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SHIP DESIGN
OBJECTIVES
FULFIL
PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA
CAN BE BUILT
EFFICIENTLY
BENEFICIAL TO
STAKEHOLDERS
5 SHIP DESIGN

5.1 AIMS OF THE LECTURE

a) To describe the objectives of ship design
b) To outline the stages in ship design
c) To identify the expected products from each design stage.


5.2 THE OBJECTIVES OF SHIP DESIGN

Ship is a Made to order or Tailor made product, therefore every ship has its owned
assigned missions and has to be designed in accordance to the owners requirements and meet
all the standards and regulations applied.

The main objectives of ship design are:

To obtain a ship that will fulfil all range of its performance criteria required by all
stakeholders, these include operational performance such as speed, containment, fuel
consumption, safety, environment, accessibility and controllability; structural
performance such as strength, vibration, noise etc.

To prepare a design that can be realised efficiently by the shipyard that will build it
through its production processes, these include structural arrangement, materials to be
used, definition of ship components, outfitting to be installed, etc.

To prepare a ship that will bring benefit to all parties concerned including the owner,
the operator, the shippers, and the society at large, this is very much related to the
performance of the ship to be built include efficient and cost effective operation, easy
maintenance, safe to the people and cargo, and friendly to the environment.
















Figure 5.1 Ship Design Objectives

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5.3 DESIGN STAGES
The design process of an engineering product including shipbuilding can be described as the
selection of the product identification from the design variables, which are very much depend
on the complexity of the product. In shipbuilding the design process can be divided into three
distinct following stages: conceptual design, preliminary design, and detail design.
















































Preliminary design
Conceptual design
Detail design
Figure 5.2 Ship design stages



IDENTIFY THE NEEDS
DEFINE THE REQUIREMENTS
SELECT THE DESIGN CRITERIA
a) Conceptual Design
The conceptual design will influence much of the ships life cycle especially in relation
to the price of the ship and future operational cost including its capacity, operational
performance characteristics, types of technology involved, and the number and
qualification of human resources required.
The purpose of conceptual design is to figure out the general ship concept given by the
ships owner as to create a feasible design and measure of
steps:






Figure 5.3
Identify the needs
Since the ships economical life time would reach up to around
so, therefore in order to have a profitable ship
purpose and main operational tasks
usually based on the investigation of the future shipping
type and size of ships, the advancement of techno
development of maritime rules and regulations etc.
the ship owner together with
needs for the ship, so that the mission of the ship could be
Define the requirements
When the needs have been identified and the mission of the ship has been set up,
owner, shipping consultant
must be fulfilled as the basis
mission in both technical as well as economical aspects
the containment capacity, speed, fuel consumption
draft, and the cargo handling
Select the design criteria
Design criteria are more directed to the technical aspects of the ship and these are
mostly carried out by naval architects,
IDENTIFY THE NEEDS
DEFINE THE REQUIREMENTS
SELECT THE DESIGN CRITERIA
DEVELOP THE SOLUTION FRAMEWORK
conceptual design will influence much of the ships life cycle especially in relation
to the price of the ship and future operational cost including its capacity, operational
performance characteristics, types of technology involved, and the number and
lification of human resources required.
The purpose of conceptual design is to figure out the general ship concept given by the
as to create a feasible design and measure of merits using the following
Figure 5.3 Conceptual Design Process
Since the ships economical life time would reach up to around thirty to forty
in order to have a profitable ship it is worth considering the future
purpose and main operational tasks of the ship far in advance. The considerations are
usually based on the investigation of the future shipping trends, the development of
type and size of ships, the advancement of technology applied in ships
development of maritime rules and regulations etc. Upon considering all these aspects
the ship owner together with shipping consultant and naval architect
needs for the ship, so that the mission of the ship could be set up.
efine the requirements
When the needs have been identified and the mission of the ship has been set up,
, shipping consultant and the naval architect have to define requirements that
as the basis to ensure that the ship will be able to undertake its
both technical as well as economical aspects. Such requirements include
the containment capacity, speed, fuel consumption, and number of crews, maximum
draft, and the cargo handling system.
elect the design criteria
Design criteria are more directed to the technical aspects of the ship and these are
mostly carried out by naval architects, designers, and engineers. The design criteria
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conceptual design will influence much of the ships life cycle especially in relation
to the price of the ship and future operational cost including its capacity, operational
performance characteristics, types of technology involved, and the number and
The purpose of conceptual design is to figure out the general ship concept given by the
using the following
thirty to forty years or
it is worth considering the future
The considerations are
, the development of
logy applied in ships, the
Upon considering all these aspects
naval architect identify the
When the needs have been identified and the mission of the ship has been set up, the
and the naval architect have to define requirements that
to ensure that the ship will be able to undertake its
. Such requirements include
of crews, maximum
Design criteria are more directed to the technical aspects of the ship and these are
designers, and engineers. The design criteria

