Properties of Eng I 02 Dub B

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS FOR USE
IN ROTATING MACHINERY AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES

Pt.2
William Martin Dubbs
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS FOR
USE IN ROTATING MACHINERY AT
CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES
by
WILLIAM MARTIN pUBBS, JR.
LIEUTENANT, UNITED STATES NAVY
B.S., United States Naval Academy
1967
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Ocean Engineer aîd the Degree of
Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
May, 1974
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MATERIAL
Pure Aluminum
(5)
AISI/SAE 4340 Steel
annealed
AISI 301 Stainless
Steel
(5)
(5)
Pure Ti
(5,8)
Ti-6A1-4V
(8)
,
extra
low interstitial
(5)
Ti-7Mn
Pure Magnesium
(5)
V (upper temp)
0.347 (RT)
0.287 (RT)
0.307 (RT)
0.338 (RT)
0.323 (RT)
0.313 (RT)
0.308 (RT)
V (lowest temp)
0.331 (4.2K)
0.268 (4.2K)
0.292 (20K)
0.305 (4.2K)
0.297 (20K)
0.302 (4.2K)
0.295 (4.2K)
Table 4.25 Poisson's Ratio of Various Materials
173.
MATERIAL
2014-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
longitudinal
>
2014-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
transverse
2219-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
longitudinal
2219-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
transverse
2219-T81
(8)
,
sheet
2219-T87
(8)
,
sheet
6061-T6
(8)
,
sheet
7039-T6
(8)
,
sheet
longitudinal
7039-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
transverse
Inconel X , sheet,
soln treated, aged,
longitudinal
(8)
Inconel X
, sheet,
soln treated, aged,
transverse
D-979
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed
(8)
E-787 Resin
v
', S/901
cloth reinf.
E-787 Resin
(8)
,
S/901
1543 cloth reinf.
E-787 Resin
(8)
,
S/901
cloth reinf.
,
unidirectional
filament
uts
(upper temp)
45000 (RT)
44000 (RT)
37000 (RT)
42000 (RT)
42000 (RT)
43000 (RT)
32000 (RT)
40000 (RT)
40000 (RT)
112000 (RT)
115000 (RT)
102000 (RT)
8000 (RT)
8000 (RT)
8000 (RT)
uts
(lowest temp)
60000 (20K)
61000 (20K)
62000 (20K)
64000 (20K)
58000 (20K)
65000 (20K)
52000 (20K)
54000 (20K)
48000 (20K)
147000 (20K)
142000 (20K)
125000 (20K)
10000 (20K)
10300 (20K)
8900 (20K)
Table 4.26 Shear Strength of Various Materials in PSI
174.
MATERIAL
E-787 Resin
(8)
,
cloth reinf
.
,
bidirectional
filament
uts
(upper temp)
S/901 5300 (RT)
DER 332/DEH 50 Resin
S/901 cloth reinf.
bidirectional
filament
(8)
DER 332 /BF Resin
(8)
S/901 cloth reinf.
,
bidirectional
filament
Selectron 5158 Resin
S/901 cloth reinf.,
bidirectional
filament
(8)
5000 (RT)
3200 (RT)
3300 (RT)
uts
(lowest temp)
6700 (20K)
9300 (20K)
4600 (20K)
3300 (20K)
Table 4.26 Shear Strength of Various Materials in PSI (cont.)
175.
MATERIAL G (upper temp) G (lowest temp)
Pure Aluminum
(5)
3.8 x 10 (RT)
AISI/SAE 4340 ,Steel
(5)
11.5 x 10
6
(RT)
annealed
AISI 301 Stainless
Steel
(5)
Ti-6A1-4V
(5)
,
Titanium Alloy
Ti-7Mn
(5)
,
Titanium Alloy
.(5)
Pure Titanium
Pure Magnesium
(5)
Pure Molybdenum
(5)
11.4 x 10 (RT)
6.1 x 10 (RT)
6.1 x 10 (RT)
5.7 x 10 (RT)
2.4 x 10
6
(RT)
16.5 x 10 (RT)
4.3 x 10 (4.2K)
12.5 x 10
6
(4.2K)
12.5 x 10 (4.2K)
6.9 x 10 (4.2K)
6.9 x 10 (4.2K)
6.6 x 10 (4.2K)
2.7 x 10
6
(4.2K)
17.2 x 10 (4.2K)
Table 4.27 Modulus of Ridigidy of Various Materials in PSI
176.
MATERIAL
1100-0
(7,8)
,
bar, (Izod)
1100
(17)
, 3/4 hard,
(Charpy k-notch)
1100-H14
(7,8)
,
bar,
(Charpy v-notch)
1100-H16
(7
'
8)
,
bar,
(Charpy k-notch)
2014-T6
(8)
,
plate,
(Charpy v-notch)
2020-T6
(8:>
,
bar,
(Charpy v-notch)
2024-T4
(7
'
8)
,
bar,
(Charpy v-notch)
2024-T86
(8)
,
bar,
(Charpy v-notch)
3003-H12
(7)
,
bar,
(Charpy k-notch)
5052-F
(7)
,
plate,
(Charpy v-notch)
5086-0
(7
'
19)
,
(Charpy v-notch)
5l54-0
(7)
,
(Charpy v-notch)
5456-H343
(8)
,
plate,
(unspecified), longitudinal
5456-H343
(8)
,
plate,
(unspecified), transverse
6053-T6
(7)
,
bar,
(Charpy k-notch)
Impact Energy
(upper temp)
19 (RT)
27 (RT)
71 (RT)
29 (RT)
2.5 (RT)
1.5 (RT)
9.5 (RT)
3.5 (RT)
17 (RT)
100 (RT)
13.5 (RT)
98 (RT)
9.5 (RT)
6 (RT)
80 (RT)
Impact Energy
(lowest temp)
25 (80K)
36 (20K)
75 (20K)
38 (20K)
4 (20K)
15 (77.6K)
7 (20K)
3.5 (20K)
22 (75K)
48 (20K)
10.7 (20K)
53 (20K)
7.5 (20K)
5 (20K)
80 (75K)
Table 4.28 Impact Energy of Aluminum and Aluminum
Alloys in Foot-Pounds
177,
MATERIAL Impact Energy Impact Energy
(upper temp) (lowest temp)
6061-T
(17)
,
10 (RT) 12 (20K)
(Charpy k-notch)
6061-T6
(7)
,
bar, 9 (RT) 12 (20K)
(Charpy k-notch)
6061-T6
(8)
,
plate, 12.5 (RT) 13 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch)
,
longitudinal
6061-T6
(8)
,
plate, 9 (RT) 10 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch)
,
transverse
7039-T6
(8)
,
plate, 7.5 (RT) 7.5 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch),
longitudinal
7039-T6
(8)
,
plate, 6 (RT) . 4 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch)
,
transverse
7039-T61
(8)
,
plate, 13 (RT) 9 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch),
longitudinal
7039-T61
(8)
,
plate 8 (RT) 6 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch)
,
transverse
7075-T
(17)
,
5 (RT) 5 (20K)
(Charpy k-notch)
I75-T6
(7,8)
,
rod,
(Charpy v-notch)
I75-T6
(7,8)
,
rod,
(Charpy k-notch)
I75-T6
(
(Izod)
7075-T6
(7,8)
,
rod, 5.5 (RT) 4 (20K)
py
v-i
7075-T6
(7,8)
,
rod, 4 (RT) 5 (20K)
py
1
7075-T6
(7)
,
extrusions 7 (RT) NO DATA
Alloys in Foot-Pounds (cont.)
178.
7079-T6
(7)
,
forged, 4 (RT) 3 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch)
I5-T6
, sand ca:
(Charpy k-notch)
6-T6
,
sand cai
(Charpy k-notch)
195-T6
(7)
,
sand cast, 2 (RT) 2 (75K)
:rpy
356-T6
(7)
,
sand cast, 1 (RT) 1 (75K)
179.
MATERIAL Notched Tensile
Strength
Notched Tensile
Strength
2014-T6
(8)
,
(k
t
=3.5)
sheet, 75500 (RT) 101000 (20K)
2014-T6
(8)
,
(k
t
=3.8)
sheet, 77000 (RT) 103000 (20K)
2014-T6
(8)
,
(k
t
=7.2)
sheet, 76000 (RT) 84000 (20K)
2014-T6
(8)
,
(k
t
=8)
sheet, 70000 (RT) 82000 (20K)
2014-T6
(8)
,
(k
t
=13)
sheet, 63000 (RT) 73000 (20K)
2014-T6
(8)
,
(k
fc
=21)
sheet, 63500 (RT) 70000 (20K)
2014-T651
(8>
(k
t
=16)
,
plate, 83000 (RT) 102000 (20K)
2219-T62
(8)
(k
t
=3.5),
sheet,
longitudinal
63000 (RT) 92000 (20K)
2219-T62
(8)
(k
t
=3.5),
sheet,
transverse
67000 (RT) 88000 (20K)
2219-T62
(8)
,
sheet,
(k =8) , longitudinal
57000 (RT) 73000 (20K)
2219-T62
(8)
,
sheet,
(k =8), transverse
57000 (RT) 74000 (20K)
2219-T62
(8)
(k
t
=21), :
sheet,
.ongitudinal
47000 (RT) 67000 (20K)
2219-T62
(8)
(k
t
=21), 1
, sheet,
:ransverse
47000 (RT) 58000 (20K)
2219-T851
(8
'
(k
t
=16)
,
plate 84000 (RT) 106000 (4.2K)
Table 4.29 Notched Tensile Strength of Aluminum
and Aluminum Alloys in PSI
180.
