , 7 th and 8 th position were selected for inoculation from which leaf sheaths were removed using a fine knife, without injuring the nodal regions (Mohanraj et al., 1997). Red rot inoculum C. falcatum (Cf671) was prepared as a spore suspension (one million spores/ ml). In order to check the efficacy of P. corylifolia suspension extract against the test pathogen, the spore suspension was mixed with different combinations of 2.0 % P. corylifolia (effective percentage which exerted 100 per cent inhibition under in vitro condition) suspension extract as given below. T 1 100 parts of spore suspension (10 x 10 5 spores ml -1 ) T 2 50 parts of spore suspension + 50 parts of P. corylifolia hairy root extract (2 %) (5 x 10 5 spores ml -1 ) T 3 - 25 parts of spore suspension + 75 parts of P. corylifolia hairy root extract (2 %) (2.5 x 10 5 spores ml -1 ) T 4 - 10 parts of spore suspension + 90 parts of P. corylifolia hairy root extract (2 %) (1.0 x 10 5 spores ml -1 ) Six canes were taken for each treatment. Two ml from the above treatments was swabbed on the selected nodes and covered with thick cotton pads and tied with polythene strips. Inoculated canes were incubated under 90 % relative humidity (RH) and the temperature was maintained at 32 C (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Inoculated canes were evaluated for disease reaction after 10 days. Criteria for disease evaluation was based on the nature of nodal and internodal lesions, spread of the lesions, colour of the lesions, pathogens growth and sporulation on nodal and internodal regions, bud necrosis, internal symptoms and histological examinations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Two per cent hairy root extract of P. corylifolia which exhibited 100 per cent control over mycelial growth and spore germination of C. falcatum under in vitro condition in our earlier study was evaluated for its effectiveness on red rot reaction under Controlled Condition Treatment Chamber. The canes treated with the spore suspension (1 x 10 6 spores/ ml) with a combination of 2 % P. corylifolia hairy root extract showed a significant reduction in disease symptoms, when compared to canes treated only with spore suspension. The effect of hairy root extract on disease reaction was clearly observed on evaluation as control. The significant reduction in nodal infection (91.77 %) was observed in the canes treated with 90 parts of hairy root extract and 10 parts of spore suspension, where the nodal infection rate was only 8.33 %. The canes treated only with spore suspension recorded 77.77 % nodal Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179 175 Rajkumar and Murugesan, 2013 Table 1. Effect of 2.0 per cent hairy root extract of P. corylifolia on red rot disease reaction. S.No Treatments % of nodal infection % of internodal discoloration % of internal discoloration % of green top 1 100 parts S.S 77.77 91.60 88.88 16.66 2 50 parts S.S + 50 parts HR.E 36.11 0.00 8.33 33.33 3 25 parts S.S + 75 parts HR.E 19.44 0.00 5.55 100.00 4 10 parts S.S + 90 parts HR.E 8.33 0.00 0.00 100.00 S.S - spore suspension of C. falcatum (1 x 10 6 spores/ ml) HR.E hairy root extract of P. corylifolia
infection. In case of internodal discoloration, except the canes treated with 100 parts of spore suspension, all other canes treated with both spore suspension and hairy root extract showed 100 % free from internodal discoloration. For internal discoloration observation, the canes from all the treatments were cut opened longitudinally with a sharp knife inorder to observe the internal symptoms of disease infection. A significant reduction of internal discoloration was observed in the canes treated with P. corylifolia hairy root extract when compared to canes treated with spore suspension alone. The leaves of the canes treated with hairy root extract remained green throughout the experimental period, whereas the leaves of the canes treated only with fungal spore suspension dried up completely (Table 1) (Figure 4). The solute transport might be affected by severe discoloration in the internodal region and resulted in drying up of leaves. The study clearly authenticates the outcome of the results obtained under in vitro conditions. It was a clear-cut demonstration that supports the principle antimicrobial compound responsible for controlling the dreadful pathogen. Controlled condition testing method is a precise method to evaluate the sugarcane clones for disease resistance, where the results can be observed within 10 days (Mohanraj et al., 1997). In this method the intensity of the spore load taken in the cotton swab was much higher (1 x 10 6 spores ml -1 ) and it cannot replicate the true natural condition of the soil. Such severe condition is well throttled by the presence of antifungal compound in 2 % P. corylifolia hairy root extract and successfully controlled and blocked the infection of pathogen into the cane. When compared with the results obtained in the pot culture studies, the effect of hairy root extract on control of pathogen was higher in controlled condition testing method. The reason might be due to controlled condition testing method, where the spores are in direct contact with the antimicrobial compound. Whereas, under pot culture conditions there were no direct contact between the pathogen and the compound. Also the experimental period was very short (10 days) in case of controlled condition testing method than in the pot culture experiments. The antimicrobial compound might be attributed to natural degradation in pot culture 176 Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179 Rajkumar and Murugesan, 2013 Figure 1.Control Condition Treatment Chamber Figure 2. Cotton Swabbing on nodes Figure 3. Incubation of canes inside the chamber conditions and only high percentage of compound might work in the pot culture conditions. Previously a 0-9 scale screening methodology was universally accepted as red rot resistance variety screening method, but the method was time consuming and also influenced by environmental factors. Whereas controlled condition testing (CCT) method is a rapid, precise and less influenced by environment factors while screening sugarcane genotypes for red rot resistance (Srinivasan and Bhat, 1961). Among the methods used to evaluate clones for disease resistance against red rot pathogen such as nodal method, plug method and controlled condition testing method, the results obtained in the controlled condition testing method showed very precise results and also very much suitable to identify field tolerant clones with more reliability in a short time (Viswanathan et al., 1998; Kalaimani, 2002). Ramesh Sundar et al., (2002) studied the induction of systemic resistance to C. falcatum in sugarcane by acibenzolar-s- methyl (CGA- 245704) a noval synthetic signal molecule Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 173-179 177 Rajkumar and Murugesan, 2013 Figure 4. Disease reaction in canes upon various treatments in CCT chamber a. Nodal infection b. Inter Nodal infection c. Green top d. Internal discoloration
by controlled condition testing method and reported that this method was less injurious and evaluation can be done in a more natural way.
CONCLUSION Sugarcane red rot disease was responsible for the elimination of many elite sugarcane varieties and upto 100 % yield loss has been reported in severe epiphytotics. The use of synthetic fungicides for disease control leads to the environmental pollution in different agricultural ecosystems. This study revealed that 2 % hairy root extract of P. corylifolia was fully effective against red rot pathogen under controlled condition testing chamber. Further studies are needed to test the fungitoxic effect under field conditions, their thermostability, stability to storage and also their phytotoxicity towards the host plant.
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