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include classification standards and rules to be adopted, materials of the ships
structure, principal dimensions of the ship, main propulsion system, type and capacity
of cargo handling equipment, structural system etc.
Develop the solution framework
In order to have a systematically flow of design process all the information,
requirements, and design criteria should be integrated with the design procedures in a
systematic framework of design planning, so that everyone concerned in the design of
the ship can easily follow the design processes.

b) Preliminary Design
At the preliminary design phase the naval architects, designers, and other engineers translate
the agreed concept design into several technical and theoretical drawings for calculation and
analysis, ship modelling, and simulation purposes using iterative processes which in known
as design spiral introduced by Evans .
















Figure 5.4 Design spiral

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In general preliminary design would include:
Hull form
Hull form is the hull shape of a ship, it is a central concept in floating vessel that provide
the buoyancy and is expressed by the lines plan, and body plan of the ship.
Structural arrangement
Structural arrangement is the design tasks dealing with choosing, calculating, and
locating the ships structural parts such as, hull and deck plating, framing system, webs,
beams and stiffeners, bulkheads, floors, engine sitting, etc.
General arrangement

The general arrangement of a ship can be defined as the assignment of spaces for all the
required functions and equipment, properly coordinated for location and access.

Weights and centres estimation
This is to estimate the position of Centre of Buoyancy, Centre of Gravity, and Metacentre of
the ship.
Hydrostatic and stability calculations
Hydrostatic and stability calculations are undertaken to estimate the changing of ships
draught, trim, and freeboard due to changes of weight and disposition of cargo.
Resistance and propulsion calculations
Resistance and propulsion calculations are undertaken to estimate the force that works
against the propulsion of the ship due to its speed, displacement, and hull form; and to
estimate the required power to overcome the resistance in order to achieve the desired
speed.
Auxiliary systems
Auxiliary systems are machinery and equipment beside main engine; they are ranging
from electrical generator engines, motors and pumps, air compressors, boiler, turbo
charger, deck cranes, mooring winches and windlass, inert gas plant, oily water
separator, heat exchanger, ventilation and air conditioning machinery, etc.
Electrical systems
Electrical systems are the systems that are related to the distribution of electrical power,
balancing the electrical load, and the arrangement of its control system.



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Outfitting system

Ship outfits are machinery and equipment that support the operational function of the
ship.

c) Detail/ Production Design
Detail design is carried out by shipyard, but usually there is a transitional design made by the
naval architects and the owner known as contract design, which is used as the basis for
construction bidding and contract with the shipyard. The detail design phase is the final phase
of development.
During this phase, ships structural components and assembly drawings are created; steel
sheets are nested and so on.

5.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
a) The main objectives of ship design are: the ship will fulfil the performance criteria, the
ship can be built efficiently, and will be beneficial to stakeholders.
b) There are three stages in ship design process i.e. concept design stage, preliminary design
stage, and detail design stage.