MATERIAL
2618-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
(k =3.5), longitudinal
2618-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
(k =3.5), transverse
2618-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
(k =8), longitudinal
2618-T6
(8)
, sheet,
(k =8) , transverse
2618-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
2618-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
(k =13) , transverse
2618-T62
(8)
,
sheet,
2618-T62
(8)
,
sheet,
2618-T62
(8)
,
sheet,
2618-T62
(8)
,
sheet,
(k =8), transverse
2618-T651
(8)
,
plate
(k
t
=16)
5052-H38
(8)
,
sheet,
5052-H38
(8)
,
sheet,
5083-0
(8
'
24)
,
plate,
(k
t
=14)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
64000 (RT)
63000 (RT)
60000 (RT)
57000 (RT)
57000 (RT)
55000 (RT)
64000 (RT)
64000 (RT)
59000 (RT)
57000 (RT)
82000 (RT)
46500 (RT)
50000 (RT)
50500 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
89000 (20K)
85000 (20K)
75000 (20K)
71000 (20K)
71000 (20K)
67000 (20K)
88000 (20K)
85000 (20K)
71000 (20K)
69000 (20K)
98000 (4.2K)
77500 (20K)
79000 (20K)
63000 (4.2K)
and Aluminum Alloys in PSI (cont.)
181.
MATERIAL Notched Tensile
Strength
Notched Tensile
Strength
5083-H39
(8)
,
sheet,
69000 (RT) 91000 (20K)
5083-H39
(8)
,
sheet,
77000 (RT) 96000 (20K)
5083-H113
(8
'
24)
,
plate,
(k
t
=14)
62000 (RT) 73500 (4.2K)
(24)
5086-0
v
,
plate,
(k
t
=14)
47000 (RT) 60000 (20K)
5086-H34
(8)
,
sheet,
48000 (RT) 72000 (20K)
5086-H34
(8)
,
sheet,
47000 (RT) 58000 (20K)
5086-H34
(8)
,
sheet,
(k
t
=10)
47000 (RT) 65000 (20K)
5086-H34
(8)
,
sheet,
(k
t
=ll)
89000 (RT) 86000 (20K)
5086-H34
(24)
,
plate,
(k
t
=14)
63000 (RT) 73000 (20K)
5154-H38
(8
\
sheet
49000 (RT) 77500 (20K)
5154-H38
(8)
,
sheet,
54000 (RT) 77500 (20K)
5456-0
(24)
,
plate
(k
t
=14)
50000 (RT) 60000 (20K)
(24)
5456-H321
v ;
,
plate,
(k
t
=14)
59000 (RT) 71000 (20K)
6061-T6
(8)
,
sheet, 48000 (RT) 70000 (20K)
(k not given)
182,
MATERIAL
6061-T651
(8)
,
plate,
(k not given),
longitudinal
6061=T651
(8)
,
plate,
(k not given),
transverse
7002-T6
(8)
(k
t
=7.2)
7002-T6
(8)
(k
fc
=7.2)
7002-T6
(8)
(k
t
=13),
7002-T6
(8)
(k
t
=13),
7039-T6
(8)
(k
t
=3.5)
7039-T6
(8)
(k
fc
=3.5)
7039-T6
(8)
7039-T6
7075-T6
(8)
(k
t
=7.2)
7075-T6
(8)
(k
t
=7.2)
7079-T6
(8)
(k
t
=7.2)
plate,
longitudinal
plate,
transverse
plate,
longitudinal
plate,
transverse
sheet,
longitudinal
sheet,
transverse
sheet,
(8)
sheet,
(k =8), transverse
sheet,
longitudinal
sheet,
transverse
sheet
,
longitudinal
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
69000 (RT)
68000 (RT)
92000 (RT)
87000 (RT)
70000 (RT)
70000 (RT)
69000 (RT)
71000 (RT)
66000 (RT)
63000 (RT)
76000 (RT)
75000 (RT)
84000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
90000 (4.2K)
87000 (4.2K)
103000 (20K)
97000 (20K)
89000 (20K)
81000 (20K)
94000 (20K)
92000 (20K)
79000 (20K)
69000 (20K)
87000 (20K)
82000 (20K)
78000 (20K)
183,
MATERIAL
7079-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
7079-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
7079-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
7079-T6
(8)
,
billet,
7079-T6
(8)
,
billet,
7178-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
7178-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
7178-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
7178-T6
(8)
,
sheet,
7178-T6
(8)
,
plate,
(k
t
=10)
354-T62
(25)
,
plate,
(k >16)
,
permanent
mold cast
356-T61
(8)
,
cast,
(k
t
=16)
356-T62
(25)
,
plate,
(k >16)
,
permanent
mold cast
(25)
B-218-F^ , sand cast,
(k
t
>16)
Notched Tensile Notched Tensile
Strength Strength
82000 (RT) 77000 (20K)
71000 (RT) 59000 (20K)
62000 (RT) 43000 (20K)
94000 (RT) 65000 (20K)
89000 (RT) 55000 (20K)
92000 (RT) 62000 (20K)
84000 (RT) 56000 (20K)
47000 (RT) 32000 (20K)
52000 (RT) 32000 (20K)
64000 (RT) 38000 (20K)
54200 (RT) 57200 (20K)
42000 (RT) 62000 (4.2K)
46200 (RT) 63300 (20K)
43800 (RT) 20000 (20K)
184.
MATERIAL IMPACT ENERGY
(upper temp)
PURE COPPER
(22)
Pure Copper ,
annealed (Charpy
v-notch)
61 (RT)
(22)
Pure Copper ,
aged, (Charpy
v-notch)
90 (RT)
(22)
Pure Copper ,
60% cold drawn,
(Charpy v-notch)
95 (RT)
OFHC Copper
(
,
annealed, (Charpy
k-notch)
57 (RT)
OFHC Copper
(7)
,
annealed, (Izod)
42 (RT)
OFHC Copper
(8)
,
95 (RT)
60% cold reduced,
(Charpy v-notch)
OFHC Copper
(18)
,
(Charpy key-hole)
56 (RT)
COPPER-ZINC ALLOYS (BRASS)
/
22^
Commercial Bronze
'
115 (RT)
90Cu,10Zn, annealed,
(Charpy v-notch)
Red Brass
(8)
,
96 (RT)
84.7Cu,15.3Zn,
14% cold reduced,
(Charpy v-notch)
Admiralty Brass ' , 107 (RT)
72.5Cu,27.5An,
annealed, (Charpy
v-notch)
IMPACT ENERGY
(lowest temp)
72 (20K)
115 (20K)
83 (20K)
72 (20K)
50 (90K)
83 (20K)
72 (20K)
117 (20K)
76 (20K)
109 (20K)
Table 4.30 Impact Energy of Copper and Copper
Alloys in Foot-Pounds
185.
MATERIAL
60Cu,39Zn,lSn
(22)
,
annealed, (Charpy
v-notch)
/ON
Naval Brass
,
60.3Cu,39.7Zn,
annealed,
(Charpy v-notch)
COPPER-TIN ALLOYS (BRONZE)
(8)
IMPACT ENERGY
(upper temp)
37 (RT)
38 (RT)
Aluminum Bronze D
annealed,
(Charpy v-notch)
(8)
Nickel Aluminum
Bronze, sand cast,
(Charpy v-notch)
(8 22)
Phosphor Bronze A
*
85% cold drawn,
(Charpy v-notch)
(22)
Phosphor Bronze D ,
37% cold drawn,
(Charpy v-notch)
COPPER SILICON ALLOYS
110 (RT)
10 (RT)
106 (RT)
50 (RT)
Silicon Bronze A^
annealed,
(Charpy v-notch)
(22)
112 (RT)
73 (RT) Silicon Bronze
hard, (Charpy
v-notch)
COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS
Copper Nickel 10
(8,22)
114.5 (RT)
annealed,
(Charpy v-notch)
IMPACT ENERGY
(lowest temp)
35 (20K)
30 (20K)
66 (20K)
6 (20K)
51 (20K)
20 (20K)
117 (20K)
52 (20K)
115.5 (20K)
186.
MATERIAL IMPACT ENERGY
(upper temp)
72 (RT)
7 (RT)
Copper Nickel 30
(8,22)
115 (RT)
annealed,
(Charpy v-notch)
Copper-Nickel-
(8)
110 (RT)
Silicon, aged,
(not specified)
COPPER-BERYLLIUM ALLOYS
Beryllium Copper ,
wrought, cold
drawn, 1/2 hard,
97.7Cu,2Be, 0.3Co,
(Charpy v-notch)
Beryllium Copper
,
wrought, cold
drawn, 1/2 hard,
age hardened,
97.7Cu,2Be,0.3Co,
(Charpy k-notch)
Beryllium Copper
, 105 (RT)
wrought, soln
treated, 97.7Cu,
2Be, 0.3Co,
(Charpy k-notch)
Beryllium Copper , 2 (RT)
cast, soln
treated, age
hardened, 97.4Cu,
2Be, 0.6Co,
(Charpy k-notch)
Beryllium Copper
(8)
,
72 (RT)
1/2 hard,
(Charpy v-notch)
IMPACT ENERGY
(lowest temp)
115 (20K)
116 (20K)
55 (20K)
8 (90K)
75 (90K)
2 (90K)
50 (20K)
187.
MATERIAL
Beryllium Cobalt
^
Bronze, wrought,
cold drawn to
1/2 hard, 96.8Cu,
2.6Co, 0.6Be,
(Charpy v-notch)
Beryllium Cobalt
"'
Bronze, cast,
soln treated,
aged hardened,
96.8Cu,2.6Co,0.6Be,
(Charpy k-notch)
Beryllium Zinc
Bronze, wrought,
cold drawn,
1/4 hard, age
hardened, 98Cu,
l.lBe,0.9Zn,
(Charpy k-notch)
IMPACT ENERGY
(upper temp)
23 (RT)
IMPACT ENERGY
(lowest temp)
24 (20K)
10 (RT) 12 (90K)
12 (RT) 12 (90K)
188.
MATERIAL
COPPER-ZINC ALLOYS (BRASS
)
( 8 22 ^
Commercial Bronze
'
90Cu, lOZn, (k =4.7)
Red Brass , 84.7Cu,
15.3Zn, 19% cold reduced,
(k
t
=4.7)
(8)
Admiralty Brass
,
72.5Cu, 27.5Zn, annealed,
(k
t
=4.7)
(8)
Naval Brass
, 60.3Cu,
39.7Zn, annealed,
(k
t
=4.7)
COPPER-TIN ALLOYS (BRONZE)
Aluminum Bronze D
(8)
(8)
annealed, (k =4.7)
Nickel Aluminum Bronze
sand cast, (k =4.7)
( 8 22}
Phosphor Bronze A
'
,
85% cold drawn, (k -4.7)
Silicon Bronze A
(8)
annealed, (k =4.7)
Copper Nickel 10
(8,22)
annealed, (k =4.7)
Copper Nickel 30
(8,22)
,
annealed, (k =4.7)
Copper-Nickel-Silicon
aged, (k =4.7)
(8)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
.
