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Add Maths Formulae List: Form 4 (Update 18/9/08)


01 Functions



Absolute Value Function Inverse Function


f (x ), if f (x) 0
If
y = f ( x)
, then
f
1
( y ) = x


f ( x) Remember:

f (x ), if f (x) < 0 Object = the value of x

Image = the value of y or f(x)

f(x) map onto itself means f(x) = x


02 Quadratic Equations



General Form Quadratic Formula



ax
2
+ bx + c = 0

where a, b, and c are constants and a 0.

x =
b b
2
4ac



2a


*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a




quadratic equation is 2. When the equation can not be factorized.



Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots: Nature of Roots

If and are the roots of a quadratic equation

+ =
b
=
c

b
2
4ac > 0 two real and different roots

a a



b
2
4ac = 0 two real and equal roots



The Quadratic Equation b
2
4ac < 0 no real roots

x
2
( + ) x + = 0
b
2
4ac 0 the roots are real

or

x
2
( SoR ) x + ( PoR) = 0

SoR = Sum of Roots

PoR = Product of Roots















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03 Quadratic Functions



General Form Completing the square:



f (x ) = ax
2
+ bx +c f (x) = a(x + p )
2
+ q

where a, b, and c are constants and a 0. (i) the value of x,



x = p

*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a
(ii) min./max. value = q

(iii) min./max. point = (p, q)

quadratic function is 2. (iv) equation of axis of symmetry,



x = p

Alternative method:

a > 0 minimum (smiling face)



f (x) = ax
2
+ bx +c





a < 0 maximum (sad face)

(i) the value of x, x =
b


2a






(ii) min./max. value = f (
b
)



2a


(iii) equation of axis of symmetry, x =
b


2a






Quadratic Inequalities Nature of Roots

a > 0 and f (x) > 0 a > 0 and f (x) < 0
b
2
4ac > 0 intersects two different points



at x-axis


b
2
4ac = 0 touch one point at x-axis


a b a b


b
2
4ac < 0 does not meet x-axis




x < a or x > b a < x < b


04 Simultaneous Equations

To find the intersection point solves simultaneous equation.

Remember: substitute linear equation into non- linear equation.
















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05 Indices and Logarithm

Fundamental if Indices Laws of Indices

Zero Index,
a
0
=1 a
m
a
n
= a
m

+n



a
1
1
a
m
a
n
= a
m

n



Negative Index,

=



a

a
1
=
b
( a
m
)
n
= a
m

n



( )



b a


Fractional Index
1
=
n
a
( ab )
n
= a
n
b
n



a
n




m

(
a
)
n
=
a
n



a
n
=
n
a
m




b
n



b



Fundamental of Logarithm Law of Logarithm


log
a
mn =log
a
m +log
a
n

log
a
y = x a
x
= y


log
a
a =1
m


log
a
a
x
= x

log
a

n
= log
a
m log
a
n


log
a
m
n
= n log
a
m


log
a
1 =0



Changing the Base




log
a
b =

log
c
b


log
c
a


log
a
b =
1


log
b
a

























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06 Coordinate Geometry

Distance and Gradient
Distance Between Point A and C =
( x
1
x
2
)
2
+( x
1
x
2
)
2



Gradient of line AC, m =
y
2
y
1





x x


Or
2 1





Gradient of a line, m =
y int ercept



x int ercept





Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines













When 2 lines are parallel, When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other,



m = m
2
. m
1
m
2
= 1

1

m1 = gradient of line 1



m
2
= gradient of line 2





Midpoint A point dividing a segment of a line
















x + x y + y A point dividing a segment of a line

Midpoint, M =
1 2
,
1 2



nx + mx

ny + my



2 2

2 2




P =
1
,
1



m + n

m + n









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Area of triangle:


Area of Triangle

1

=

2



A =
1
( x
1
y
2
+ x
2
y 3 + x
3
y
1
) ( x
2
y
1
+ x
3
y
2
+ x
1
y
3
)



2







Form of Equation of Straight Line

General form Gradient form I ntercept form








ax + by + c = 0
y = mx + c
x
+
y
=1






a


m = gradient
b



b

c = y-intercept
a = x-intercept m =

a

b = y-intercept




Equation of Straight Line
Gradient (m) and 1 point (x
1
, y
1
) 2 points, (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) given x-intercept and y-intercept given
given


y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y y
1

=
y
2
y
1


x
+
y
=1

x x

a b

x x

1 2 1


Equation of perpendicular bisector gets midpoint and gradient of perpendicular line.

Information in a rhombus:
A B
(i) same length AB = BC = CD = AD



(ii) parallel lines m
AB
= m
CD
or m
AD
= m
BC


(iii) diagonals (perpendicular) m
AC
m
BD
= 1

(iv) share same midpoint midpoint AC = midpoint

D
C
BD


(v) any point solve the simultaneous equations















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Remember:

y-intercept x = 0
cut y-axis x = 0

x-intercept y = 0
cut x-axis y = 0
**point lies on the line satisfy the equation substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the
equation.