50000 (RT)
54000 (RT)
54000 (RT)
75000 (RT)
122000 (RT)
105000 (RT)
135000 (RT)
80000 (RT)
65000 (RT)
80000 (RT)
190000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
79000 (4.2K)
74000 (4.2K)
86000 (4.2K)
115000 (4.2K)
160000 (4.2K)
119000 (4.2K)
185000 (4.2K)
121000 (4.2K)
100000 (4.2K)
130000 (4.2K)
215000 (4.2K)
Table 4.31 Notched Tensile Strength of Copper
and Copper Alloys in PSI
189.
MATERIAL
Commercially Pure Nickel
annealed, (Charpy
v-notch)
(7)
,
annealed, (Izod)
,
cold drawn, (Charpy
v-notch)
,
hot rolled, (Charpy
v-notch)
(8)
Inconel 718 , forging,
annealed, aged,
transverse,
(Charpy v-notch)
Rene 41 , bar,
soln treated,
(Charpy v-notch)
AL-718
(6)
,
bar, double
annealed, (Charpy v-notch)
(8)
L-605 ,
soln treated,
(Charpy v-notch)
Impact Energy
(upper temp)
215 (RT)
90 (RT)
185 (RT)
195 (RT)
, 35 (RT)
as cast, (not specified)
Hastelloy B
(
, 38 (RT)
(Charpy u-notch)
Hastelloy C
(7
'
18)
,
56 (RT)
(Charpy v-notch)
Hastelloy X
(8)
,
76 (RT)
(Charpy v-notch)
(8)
Inconel 718 , forging, 50 (RT)
annealed, aged,
longitudinal,
(Charpy v-notch)
20 (RT)
15 (RT)
29 (RT)
55 (RT)
Impact Energy
(lowest temp)
235 (75K)
100 (90K)
212 (80K)
230 (80K)
38 (78K)
33 (20K)
44 (20K)
38 (20K)
43 (20K)
25 (20K)
11 (20K)
25 (20K)
35 (20K)
Table 4.32 Impact Energy of Nickel and
Nickel Alloys in Foot-Pounds
190.
MATERIAL
Hastelloy B
v
, sheet
20% cold reduced, (k =7.2)
(8)
Hastelloy B
v
, sheet,
40% cold reduced, (k =7.2)
Hastelloy C , sheet,
20% cold reduced, (k
fc
=7.2)
(8)
20% cold reduced,
aged, (k
t
=7.2)
soln treated, (k =7.2)
Inconel 718 , sheet,
annealed and aged,
Inconel 718
(
,
sheet,
annealed and aged,
(k =7), transverse
Inconel 718 , sheet,
cold reduced, aged,
(k
fc
=7.2)
Inconel X
,
sheet,
soln treated, aged,
(k
t
=7)
K-Monel^ , sheet,
soln treated, aged
(k
t
=10)
(8)
Rene 41 , sheet,
/ON
Rene 41 , sheet,
soln treated, (k =10)
Rene 41 , sheet,
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
155000 (RT)
230000 (RT)
182000 (RT)
172000 (RT)
105000 (RT)
205000 (RT)
205000 (RT)
250000 (RT)
172000 (RT)
90000 (RT)
168000 (RT)
180000 (RT)
147000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
210000 (20K)
300000 (20K)
245000 (20K)
232000 (20K)
155000 (20K)
255000 (20K)
250000 (20K)
300000 (20K)
200000 (20K)
130000 (20K)
219000 (20K)
197000 (20K)
172000 (20K)
Table 4.33 Notched Tensile Strength of Nickel
and Nickel Alloys in PSI
191.
MATERIAL
AL-718
(6)
forging
annealed, (k =6.3)
AL-718
(6)
,
strip
cold rolled, (k
t
=6.5)
AL-718
(6)
strip,
cold rolled, aged,
(k
t
=6.3)
D-979
(8)
sheet,
annealed, (k =3,
D-979
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed, (k =8)
L-605
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed, (k =8)
5)
L-605
(8)
sheet,
20% cold reduced,
(k
t
=7.2)
L-605
(8)
sheet,
40% cold reduced,
(k
t
=7.2)
R-235
(8)
sheet,
soln treated,
(k
t
=7.2)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
271000 (RT)
NO DATA
182000 (RT)
146000 (RT)
130000 (RT)
115000 (RT)
170000 (RT)
240000 (RT)
97000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
308000 (20K)
316000 (20K)
236000 (77.6K)
200000 (20K)
169000 (20K)
200000 (20K)
270000 (20K)
280000 (20K)
140000 (20K)
Table 4.33 Notched Tensile Strength of Nickel
and Nickel Alloys in PSI (cont.)
192.
MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION STEEL
AISI/SAE 1043
(21)
,
plate,
(unnotched)
AISI/SAE 2330
(7
\
quenched,
tempered, (Charpy k-notch)
AISI/SAE 2330
(7
\
normalized, (Charpy
k-notch)
AISI/SAE
2800^
, double
normalized, stress
relieved, (Charpy
v-notch)
AISI/SAE 4340
(8)
,
quenched,
tempered, (Charpy
v-notch)
AISI/SAE 8630
(7)
,
normalized, (Charpy,
k-notch)
AISI/SAE
8630
',
quenched,
tempered, (Charpy
k-notch)
9% Ni Steel
"'
t
double
normalized, stress
relieved, (Charpy
k-notch)
9% Ni Steel
(11)
,
double
normalized, tempered,
(Charpy v-notch)
9% Ni Steel'
,
quenched
tempered, (Charpy
v-notch
18% Ni Maraging Steel
(
,
soln treated, aged,
(Charpy v-notch)
Impact Energy
(upper temp)
145 (RT)
36 (RT)
18 (RT)
112 (RT)
12 (RT)
29 (RT)
39 (RT)
48 (RT)
100 (RT)
99 (RT)
23 (RT)
Impact Energy
(lowest temp)
(77K)
17 (20K)
3 (20K)
30 (20K)
5 (20K)
3 (20K)
5 (20K)
21 (20K)
25 (20K)
36 (20K)
17 (20K)
Table 4.34 Impact Energy of Ferrous
Materials in Foot-Pounds
193.
MATERIAL
INVAR ^, bar, cold
reduced, (Charpy k-notch)
STAINLESS STEEL-AUSTENITIC
AISI 303
(8)
,
bar,
cold reduced,
(Charpy k-notch)
Impact Energy
(upper temp)
26 (RT)
50 (RT)
AISI 304
v
,
annealed, 78 (RT)
(Charpy k-notch)
AISI 304
(7)
,
cold drawn 26 (RT)
to 210000 UTS,
(Charpy k-notch)
AISI 304
(8)
,
bar, cold 25 (RT)
drawn to 211000 UTS,
(Charpy k-notch)
AISI 304
(6)
,
plate, 110 (RT)
(Charpy v-notch)
AISI
310^
,
plate, 100 (RT)
(Charpy v-notch)
AISI 316
(6)
,
plate, 110 (RT)
(Charpy v-notch)
CAST STAINLESS STEEL
CF-8, annealed
(Charpy k-notch)
75 (RT)
Impact Energy
(lowest temp)
20 (20K)
42 (20K)
80 (20K)
26 (20K)
25 (20K)
90 (20K)
80 (20K)
90 (20K)
52 (20K)
Table 4.34 Impact Energy of Ferrous Materials
in Foot-Pounds (cont.)
194.
MATERIAL
CONSTRUCTION STEEL
(8)
(8)
(8)
,
soln treated, aged,
(k
t
=7.2)
AISI 301
(8)
,
sheet,
3/4 hard, (k
t
=7.2),
longitudinal
AISI 301
(8)
,
sheet,
3/4 hard, (k
fc
=7.2),
transverse
AISI 301
(8)
extra full
hard, (k =7.2)
AISI 304
(8)
,
sheet,
extra low carbon,
full hard, (k =3.8),
longitudinal
AISI 304
(8)
,
sheet,
extra low carbon,
transverse
AISI 304
(8)
,
sheet,
extra low carbon,
longitudinal
AISI 304
(
,
sheet,
extra low carbon,
transverse
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
180000 (RT)
210000 (RT)
330000 (RT)
200000 (RT)
187500 (RT)
240000 (RT)
190000 (RT)
220000 (RT)
200000 (RT)
220000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
330000 (20K)
130000 (20K)
260000 (20K)
248000 (20K)
152500 (20K)
310000 (20K)
315000 (20K)
365000 (20K)
315000 (20K)
335000 (20K)
Table 4.35 Notched Tensile Strength of Ferrous
Materials in PSI
195.
MATERIAL
AISI 304
(8)
,
sheet,
extra low carbon,
full hard, (k
t
=21)
,
longitudinal
AISI 304
(8)
,
sheet,
extra low carbon,
full hard, (k =21),
transverse
AISI 304l/
6
\
strip
cold rolled,
full hard, (k
fc
=6.3)
AISI 310
(8)
,
sheet,
75% cold reduced,
(k
t
=3.8), longitudinal
AISI 310
(8)
,
sheet,
75% cold reduced,
AISI 310
(8)
,
sheet,
75% cold reduced,
AISI
310^
,
sheet,
75% cold reduced,
AISI 310
(
, sheet,
75% cold reduced,
AISI 310
(8)
,
sheet,
75% cold reduced,
(k =21), transverse
AISI 310
(6)
,
strip,
cold rolled, extra
hard, (k
t
=6.3)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
170000 (RT)
144000 (RT)
192000 (RT)
200000 (RT)
215000 (RT)
200000 (RT)
200000 (RT)
160000 (RT)
120000 (RT)
197000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
240000 (20K)
208000 (20K)
302000 (20K)
340000 (20K)
385000 (20K)
330000 (20K)
330000 (20K)
210000 (20K)
190000 (20K)
312000 (20K)
Materials in PSI (cont.)
196.
MATERIAL
AISI 347
(8)
,
plate,
annealed, (k =6.3)
A-286
, soln treated,
(k
t
=3.5)
A-286
v
,
soln treated,
(k
t
=7.2)
/ON
A-286 , soln treated,
(k
t
=10)
(8)
AM-350
, sub-zero cooled,
tempered, (k =6.6)
AM-355
(
, sheet,
cold rolled, tempered,
AM-355
(8)
,
sheet,
cold rolled, tempered,
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
105000 (RT)
185000 (RT)
135000 (RT)
80000 (RT)
80000 (RT)
255000 (RT)
230000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
195000 (4.2K)
255000 (20K)
200000 (20K)
130000 (20K)
210000 (20K)
125000 (20K)
125000 (20K)
Materials in PSI (cont.)
197.
TITANIUM-ALPHA
Commercially Pure T:T , 14 (RT) 4 (20K)
annealed, (Charpy
k-notch)
Commercially Pure Ti'
8
, 60 (RT) 12 (20K)
annealed, 40000 PSI yield,
longitudinal, (Charpy
v-notch)
Commercially Pure Ti
(8)
, 46 (RT) 14 (20K)
annealed, 40000 PSI yield,
transverse, (charpy
v-notch)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(8)
,
normal 23 (RT)
8'
(20K)
interstitial, annealed,
(Charpy v-notch)
TITANIUM-ALPHA-BETA
Ti-4Al-4Mn
(7
\
annealed, 10 (RT) 3 (20K)
(Charpy k-notch)
Ti-6A1-4V
(8)
,
soln 17 (RT) 12 (20K)
treated, aged,
(Charpy v-notch)
Ti-6A1-4V
(8)
,
normal 22 (RT) 8 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch)
Ti-6A1-4V
(8
\
extra low 18 (RT) 12 (20K)
(Charpy v-notch)
TITANIUM-BETA
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
(8)
,
5 (RT) 3 (20K)
soln treated,
(Charpy v-notch)
Table 4.36 Impact Energy of Titanium and
Titanium Alloys in Foot-Pounds
198.
MATERIAL
TITANIUM-ALPHA
annealed, (k =6.3)
annealed, (k =7.2)
(8)
(8)
(8)
annealed, (k =13.6)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn^ , sheet,
annealed, (k =3)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed, extra low
interstitial, (k
t
=7.2)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed, extra low
interstitial, (k =21)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed, normal
interstitial, (k =3.5)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed, normal
interstitial, (k =7.2)
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(8
\
sheet,
annealed, normal
interstitial, (k
t
=21)
Ti-7Al-12Zr
(8)
,
sheet,
(k
=7.
2), longitudinal
Ti-7Al-12Zr
(8)
,
sheet,
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed, (k =3.5)
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
(8)
,
sheet
,
annealed, (k =7.2)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
150000 (RT)
100000 (RT)
75000 (RT)
175000 (RT)
150000 (RT)
115000 (RT)
160000 (RT)
150000 (RT)
125000 (RT)
175000 (RT)
180000 (RT)
175000 (RT)
155000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
235000 (20K)
160000 (20K)
125000 (20K)
295000 (20K)
230000 (20K)
120000 (20K)
270000 (20K)
180000 (20K)
110000 (20K)
140000 (20K)
155000 (20K)
280000 (20K)
180000 (20K)
Table 4.37 Notched Tensile Strength of Titanium
and Titanium Alloys in PSI
199.
MATERIAL
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
(8)
,
sheet
,
annealed, (k =8)
TI-8AI-IM0-IV
(8)
,
sheet
,
annealed, (k =10)
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
^
, sheet
,
duplex annealed, (k =3.5)
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV
(8)
,
sheet,
duplex annealed, (k =8)
Ti-8Al-2Cb-lTa
(8)
,
sheet,
annealed, (k =7.2),
longitudinal
Ti-8Al-2Cb-lTa
(8)
, sheet,
annealed, (k =7.2),
transverse
TITANIUM-ALPHA-BET
A
Ti-6A1-4V
(5)
annealed,
Ti-6A1-4V
(8)
extra low interstitial,
annealed,
T1-6A1-4V
(8)
T1-6A1-4V
(8)
Ti-6A1-4V
(8)
sheet,
k
t
=3)
sheet,
k
t
=3.5)
sheet
,
annealed
,
k
fc
=7.2)
sheet,
annealed, k
t
=8)
sheet
,
annealed, k
t
=21)
TITANIUM-BETA
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
(8)
,
sheet,
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
150000 (RT)
145000 (RT)
170000 (RT)
160000 (RT)
151000 (RT)
151000 (RT)
162000 (RT)
170000 (RT)
165000 (RT)
160000 (RT)
135000 (RT)
195000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
140000 (20K)
140000 (20K)
250000 (20K)
160000 (20K)
207000 (20K)
192000 (20K)
300000 (20K)
300000 (20K)
190000 (20K)
175000 (20K)
110000 (20K)
100000 (20K)
and Titanium Alloys in PSI (cont.)
200.
MATERIAL Notched Tensile Notched Tensile
Strength Strength
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
(8
\
sheet, 165000 (RT) 130000 (20K)
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
(8)
,
sheet, 155000 (RT) 90000 (20K)
and Titanium Alloys in PSI (cont.)
201.
MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
Commercially Pure Magnesium
,
extruded, (Charpy k-notch)
3 (RT) 3.5 (20K)
Commercially Pure Magnesium
,
cast, (Charpy k-notch)
3 (RT) 3 (20K)
AZ31B-0
(7,20)
,
(Charpy v-notch) 5.9 (RT) 3 (20K)
AZ31B^ , extruded,
(Charpy k-notch)
4 (RT) 4 (20K)
HM21A-T8
(7
'
20)
,
(Charpy
v-notch)
1.5 (RT) 1.25 (20K)
HK31A-01
(7,2
\
(Charpy
v-notch)
4 (RT) 3.3 (20K)
ZK60A-T5^ , extruded
(Charpy v-notch)
5 (RT) 3 (20K)
ZE10A-H10
(7
'
20)
,
(Charpy
v-notch)
7 (RT) 4.7 (20K)
HM31A-F
(20)
,
(Charpy v-notch)
4.6 (RT) 4.3 (77K)
OTHER METALS
Commercially Pure Lead
(Charpy k-notch)
12 (RT) 24 (20K)
Table 4.38 Impact Energy of Miscellaneous
Metals in Foot-Pounds
202.
MATERIAL
Tantalum
,
bar
,
wrought, stress
relieved, (k =3)
Tantalum , bar,
recrystallized, (k =3)
Columbium , bar,
wrought, stress
relieved, (k =3)
Columbium , bar,
recrystallized, (k =3)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(upper temp)
95000 (RT)
54000 (RT)
67000 (RT)
46000 (RT)
Notched Tensile
Strength
(lowest temp)
293000 (20K)
197000 (20K)
258000 (20K)
136000 (20K)
Table 4.39 Notched Tensile Strength of
Miscellaneous Metals in PSI
203.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
TFE Teflon
(8
\
sheet, 2.2 (RT) 1 (20K)
15% graphite filled,
(Izod)
TFE Teflon
(8)
,
sheet, 2 (RT) 1.25 (20K)
65% bronze filled,
(Izod)
TFE Teflon
^
8)
,
sheet, 1.5 (RT) 0.8 (20K)
25% asbestos filled,
(Izod)
FEP Teflon
(8)
,
sheet, 38 (RT) 25 (20K)
116 glass cloth reinf.,
through fabric,
(izod)
FEP Teflon
(8)
,
sheet 29 (RT) 18 (20K)
with fabric,
(izod)
TFE Teflon
(8
\
sheet, 12 (RT) 11 (20K)
through fabric,
(izod)
TFE Teflon
(8)
,
sheet, 1.5 (RT) 0.5 (20K)
with fabric,
(izod)
POLYMERS
Nylon
(8)
,
Type 101, 0.5 (RT) 0.6 (20K)
sheet, (Izod)
TFE Teflon
(8)
,
sheet, 2 (RT) 1.7 (20K)
52.5-71% crystallinity,
(Izod)
KEL-F
(8)
,
sheet, 1.25 (RT) 1.4 (20K)
60-70% crystallinity,
(Izod)
Table 4.40 Impact Energy of Composite Materials and
Polymers in Foot-Pounds per Inch of Notch
204.
CO
o
CO CM rH CN CO
^s o O O o
p. rH /-v
X
o
rH
X
CO
rH rH
c
3 X
/-N m ^-n
X
o
m
->.
X *-N
4J VP
Ui

W O VO
^ O M M
#>
<f Ov o rH o rH vO o F-l CO o
3
4J r^ o O r^ O CTi O
fn co i~^
ft
CM
ft
CM > r-~
ft
CM
ft
CO CM
O) O
v-"
O
^
O
v^
o
^
O
w
O
-'
O
>-
.3 S
o O O o O o O
60 o o O O o O o O
H t-i r^ CO m o r~- m O
PC
^-^
<r r^ r^- o VO CO vO
r>.
o
r-{
rH
vp VD vo VP
~N O O o o
6
p. rH s-\ rH rH
-\
rH
3
a ^ C
<D X
o
X
^^ r~ /N X
o
X
/-"N r^ /"N r^
/-*\
H
3
4-1 VP
^ O
VP
O w o Ui
CO

CO rH o <f

CM o T-i rH o
3
M 4-1 r~ O o r^ O Ov O T-i
C W
A
r-~
ft OJ ft
CM
ft r^
t
CM
ft CO
ft
CM
<
Pn 0) o
~*~s
o
N^
O
N
O
v*
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o
v-x
o
v_^
&
o o o O O o o X)
S o o o o . O o o o
3
O rH CM vp o r^ vp CO O <d
J
>
CM
CO
O
* tf
co
O
CO CM <r
Aluminum
es
rH CO CM r-i CM
o O o rH
"N
X
rH r-i X
rH 4H O
P. O >-.
3
g
m X X m CO
O
m
o
X
n 4J 0> *"S CM /""N VO "N r-i
s
rH
->*
<-i ^->v VP /-N CO CU
3 H H H H H H H (U MH
fa U
ft
Pi
n pfj
ft
Pi
ft
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n
BS
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PS
A
Pi H
CU o
w*
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o
v^
o
x-^
o
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O
v_^
3 rJ
.c P. o o o o o o o H
00 P. o o o o o o o 00
H
3
m CO o r- o VP m XI 3
SC
fa
CM
vp
o
rH
m
vp
O
rH
vp
o
rH
-3-
VP
o
rH
CM -*
e
Strengt
rrespondi
s X X r^ X X co r^ 3 o
s
<D O o O 00 u
4-> -* ^\ u-i .