Equation of Locus
( use the formula of The equation of the locus of a The equation of the locus of a moving

distance) moving point P(x, y) which is point P(x, y) which is always

The equation of the locus of a always at a constant distance equidistant from two fixed points A and B

moving point P(x, y) which from two fixed points is the perpendicular bisector of the

is always at a constant A (x , y ) and B (x
2
, y
2
) with straight line AB.

distance (r) from a fixed point
1 1
a ratio m : n is

A (x
1
, y
1
) is
( x x )
2

PA = PB
+ ( y y

)
2


PA m
+ ( y y )
2
= ( x x )
2

2

PA = r

=
1 1 2

PB n

(x x
1
)
2
+ ( y y
1
)
2
= r
2


(x x
1
)
2
+ ( y y
1
)
2
=
m
2


(x x
2
) + ( y y
2
)
2


n
2









More Formulae and Equation List:

SPM Form 4 Physics - Formulae List
SPM Form 5 Physics - Formulae List


SPM Form 4 Chemistry - List of Chemical Reactions
SPM Form 5 Chemistry - List of Chemical Reactions




All at One-School.net










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Measure of Central Tendency
07 Statistics






Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data


Without Class Interval

With Class Interval




Mean


x =
x
x =
fx
x =
fx


N

f

f





x = mean

x = mean x = mean

x = sum of x x = sum of x f = frequency

x = value of the data f = frequency x =class mark

N = total number of the x = value of the data
(lower limit+upper limit)


data =

2

Median


m =T
N

+1


m =T
N

+1



1
N F




2




2

2

m = L +
f
m

C



When N is an odd number. When N is an odd number.

m = median

T
N
+T
N
T
N
+T
N
L = Lower boundary of median class



m =



+1
m =

+1

N = Number of data

2 2 2 2

2 2 F = Total frequency before median class

When N is an even When N is an even number. f
m
= Total frequency in median class

number. c = Size class

= (Upper boundary lower boundary)




Measure of Dispersion


Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data


Without Class Interval With Class Interval



variance

2
=
x
2

2

2
=
fx
2

x
2

2
=
fx
2 2

N
x
f

f
x


= variance = variance = variance

Standard

x x
2

( x x )
2

f ( x x )
2



=

=

Deviation
N
=

N f

x
2 2
x
2

2

2


= N x = N x = fx x
2


f









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The varianceis a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean.
The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.

Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion



Data are changed uniformly with

+ k k k k

Measures of Mean, median, mode + k k k k

Central Tendency

Measures of
Range , Interquartile Range No changes k k

Standard Deviation No changes k k

dispersion

Variance No changes k
2
k
2





08 Circular Measures
Terminology














Convert degree to radian:

Convert radian to degree:




x
o
= ( x

)radians

180
D
180




x radians = ( x
180
)degrees

radians degrees

180

D

Remember:

180
D
= rad 1.2 rad

O

???

0.7 rad ???

360
D
= 2 rad












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Length and Area

r = radius
A = area
s = arc length
= angle
l = length of chord

Arc Length: Length of chord: Area of Sector: Area of Triangle: Area of Segment:
s = r 1
2
1
2
1
2
l = 2r sin 2 A =
2
r A = 2
r
sin A =
2
r ( sin )

09 Differentiation


Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or
straight)

dy = lim ( y
)

dx x0 x



Differentiation of Algebraic Function
Differentiation of a Constant

y = a a is a constant
dy
dx

= 0

Example
y = 2
dy
dx
= 0

Differentiation of a Function I

y = x
n

dy
dx
= nx
n1


Example
y = x
3

dy
dx
= 3x
2




Differentiation of a Function II

y = ax
dy
dx
= ax
11
= ax
0
= a

Example
y = 3x
dy
dx
= 3






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Differentiation of a Function III

y = ax
n

dy
dx
= anx
n1



Example
y = 2x
3

dy
dx
= 2(3)x
2
= 6x
2



Differentiation of a Fractional Function

y =
x
1
n


Rewrite
y = x
n


dy
dx
= nx

n

1
=
x

n
n
+1


Example
y =
1
x


y = x
1

dy
dx
= 1x
2
=

x
1
2




Law of Differentiation

Sum and Difference Rule

y = u v u and v are functions in x
dy
dx
=
du
dx

dv
dx


Example
y = 2 x
3
+5x
2

dy
dx
= 2(3)x
2
+ 5(2)x = 6 x
2
+10x











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Chain Rule



y = u
n
u and v are functions in x

dy
=
dy

du

dx du dx

Example

y = (2 x
2
+3)
5


u = 2 x
2
+ 3, therefore
du
= 4x

dx

y = u
5
, therefore dy
=

5u
4


dy =
dy

du
du



dx du dx

= 5u
4
4x
= 5(2x
2
+ 3)
4
4 x = 20x (2x
2
+3)
4


Or differentiate directly
y = ( ax +b)
n

dy
dx
= n.a.(ax +b)
n1



y = (2x
2
+3)
5

dy
dx
= 5(2x
2
+ 3)
4
4 x = 20x (2x
2
+3)
4



































10


Product Rule




y = uv u and v are functions in x

dy
=

v
du
+u
dv


dx dx dx

Example

y = (2x + 3)(3x
3
2 x
2
x)