\
t-i /"-X vO *-\ vO /^n rH
\
rH -s H
M
H H H H H H H
4J
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A
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n
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A
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m
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ft
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Pi cd 3
fa 0)
p.
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MATERIAL ENDURANCE LIMIT
(upper temp)
ENDURANCE LIMIT
(lowest temp)
(23)
5054-H32
v ;
,
bar, axial,
R=0
5083-H113
(23
\
bar, axial,
R=0
5086-H32
(23)
,
bar, axial,
R=0
5456-H321
(23)
,
bar, axial,
R=0
28000 (RT)
35000 (RT)
34000 (RT)
35000 (RT)
36000 (77.6K)
40000 (77.6K)
40000 (77.6K)
40000 (77.6K)
Table 4.52 Endurance Limit of Aluminum Alloys in PSI
221.
MATERIAL k (upper temp) k (lowest temp)
1100-0
(8)
122 (RT) 27 (4.2K)
1100-F
(8
'
9)
121 (RT) 28.5 (4.2K)
2014-T6
(8)
94 (RT) 28 (20K)
2024-T4
(8
'
9)
64 (205K) 1.5 (4.2K)
2219-T87
(8)
68 (RT) 25 (47K)
3003-F
(8
'
9)
88.5 (116K) 1.5 (4.2K)
5052-0
(8
'
9,13)
77 (211K) 2.8 (4.2K)
5083-0
(8)
39 (122K) 3 (4.2K)
5086-F
(8)
41 (122K) 3 (4.2K)
5154-0
(8,9,13)
72 (122K) 2.1 (4.2K)
6063-T5
(9
'
13)
117.8 (RT) 20.4 (4.2K)
7039-T61
(8
'
13)
87 (RT) 3.09 (4.2K)
7075-T6
(8)
73 (RT) 11 (4.2K)
Table 4.53 Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum
and Aluminum Alloys in BTU/HR-FT-F
222,
PURE COPPER
(9)
ETP Copper
'
240 (RT) 180 (4.2K)
OFHC Copper
(8)
220 (RT) 575 (20K)
99.999% Pure Copper
(8)
0.2 (RT) 6 (4.2K)
COPPER-ZINC ALLOYS (BRASSES
)
98 Cu, 2 Zn
(13)
150.3 (100K) 28.9 (10K)
(13)
95 Cu, 5 Zn
v '
98.3 (95K) 17.3 (10K)
(13)
Alpha Brass
K JJ
31.8 (90K) 2.3 (4.2K)
68Cu,32Zn
Leaded Brass
(13)
30 (120K) 1.27 (4.2K)
60.03Cu,35.7Zn,
3.27Pb,lSn
Silber Bronze
(13)
31.2 (20K) .64 (4.2K)
46Cu,41Zn,13Ni
COPPER-TIN ALLOYS (BRONZES
)
(131
Phosphor Bronze
v
'
14.5 (80K) 0.98 (4.2K)
93.3Cu,6.46Sn, . 3P
COPPER-SILICON ALLOYS
Silicon Bronze
(13)
7.5 (90K) 1.4 (17K)
Constantan
(13)
13.3 (RT) 5.5 (25K)
55Cu,45Ni
MISCELLANEOUS COPPER ALLOYS
95.5 Cu, 4.5 Au
(13)
50 (95K) 14 (20K)
90.3 Cu, 9.7 Au
(13)
26.6 (100K) 13.9 (20K)
Table 4.54 Thermal Conductivity of Copper
and Copper Alloys in BTU/HR-FT-F
223.
MATERIAL
98.94 Cu, 1.04 Pb
Manganin
85Cu,12Mn,3Ni
(13)
k (upper temp)
242.8 (80K)
7.2 (80K)
k (lowest temp)
161.9 (6K)
0.35 (5K)
Table 4.54 Thermal Conductivity of Copper and
Copper Alloys in BTU/HR-FT-F (cont.)
224.
PURE NICKEL
99.999% Pure Nickel
(8,9)
50 (RT) 100 (4.2K)
annealed
NICKEL ALLOYS
(9)
Monel
v
'
, annealed 12 (RT) 0.52 (4.2K)
hot rolled
(9)
Monel , hard 12 (RT) 0.31 (4.2K)
drawn, cold
rolled
Inconel
(8
'
9)
,
9 (RT) 0.65 (4.2K)
annealed
Inconel
(9)
5.5
(80K) 0.17 (4.2K)
hard drawn
Inconel X
(8)
6.8 (RT) 0.1 (4.2K)
soln treated,
double aged
Inconel 718
(8)
6.3 (RT) 0.4 (4.2K)
Hastelloy X
(8)
6.4 (RT) 0.4 (4.2K)
Table 4.55 Thermal Conductivity of Nickel
and Nickel Alloys in BTU/HR-FT-F
225.
IRON
(9)
99.999% Pure Iron
CONSTRUCTION STEELS
SAE 1020
(13)
(16)
47 (RT)
,038 (RT)
SAE
1095'""'
.1
STAINLESS STEEL-MARTENSITIC
AISI 410
(8)
16
AISI 303
AISI 304
AISI 347
(8)
(8)
(8)
(RT)
(RT)
42 (4.2K)
0.016 (26K)
0.02 (20K)
2.5 (20K)
5 (77.6K) 0.25 (4,2K)
9 (RT) 0.2 (4.2K)
8.5 (RT) 0.2 (4.2K)
Table 4.56 Thermal Conductivity of Ferrous
Materials in BTU/HR-FT-F
226.
MATERIAL
k (upper temp) k (lowest temp)
TITANIUM-ALPHA
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(8)
4.7 (RT) 0.4 (4.2K)
99.99% Pure Ti
(8)
13 (RT)
4 (4.2K)
TITANIUM-ALPHA BETA
Ti-6A1-4V
(8)
4.3 (RT) 0.7 (20K)
Table 4.57 Thermal Conductivity of Titanium
and Titanium Alloys in BTU/HR-FT-F
227.
MATERIAL
99.99% Pure Silver
annealed
(9)
99.99% Pure Gold
annealed
(9)
k (upper temp)
240 (RT)
190 (RT)
98% Pure Zirconium 24 (40K)
99.98% Pure Tantalum 35 (100K)
k (lowest temp)
8000 (4.2K)
960 (4.2K)
7 (4.2K)
8.7 (4.2K)
Table 4.58 Thermal Conductivity of Miscellaneous
Metals in BTU/HR-FT-F
228.
MATERIAL
k (upper temp) k (lowest temp)
Epoxy Fiberglass^
'
0.42 (RT)
0.05 (20K)
Laminate E787 Resin,
S/901 glass roving
Epoxy Fiberglass 0.1 (RT) 0.02 (20K)
Laminate EPON 828
Resin, S/901 glass
roving
Table A. 59 Thermal Conductivity of Composite
Materials in BTU/HR-FT-F
229.
MATERIAL
(9)
k (upper temp)
Teflon
v
', extruded 0.14 (80K)
0.055 (20K)
(9)
Nylon , drawn,
monofilament
C9")
Perspex
v
, organic 0.05 (24K)
glass thermo-plastic
Mylar
(8)
,
0.014 inch 0.6 (RT)
sheet
Plexiglas
(13)
Polyethylene
(13)
0.0491 (72K)
0.0346 (10K)
k. (lowest temp)
0.03 (4.2K)
0.007 (4.2K)
0.035 (4.2K)
0.3 (20K)
0.0329 (4.2K)
0.0104 (4.2K)
Table 4.60 Thermal Conductivity of
Polymers in BTU/HR-FT-F
230.
MATERIAL
Glass
-
average
of quartz, pyrex
and borosilicate
glasses
k (upper temp)
0.56 (RT)
k (lowest temp)
0.06 (4.2K)
Table 4.61 Thermal Conductivity of Glass
in BTU/HR-FT-F
231.
MATERIAL
(9,12)
Pure Aluminum
(9,12)
Pure Copper
Pure Nickel
(12)
(9,12)
Monel
a-Iron
Y-Iron
(9,12)
(9,12)
18-8 Stainless Steel
(12)
74 Y-iron, 18 Cr, 8 Ni
(9)
Pure Titanium
(12)
Pure Magnesium
(12)
Pure Chromium
Teflon-Molded
(9)
(9)
Polyethylene
c (upper temp)
0.2125 (RT)
0.0837 (RT)
0.1055 (RT)
0.1029 (RT)
0.1035 (RT)
0.118 (RT)
0.114 (RT)
0.11 (RT)
0.235 (RT)
0.1073 (RT)
0.22 (RT)
0.54 (RT)
c (lowest temp)
0.065 (4.2K)
0.022 (4.2K)
0.0012 (4.2K)
0.0014 (20K)
0.000095 (4.2K)
0.0012 (20K)
0.0011 (20K)
0.00008 (4.2K)
0.004 (20K)
0.0006 (20K)
0.0001 (5K)
0.088 (60K)
Table 4.62 Constant Pressure Specific Heat of
Various Materials in BTU/LBMF
232.
MATERIAL a (upp
Pure Aluminum (RT)
noo-o
(8)
(RT)
2014-T6
(8)
(RT)
2020-T6
(8)
(RT)
2024-T86
(8)
(RT)
2219-T87
(8)
(RT)
5456-H343
(8)
(RT)
6061-T6
(8)
(RT)
7039-T6
(8)
(RT)
7075-T6
(8)
(RT)
356-T6
(8)
,
(RT)
permanent mold
casting
TENS-50
(8)
(RT)
a (lowest temp)
0.00415 (4.2K)
0.00405 (20K)
0.0042 (20K)
0.0041 (20K)
0.0042 (20K)
0.0042 (20K)
0.0043 (20K)
0.00415 (20K)
0.0042 (20K)
0.0042 (20K)
0.0039 (20K)
-0.0039 (20K)
Table 4.63 Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient of
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys in Inches
per Inch
233.
MATERIAL a (uppe:r tem
(9)
Pure Copper (RT)
(8)
Pure Copper (RT)
annealed
70/30 Brass
(8)
(RT)
3/4 hard
(12)
Yellow Brass
K
'
0.00397 (RT)
free machining
Beryllium Copper
(8)
(RT)
a (lowest temp)
-0.00327 (4.2)
-0.00325 (20K)
-0.00375 (20K)
(0K)
-0.0031 (20K)
Copper and Copper Alloys in Inches per Inch
234.
MATERIAL a (uppe c temp) a (lowest temp)
(9)
Pure Nickel
K J
(RT)
-0.00225 (4.2K)
Pure Nickel
(
,
(RT) -0.0023 (20K)
annealed
Monel
(12)
0.00261 (RT) (0K)
,(13)
Inconel 0.00238 (RT) (0K)
,(8)
Inconel
,
(RT) -0.0023 (20K)
annealed
Inconel X
(8)
(RT) -0.0025 (20K)
soln treated,
aged
Inconel 718
(8)
(RT) -0.00235 (20K)
K-Monel
(
, soln (RT) -0.0025 (20K)
treated, aged
S-Monel
(8)
,
(RT) -0.0025 (20K)
annealed
Hastelloy B^
,
(RT) -0.0019 (20K)
annealed
Rene 41
(8)
,
(RT) -0.0022 (20K)
soln treated
(Q)
D-979
v
, annealed (RT) -0.00235 (20K)
L-605
(8)
(RT) -0.00215 (20K)
Nickel and Nickel Alloys in Inches per Inch
235.
MATERIAL
IRON
a (upper temp)
Iron
(9
>
(RT)
CONSTRUCTION STEELS
0. 0021 SAE 1020
(12)
(RT)
SAE 1075
(8)
quenched and
tempered
(RT)
SAE 4340
(8)
,
annealed
(RT)
9% Nickel Steel
(8)
double normalized
and tempered
(RT)
9% Nickel Steel
(11)
double normalized
and stress relieved
(RT)
STAINLESS STEELS--MARTENSIT IC
AISI 410
(8)
(RT)
AISI 416
(8)
(RT)
AISI 440C
(8)
(RT)
17-4PH-H1100
(8)
(RT)
STAINLESS STEELS--AUSTENITIC
AISI 302
(8,11)
,
cold drawn
(RT)
AISI 303
(8)
,
annealed
(RT)
AISI 304
(12)
0. 00304 (RT)
a (lowest temp)
-0.00198 (4.2K)
(0K)
-0.00195 (20K)
-0.00193 (20K)
-0.0021 (20K)
-0.0019 (4.2K)
-0.00175 (20K)
-0.0018 (20K)
-0.0018 (20K)
-0.0019 (20K)
-0.0031 (20K)
-0.003 (20K)
(0K)
Ferrous Materials in Inches per Inch
236.
MATERIAL
AISI 304
(8,11)
annealed
AISI 310
(8)
,
annealed
AISI 321
(8)
,
annealed
(8)
AISI 347
annealed
A-286
(8)
,
soln
treated, aged
17-7PH-TH1050
(8)
a (upper temp)
(RT)
(RT)
(RT)
(RT)
(RT)
(RT)
a (lowest temp)
-0.003 (20K)
-0.00285 (20K)
-.0029 (20K)
-0.003 (20K)
-0.0029 (20K)
-0.00225 (20K)
Ferrous Materials in Inches per Inch (cont.)
237,
MATERIAL a (upper temp) a (lowest temp)
TITANIUM-ALPHA
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
(8)
normal interstitial,
annealed
(RT) -0.00175 (20K)
Ti-8Al-lM0-lV
(8)
(RT) -0.0016 (20K)
annealed
Pure Titanium
^
12)
0.00155 (RT) (0K)
TITANIUM-ALPHA-BETA
Ti-6A1-4V
(8)
,
(RT) -0.0017 (20K)
normal interstitial,
annealed
TITANIUM-BETA
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
soln treated
(8)
(RT) -0.0016 (20K)
Titanium and Titanium Alloys in Inches
per Inch
238.
MATERIAL a (upper temp) a (lowest. temp)
Pure Silver
'
7
'
CRT)
-0.00413 (4.2K)
Elgiloy
(8)
,
(RT) -0.00255 (20K)
45% cold reduction
Ni-SPAN-C
(8)
,
(RT) -0.0013 (20K)
soln treated,
aged
(12)
Pure Magnesium 0. 00503 (RT) (0K)
(12)
Pure Zinc
v '
0. 00572 (RT) (0K)
Table 4.68 Linear Thermal Expansion "Coefficient of
Miscellaneous Metals in Inches per Inch
239.
p. W fei W *! W t*i W w ti Ui bi Ui fci **:
o o o
s O O O O O O O O O O
4J CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM
4J
(0
CU in u-i m r-- CM m m
i
<t m o Oi VO CO * n m m CM CO
o rH rH CM o rH O O rH \0 CM 00 CM O
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MATERIAL a (upper temp)
Nylon, FM-1
(8)
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Mylar
(8)
(RT)
FEP Teflon
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(RT)
TFE Teflon
(8)
(RT)
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Cast Phenolic Rod
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Fluorothene 0. 01187 (RT)
(12)
Polystyrene 0. 01566 (RT)
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Polyfluoroethylene 0. 02695 (RT)
Epon 828/DSA/1040/
(27)
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20/1)
(RT)
Epon 828/DSA/BOHET/^
27
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(RT)
Epon 826/Epon 871/
(27)
(RT)
a (lowest temp)
L-100/MDCA (35/15/
50/27.6)
Epon 826/1040/Z-6077/
27)
DSA/BDMA (80/20/20/
115.9/1)
-0.0139 (20K)
-0.007 (20K)
-0.018 (20K)
-0.0215 (20K)
-0.011 (20K)
(0K)
(0K)
(0K)
(0K)
(0K)
-0.015 (20K)
-0.016 (20K)
-0.015 (20K)
(RT) -0.0162 (20K)
Table 4.70 Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient
of Polymers in Inches per Inch
245.
MATERIAL
p
(upper temp)
p
(lowest temp)
.1 4 (10)
Pure Aluminum
1100-0
(8)
2024-T4
(8)
2024-T4
(26)
2024-T6
(26)
5052-0
(8)
5083-0
(26)
I
7039-0
(26)
2.53 x lO"
8
(RT) 1.695 x 10
10
(4.2K)
1.27 x lO"
8
(155. 4K)
-9
2 x 10 (4.2K)
3.35 x icf
8
(49.8K) 3.1 x
10"
8
(4.2K)
4.35 x lO"
8
(273K) 1.742 x
10"
8
(4.2K)
4 x lO"
8
(273K) 1.337 x
10~
8
(4.2K)
2.6 x lO"
8
(99.8K) 2 x
10"
8
(4.2K)
5.66 x lO"
8
(273K) 3.03 x
10"
8
(4.2K)
4.75 x lO"
8
(273K) 2.12 x
10"
8
(4.2K)
Table 4.71 Electrical Resistivity of Aluminum and
Aluminum Alloys in Ohm-Meters
246.
MATERIAL
p
(upper temp)
p
(lowest temp)
PURE COPPER
Pure Copper
(10)
1.55 x
10"
8
(RT) 1.86 x lO"
11
(4.2K)
OFHC Copper
(26)
1.559 x
10~
8
(273K) 1.6 x 10
-1
(4.2K)
COPPER-ZINC ALLOYS (BRASS)
70/30 Brass
(26)
6.65 x 10
_8
(273K) 4.22 x
10~
8
(4.2K)
Admiralty Brass
(26)
6.93 x
10~
8
(273K) 4.56 x 10
_8
(4.2K)
Table 4.72 Electrical Resistivity of Copper
and Copper Alloys in Ohm-Meters
247.
MATERIAL
p
(upper temp)
p
(lowest temp)
Nickel
(10)
6.14 x l(f
8
(RT) 3.07 x 10
_1
(4.2K)
Hastelloy N
(26)
1.206 x
10~
6
(273K) 1.201 x lO
-6
(4.2K)
Hastelloy X
(26)
1.138 x
10~
6
(273K) 1.076 x 10
_6
(4.2K)
1.245 x
10"
6
(273K) 1.209 x 10
_6
(4.2K)
1.229 x
10"
6
(273K) 1.176 x
10"
6
(4.2K)
conel x
(26)
annealed
conel x
(26)
aged
Table 4.73 Electrical Resistivity of Nickel
and Nickel Alloys in Ohm-Meters
248.
MATERIAL p
(upper temp)
p
(lowest temp)
PURE IRON
Iron
(10)
8.6 x
10"
8
(RT) *
" -
1
"]
AISI 304L
(26)
7.04 x
10~
7
(273K)
AISI 321
(26)
7.39 x 10
_7
(273K)
17-7PH
(26
J
1.015 x
10~
6
(273K)
annealed
17-7PH
(26)
,
7.09 x
10~
7
(273K)
precipitation
hardened
5.59 x 10 (4.2K)
4.96 x lO"
7
(4.2K)
5.36 x lO"
7
(4.2K)
9.68 x io"
7
(4.2K)
5.75 x lO"
7
(4.2K)
Table 4.74 Electrical Resistivity of Ferrous
Materials in Ohm-Meters
249.