u = 2 x + 3 v = 3 x
3
2 x
2
x

du = 2
dv
= 9 x
2
4 x 1

dx dx

dy = v
du
+u
dv


dx dx dx

=(3x
3
2 x
2
x )(2) + (2x + 3)(9x
2
4 x 1)
Or differentiate directly

y = (2x + 3)(3x
3
2 x
2
x)

dy = (3x
3
2 x
2
x )(2) + (2x + 3)(9x
2
4 x 1)

dx











































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Quotient Rule



y =
u
u and v are functions in x

v
du dv




dy
=
v
dx
u
dx


dx

v
2




Example


y =
x
2



2x +1



u = x
2
v = 2 x +1

du = 2 x dv = 2

dx dx

du dv

dy
=
v
dx u
dx



dx

v
2




dy
=
(2x + 1)(2x ) x
2
(2)


dx

(2x +1)
2





=
4x
2
+ 2 x 2 x
2

=
2x
2
+ 2x


(2x + 1)
2
(2x +1)
2





Or differentiate directly


y =

x
2


2x +1



dy
=
(2x + 1)(2x ) x
2
(2)


dx

(2x +1)
2






=
4x
2
+ 2 x 2 x
2

=
2x
2
+2x


(2x + 1)
2
(2x +1)
2






ONE-SCHOOL.NET

Gradients of tangents, Equation of tangent and Normal

















If A(x
1
, y
1
) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient
of the line (for a straight line) or the gradient of the
tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of
dy
dx

when x = x
1
.

Gradient of tangent at A( x
1
, y
1
):

dy
dx
= gradient of tangent

Equation of tangent: y y
1
= m(x x
1
)

Gradient of normal at A( x
1
, y
1
):

m
normal
=

m

1

tangent
1
= gradient of normal


dy
dx

Equation of normal : y y
1
= m(x x
1
)


Maximum and Minimum Point



Turning point dy = 0

dx



At maximum point, At minimum point ,

dy
= 0
d
2
y
< 0
dy
= 0
d
2
y
> 0


dx

dx
2


dx

dx
2











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Rates of Change Small Changes and Approximation

Small Change:

Chain rule dA
=
dA

dr



y dy

dy

dt dr dt



x

dx y
dx
x


If x changes at the rate of 5 cms
-1


dx
= 5


Approximation:


dt

Decreases/leaks/reduces NEGATIVES values!!!
y
new
=

y
original
+

y


= y
original
+
dy
x


dx



x = small changes in x

y = small changes in y

If x becomes smaller x = NEGATIVE





















































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10 Solution of Triangle














Sine Rule:

sin
a
A
=
sin
b
B
=
sin
c
C


Use, when given
2 sides and 1 non included
angle
2 angles and 1 side

a
a
B


A
A

b


180 (A+B)














Cosine Rule:

a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cosA
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac cosB
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cosC
cos

A

=
b
2
+ c
2

a
2
2bc

Use, when given
2 sides and 1 included angle
3 sides

a a c
b
A

b















Area of triangle:
a

C
b


A =
1
2
a b sin C

C is the included angle of sides a
and b.



































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Case of AMBIGUITY

A

180 -



C B B


If C, the length AC and length AB remain unchanged,
the point B can also be at point B where ABC = acute
and A B C = obtuse.
If ABC = , thus ABC = 180 .

Remember : sin = sin (180 )
Case 1: When a < b sin A Case 2: When a = b sin A
CB is too short to reach the side opposite to C. CB just touch the side opposite to C











Outcome:
Outcome:

No solution

1 solution

Case 3: When a > b sin A but a < b. Case 4: When a > b sin A and a > b.

CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points














Outcome: Outcome:

2 solution 1 solution

Useful information:
In a right angled triangle, you may use the following to solve the



b
c
problems.


(i) Phythagoras Theorem: c =

a
2
+b
2









a

(ii)
Trigonometry ratio:




sin =
b
, cos =
a
, tan =
b


a

c c

(iii) Area = (base)(height)













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11 Index Number



Price Index Composite index





I =
P
1
100

W
i
I
i




I =


P W

0 i
I = Price index / Index number



= Composite Index

I

P
0
= Price at the base time
W = Weightage

P
1
= Price at a specific time



I = Price index

I
A

,

B
I
B

,

C
= I
A

,C
100

























































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