MATERIAL
p
(upper temp)
p
(lowest temp)
TITANIUM-ALPHA
Titanium
(10)
TITANIUM-ALPHA-BETA
Ti-6A1-4V
(26)
TITANIUM-BETA
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al
OTHER METALS
(26)
Tantalum
(10)
Zirconium
(10)
-7 -8
8 x 10 (RT) 8 x 10 (4.2K)
1.675 x
10"
6
(273K) 1.469 x
10~
6
(20K)
1.492 x
10"
6
(273K) 1.567 x 10
6
(4.2K)
1.24 x
10"
7
(RT) 2.48 x
10~
9
(4.2K)
4.1 x
10"
7
(RT) 1.64 x
10"
8
(4.2K)
Table 4.75 Electrical Resistivity of Titanium and
Titanium Alloys and Other Metals in Ohm-Meters
250.
MATERIAL y at
295'
'K y at 77K y at
4.2'
'K
AISI 304
(28)
1.25761 x
10-6
1.25747 x lO
-6
NO DATA
AISI 304L
(28)
1.25782 x
10-6
1.25762 x
10"
6
NO DATA
AISI 310
(28)
1.25668 x
10-6
1.25678 x
10"
6
1.25802 x 10
AISI 321
(28)
1.25703 x
10-6
1.25707 x 10
-6
1.25703 x 10
Tenelon
(28)
1.25666 x
10-6
1.25666 x lO"
6
NO DATA
-6
-6
Table 4.76 Magnetic Permeability of Austenitic Stainless
Steels in Webers Per Amp-Turn-Meter
251.
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR DATA TABLES
5. Campbell, J. E. ,
Review of Current Data on the Tensile Properties
of Metals at Very Low Temperatures
,
Battelle Memorial
Institute, DMIC Report No. 148, (February 14, 1961).
6. Lena, Adolph J., Letter to Professor Koichi Masubuchi, Ocean
Engineering Department, M.I.T., from Vice-President,
Research, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, Brackenridge,
Pennsylvania, (April 2, 1970).
7. McClintock, R. M. and H. P. Gibbons, Mechanical Properties of
Structural Materials at Low Temperatures
,
NBS Monograph 13,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
,
(1960).
8. Schwartzberg, F. R. , et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook
,
Volume I and Volume II , National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia, (1970).
9. Johnson, Victor J., ed. , A Compendium of the Properties of Materials
at Low Temperatures
,
Phase I
,
Part II
,
Properties of Solids
,
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia,
(October, 1960).
10. Johnson, Victor J., ed., A Compendium of the Properties of Materials
at Low Temperatures
,
Phase II
,
National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia, (December, 1961).
11. Low Temperature and Cryogenic Steels
,
Materials Manual
, United
States Steel Corporation, ADUSS-01-1206, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, (1964).
12. Scott, Russell B., Cryogenic Engineering
, D. Van Nostrand Company,
Inc., Princeton, N. J., (1967).
13. Childs, E. , Lewis J. Ericks and Robert L. Powell, Thermal
Conductivity of Solids at Room Temperature and Below
,
NBS Monograph 131
,
National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia, (September, 1973).
16. Johnson, H. L. , W. Powers, et al. , "Accurate Measurement of Certain
Physical Properties Down to 20K", Advances in Cryogenic
Engineering
,
Vol. 1
,
Plenum Press, New York,
(1960), pp.
267-273.
17. Kropschot, R. H. , R. M. McClintock and D. A. Van Gundy, "Mechanical
Properties of Some Engineering Materials Between 20K and 300K",
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
,
Vol. 2 , Plenum Press, New York,
(1960), pp.
93-99.
252.
18. Mikesell, R. P. and R. P. Reed, "The Impact Testing of Various Alloys
at Low Temperatures", Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
,
Vol. 3 , Plenum Press, New Tor
k, (1960), pp.
316-324.
19. Mikesell, R. P. and R. P. Reed, "The Tensile and Impact Strength of
5086 Aluminum Down to 20K", Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
,
Vol.
4, Plenum Press, New York,
(1960), pp.
101-113.
20. Reed, R. P., R. P. Mikesell and R. L. Gleeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures", Advances
in Cryogenic Engineering
, Vol. 5 , Plenum Press, New York,
(1960), pp.
397-405.
21. Alleman, R. D. and G. C. Wolfer, "The Tensile and Impact Properties
of Plate and Welds of Aluminum Alloys 5083-H113 Between 75
and -320F", Advances in Cryogenic Engineering , Vol. 5
,
(1960), pp.
430-438.
22. Reed, R. P. and R. P. Mitchell, Low Temperature Mechanical Properties
of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys
, NBS Monograph 101
,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., (1967).
23. Kaufman, J. G. and E. W. Johnson, "New Data on Aluminum Alloys for
Cryogenic Applications", Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
,
Vol.
6, Plenum Press, New York,
(1960), pp.
637-649.
24. Rice, L. P., J. E. Campbell and W. F. Simmons, "Tensile Behavior of
Parent-Metal and Welded 5000 Series Aluminum Alloy Plate
at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures", Advances in Cryogenic
Engineering
,
Vol. 7 , Plenum Press, New York,
(1962),
pp.
478-489.
25. Coursen, J. W. , J. G. Kaufman and W. E. Sicha, "Notch Toughness of
Some Aluminum Alloy Castings at Cryogenic Temperatures",
,
Vol. 12 , Plenum Press,
New York,
(1967), pp.
473-483.
25. Clark, A. F., G. E. Childs and G. H. Wallace, "Low Temperature
Electrical Resistivity of Some Engineering Alloys",
, Vol. 15 , Plenum Press,
New York,
(1970), pp.
85-90.
27. Serafini, Tito T. and Jack L. Koenig, Cryogenic Properties of
Polymers
,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, (1968).
28. Campbell, J. E., "Thermal Conductivity, Resistivity, and
Magnetic Susceptibility for Stainless Steels at Low
Temperatures", MPC/MCIC Review of Metals Technology
,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, (1 March 1974).
253.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The principal conclusion which can be drawn from this thesis
is that the entire area of cryogenic properties of materials is a
relatively wide open field of research. Despite the large amount
of experimental data in Tables 4.1 through 4.76, there are many
knowledge gaps which will ultimately need to be filled. Cryogenic
properties of materials in the areas of magnetic behavior, torsional
behavior, electrical resistivity, specific heat and density are
largely unexplored. On the other hand tensile properties, thermal
conductivity and thermal expansion have been well researched. Notch
toughness is in a class all by itself since, despite the large
amount of data which exists, there is no general agreement on how
to interpret this data.
With the decline in government funded research and development
money, particularly by NASA and the United States Air Force, and the
reluctance of large corporations to divulge their expensive private
research efforts, the generation and dissemination of new data on the
cryogenic properties of materials may have decreased significantly.
There will probably always be a small but steady flow of new data
from university research laboratories and government laboratories in
many countries, but not on the same scale as in the past. This
situation places the onus on a design agency to:
(1) Keep a continuous watch for newly published cryogenic property
data which may be useful.
254.
(2) Develope an in-house capability, however crude, to
experimentally obtain data which cannot be found in the
literature.
This thesis is a large first step in consolidating the data
on cryogenic properties of materials which exists today into a
single volume. Follow-on work could be done in one of three areas:
(1)
Extending the data already provided by examining the references
not already covered. This would be a tedious process, however,
and it is questionable if the extensive effort required to do
this would justify the results sincemanyof the unused references
are not in English or are very short articles covering just
one property of one material.
(2) Explore the data available on the fabricability of materials for
use at cryogenic temperatures. For example, some data was found
on the behavior of weld metals at cyrogenic temperatures, but
was not included in this work. There is probably a substantial
amount of literature available on this and other subjects
related to fabrication of materials for low temperature use,
and this might very well prove to be a useful effort.
(3)
Develope inexpensive and simple to build and use testing apparatus
to provide cryogenic property data where none is available now.
There are a great many references in the literature on testing
procedures and testing apparatus and these would provide a good
starting point.
255.
One last recommendation is considered appropriate to anyone who
becomes involved in searching the literature on cryogenic proper-
ties of materials. The authors of many articles and papers have
a strong tendency to make definitive statements regarding how a
group of materials or a specific material behaves at cryogenic
temperatures. They make statements such as, "Material X has
excellent notch toughness at liquid helium temperatures."
Invariably there is no data in the article to support these claims
and when data is finally found from some other source, it is not
obvious why material X has such good notch toughness. Often such
articles were written by the manufacturer of the materials, by
someone whose research was supported by the manufacturer, or by
someone who is attempting to draw conclusions from insufficient
experimental data. It is felt that relying solely on the data,
which may itself be questionable, and drawing one's own conclusions
is a much better approach than believing statements such as that
made above.
256.
APPENDIX A
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS LITERATURE SEARCH
ON CRYOGENIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
The purpose of this appendix is to provide a ready reference list
to someone interested in finding information on cryogenic properties
of materials.
The source of these references is a bibliography of references
prepared on 24 October, 1973, for the staff of the Cryogenic Laboratory
at M.I.T. by the Cryogenic Data Center, Institute for Basic Standards,
National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colorado. The
original bibliography of references is maintained in the M.I.T.
Cryogenic Laboratory and contains many more entries than are presented
here. In addition, the original provides general information on the
content of each reference along with data concerning where the reference
may be obtained.
What is provided here is a condensed version of the original with
those references in foreign languages, some older outdated material,
and any material not directly related to electrical machinery design
eliminated. The material is broken into four major groups of materials:
Composites; Nickel, Titanium, Aluminum Alloys and other Selected Alloys:
Polymers; Steels. Within each material group there is a further break-
down into specific material properties which follow the breakdown in the
original bibliography and basically match the properties given in
Chapter 2.
257.
The references are listed alphabetically within each material
property group. If there is no reference listed under a group, this
implies that the original had no reference. Following each reference
is a multi-digit code. This number is the National Bureau of Standards
file number for that reference. Knowing this number allows the
researcher to use the original copy of the bibliography of references
or permits smooth communication and information retrieval from the
Cryogenic Data Center in Boulder, Colorado (telephone number 303-499-1000,
extension 3257).
A. 1 Cryogenic Properties of Composites
A. 1 1 Mechanical Properties of Composites
A 1 1 1 Tensile Properties of Composites
Aerojet General Corporation, Cryogenic Tensile Properties of Selected
Materials
,
Report No. 2712, NASA-CR-71751, Azusa, California,
January, 1964, (38874).
Arden, B. , Plastic and Elastomeric Foam Materials
, Northrop Corp.,
Nortronics Division, Report No. NASA-CR-100463, Palos Verdes
Estates, California, 1966, (63723).
Brink, N. 0. , "Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Plastics at Cryogenic
Temperatures", Technical Papers
, 20th Annual Technical Conference
of the Society of Plastics Engineers
,
Vol. 10 , Sect. XV-2
, 1964,
pp.
1-19, (44537).
Christian, J. L. and M. D. Campbell, Mechanical and Physical Properties
of Several Advanced Metal-Matrix Composite Materials
,
Cryogenic
Engineering Conference, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado,
Paper F2, August, 1972, (82408).
"Composites Show Promise as Cryogenic Materials", ASME Materials
Research and Standards ,
Vol. 7
,
No. 9 , September, 1967, (46048).
"Consider Composites for Cryogenic Conditions", Materials Engineering
,
Vol. 66 , No. 6 , November, 1967, pp.
68-70, (48261).
258.
Dastin, S. J., "Bonded Beryllium Structures", Society of Aerospace
Materials and Process Engineering
,
9th National Symposium
Papers , Western Periodicals Co., North Hollywood, California,
November, 1965, pp.
1-15, (42036).
Davis, L. W.
,
Properties of Aluminum-Steel Composites at Low Temperatures
,
ASTM 70th Annual Meeting, Paper No. 15, June, 1967, (47557).
Hanson, M. P. , Glass-, Boron-, and Graphite-Filament-Wound-Resin
Composites ,
Lewis Research Center Technical Memo X-52350,
Cleveland, Ohio, 1968, (49222).
Hertz, J., An Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Adhesives
at Cryogenic Temperatures and Their Correlation with Molecular
Structure , General Dynamics/ Astronautics Report No., GDA-ERR-
AN-196, San Diego, California, September, 1962, (54683).
Keys, R. D., T. F. Kiefer and F. R. Schwartzberg, "Cryogenic Properties
of High-Strength Glass-Reinforced Plastics", Advances in Cryogenic
Engineering ,
Vol. 11 ,
Plenum Press, 1965, pp.
470-477, (33839).
Lewis, A. and G. E. Bush, Improved Cryogenic Resin/Glass-Filament-
Wound Composites , Aerojet General Corp. Report No. 3392, Azusa,
California, April, 1967, (48594).
Lewis, A., G. E. Bush and J. Creedon, Improved Cryogenic Resin/Glass-
Filament-Wound Composites
, Aerojet General Corp. Report No.
NASA-CR-54867, Azusa, California, May, 1966, (39353).
Midgley, P. , Structural Materials for Use at Cryogenic Temperatures
,
British Interplanetary Society 3rd Annual Symposium on Materials
in Space Technology Paper, 1969, (63626).
Mowers, R. , "Properties of Nonmetallic Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures",
Proceedings of the 1968 Summer Study on Superconducting Devices
and Accelerators ,
Part I
,
Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, N. Y.,
April, 1969, (61250).
Pepper, R. T. , J. W. Upp, R. C. Rossi, and G. E. Kendall, Aluminum-
Graphite Composites
, Air Force Systems Command Report No. TR-0066
(9250-03)-3, Los Angeles, California, April, 1970, (77116).
Pride, R. A., B. A. Stein, and F. W. Schmidt, Mechanical Properties
of Polymide-Resin/Glass-Fiber Laminates for Various Time
,
Temperature and Pressure Exposures
,
Society of the Plastics
Industry Reinforced Plastics Technical Conference, 23rd, Paper,
1968, (51130).
259.
Roseland, L. M. , "Adhesives for Cryogenic Applications", Cryogenic
Properties of Polymers
,
Ed. T. T. Serafini, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
New York, 1968, pp.
17-28, (63601).
Rusch, K. C. , "Energy-Absorbing Characteristics of Foamed Polymers",
Journal of Applied Polymer Science ,
Vol. 14 ,
No. 6 , June, 1970,
pp.
1433-1447, (68069).
Simon, R. A. and R. Alfring, Properties of Graphite Fiber Composites
at Cryogenic Temperatures
,
College Park, Maryland, Scientific
and Technical Information Facility Report No. NASA-CR-72652,
May, 1970, (74370).
Soffer, L. M. and R. Molho, Cryogenic Resins for Glass-Filamant-Wound
Composites
,
Aerojet General Corp. Report No. 3343, Azusa,
California, January, 1967, (48278).
Soffer, L. M. and R. Molho, Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resins and
Glass/Epoxy Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures
,
Aerojet
General Corp. Report No. NASA-CR-84451, Azusa, California, 1967,
(47601).
Toth, L. W.
,
"Properties of Glass-Reinforced Epoxy Through the 20
Degree K Range", Modern Plastics
,
Vol. 42
,
No. 12
,
August, 1965,
pp.
123-130, (31476).
Wigley, D. A., Mechanical Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures
,
Plenum Press, Inc., New York, 1971, (75205).
A. 1.1. 2 Proportional Limit of Composites
NONE
A. 1.1. 3 Elastic Moduli! of Composites
Arden, B., Plastic and Elastomeric Foam Materials , Northrop Corp.,
Nortronics Division Report No. NASA-CR-100463, Palos Verdes
Hertz, J., An Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Adhesives
at Cryogenic Temperatures and Their Correlation with Molecular
Structure
,
General Dynamics/Astronautics Report No. GPA-ERR-AN-196,
San Diego, California, September, 1962, (54683).
Keys, R. D., T. F. Kiefer and F. R. Schwartzberg, "Cryogenic Properties
of High-Strength Glass-Reinforced Plastics", Advances in Cryogenic
Engineering ,
Vol. 11, Plenum Press,
1965, pp.
470-477, (33839).
260.
Rusch, K. C. , "Energy-Absorbing Characteristics of Foamed Polymers",
Journal of Applied Polymer Science ,
Vol. 14 , No. 6 , June, 1970,
pp.
1433-1447, (68069).
A. 1.1. 4 Poisson's Ratio of Composites
NONE
A. 1.1. 5 Elongation and Reduction in Area of Composites
NONE
A. 1.1. 6 Torsional Properties of Composites
Lavengood, R. E. and R. M. Anderson, "Matrix Properties Controlling
Torsional Fatigue Life of Fiber Reinforced Composites", Proceedings
of the 24th Annual Technical Conference , February, 1969, Society
of the Plastics Industry, (60989).
A. 1.1. 7 Notch Toughness of Composites
"Composites Show Promise as Cryogenic Materials", ASME Materials
Research and Standards
,
Vol. 7
,
No. 9, September, 1967, (46048).
Soffer, L. M. and R. Molho, Cryogenic Resins for Glass-Filament-
Wound Composites
,
Aerojet General Corp. Report No. 3343, Azusa,
,
Aerojet
General Corp. Report No. NASA-CR-84451, Azusa, California, 1967,
(47601).
A. 1.1. 8 Fatigue Properties of Composites
Brink, N. 0., "Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Plastics at Cryogenic
Temperatures", 20th Annual Technical Conference
, Society of
Plastics Engineers
,
Vol. 10
,
Section XV-2, 1964, pp.
1-19, (44537).
Dastin, S. J., "Bonded Beryllium Structures", Society of Aerospace
Materials and Process Engineering
,
9th National Symposium Papers,
Western Periodicals Co., North Hollywood, California, November,
1965, pp.
1-15, (42036).
261.
Roseland, L. M. , "Adhesives for Cryogenic Applications", Cryogenic
Properties of Polymers
,
Ed. T. T. Serafini, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
New York, 1968, pp.
17-28, (63601)
A. 1.2 Thermophysical Properties of Composites
A. 1.2.1 Thermal Conductivity of Composites
Campbell, M. D., J. F. Hoskins, G. L. O'Barr and J. Hertz, "Thermo-
physical Properties of Reinforced Plastics at Cryogenic Temperatures",
Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
,
Vol. 3 ,
No. 4 ,
April, 1966,
pp.
596-599, (35323).
Campbell, M. D., A. L. O'Barr and J. Hertz, Thermophysical Properties
of Plastic Materials and Composites to Liquid Hydrogen Temperature
,
General Dynamics/Astronautics Report No. BVJ-63-001-8, San Diego,
California, November, 1964, (28393).
Evaluation of the Thermal Properties of Materials
,
Avco Corp. Report
No. NASA-CR-65979, Lowell, Massachusetts, September, 1966, (52682).
Fried, E. and G. Hieser, Measurement of Thermal Conductance of
Multilayer and Other Insulation Materials
,
General Electric Co.,
Missile and Space Division Report No. NASA-CR-92329, Philadelphia,
Penn., August, 1968, (56847).
Garrett, K. W. and H. M. Rosenberg, "The Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy
Resin/Powder Composites at Low Temperatures", 4th International
Cryogenic Engineering Conference
, Proceedings
,
IPC Science and
Technology Press, Ltd., Guilford, England, 1972, pp.
267-269,
(85395).
Hertz, J. and J. F. Haskins, "Thermal Conductivity of Reinforced
Plastics at Cryogenic Temperatures", Advances in Cryogenic
Engineering
,
Vol. 10 , Plenum Press, New York, 1965, pp.
163-170,
(34339).
Hertz, J., J. F. Haskins, J. L. Percy and M. D. Campbell, The Deter-
mination of Thermophysical Properties of Plastic Materials and
Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures
,
General Dynamics/Astronautics
Quarterly Progress Report No. 4, San Diego, California, July,
1963, (19540).
Hertz, J. and D. Knowles, Survey of Thermal Properties of Selected
Materials
,
General Dynamics/Convair Report No. ZZL-65-008,
San Diego, California, February, 1965, (34723).
262.
Kingsbury, J. E. , New and Proposed Cryogenic Temperature Resistant
Plastics ,
SAE Aeronautic and Space Engineering and Manufacturing
Meeting, Paper No. 660638, Los Angeles, California, October, 1966,
(44395)
Moeller, C. E. , J. B. Loser, W. E. Snyder and V. Hopkins, Thermo-
physical Properties of Thermal Insulating Materials
,
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A. 2. 1.2 Thermophysical Properties of Nickel Alloys
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