ME 101 Engg Graphics Manual Sem 2008-09

ICFAITECH TA 101 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
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General Instructions

Student must attend all theory and practical classes and they need to carry Laptops to
each and every session. Both First angle & Third angles will be followed. Cadian and
Autocad has same commands except one or two commands hence the student can follow the
autocad book for working on cadian. The student is expected to maintain the required
attendance failing which he/she will not be allowed to appear for the examination. During the
on-line exam, it is the responsibility of the student to save his/her files properly. The files
that are not saved as instructed will not be considered for evaluation.

Note:

1. The students are insisted not to change any softwares that are given to them with
laptop.
2. Exams:
Since the exams are conducted on laptop the laptop should contain
Windows XP
Cadian 2008
Laptops charged completely( should come for complete 2 Hours)
1. The students with Other than above softwares are not allowed for Exams.
2. No Excuses.
3. It is student responsibility to make their laptops ready for Tests.
4. There Wireless connection has to be checked and repaired before getting to the Exam
Hall.
5. Battery problem, wireless not working, lap top purchased from outside reasons will not
be entertained.
6. Laptops with Vista and any other reasons will lead to cancellation of the Test for that
student.

.


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INDEX

S.NO. CONTENTS PAGES

1. Introduction 3
Limits, Dimensioning, Types of lines
2. Engineering Graphics + CAD 10
Fundamentals of Cadian
Function Keys, Sample drawings.
3. Orthographic projections, Multi view drawings, 20
Missing views, Missing lines, First &Third angle
Drawings.
4. Isometric Views, Missing Views. 36
5. Auxiliary Views, Primary Auxiliary Views 45
Secondary Auxiliary views.
6. Spatial Geometry, Projection of points, 50
Projection of lines, Projection of planes.
Shortest Distance
7 Sectional Views 57
8. Development of surfaces 61
9. Intersection of surfaces 64
10. General Engineering Graphical Symbols 66
11. Engineering Applications 68


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Introduction
One of the best ways to communicate one's ideas is through some form of picture or drawing.
This is especially true for the engineer. The purpose of this guide is to give you the basics of
engineering sketching and drawing.
We will treat "sketching" and "drawing" as one. "Sketching" generally means freehand
drawing. "Drawing" usually means using drawing instruments, from compasses to computers to bring
precision to the drawings.
Design Cycle

Drafting:
Drafting is the technique of generating 2D drawings called sketches. The sketches convey all
the information needed to fabricate the design. It is called the language of the engineers.
Modeling:
Modeling defines the building of 3D models on the computer screen. 3D models, pictures the
design that you see or imagine.
Recognition of need
Drafting/Modeling
Specifications
Design
Prototype Testing
Production

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Drawing Limits:
Drawing limits are used to set the boundaries of the drawing. The drawing boundaries are
usually set to match the size of a sheet of drawing paper. This means that when the drawing is plotted
and a hard copy is made, it will fit on the drawing paper.
Standard Drawing Sheet Sizes are:
In millimeters
A4 210 X 297
A3 297 X 420
A2 420 X 594
A1 594 X 841
A0 841 X 1189

In Architectural (USA)

A 9 X 12
B 12 X 18
C !8 X 24
D 24 X 36
E 36 X 48

Generally, A4 and A are commonly used.
In millimeters for A4 type in command prompt 297,210; Press Enter

In Architectural (USA) for A type in command prompt 12,9; Press Enter


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Dimensioning

The purpose of dimensioning is to provide a clear and complete description of an object. A
complete set of dimensions will permit only one interpretation needed to construct the part.
Dimensioning should follow these guidelines.
Accuracy: correct values must be given.
Clearness: dimensions must be placed in appropriate positions.
Completeness: nothing must be left out, and nothing duplicated.
Readability: the appropriate line quality must be used for legibility.
The Basics: Definitions and Dimensions
The dimension line is a thin line, broken in the middle to allow the placement of the
dimension value, with arrowheads at each end

Dimensioned Drawing

An arrowhead is approximately 3 mm long and 1 mm wide. That is, the length is roughly
three times the width.

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An extension line extends a line on the object to the dimension line. The first dimension line
should be approximately 12 mm (0.6 in) from the object. Extension lines begin 1.5 mm from the
object and extend 3 mm from the last dimension line.
A leader is a thin line used to connect a dimension with a particular area
Example drawing with a leader

A leader may also be used to indicate a note or comment about a specific area. When there is
limited space, a heavy black dot may be substituted for the arrows, as in figure. Also in this drawing,
two holes are identical, allowing the "2x" notation to be used and the dimension to point to only one of
the circles.
Where To Put Dimensions:
The dimensions should be placed on the face that describes the feature most clearly. Examples
of appropriate and inappropriate placing of dimensions are shown in figure
Example of appropriate and inappropriate dimensioning


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In order to get the feel of what dimensioning is all about, we can start with a simple rectangular
block. With this simple object, only three dimensions are needed to describe it completely .There is
little choice on where to put its dimensions.
Simple Object

We have to make some choices when we dimension a block with a notch or cutout (figure
Surface datum example ). It is usually best to dimension from a common line or surface. This can be
called the datum line of surface. This eliminates the addition of measurement or machining
inaccuracies that would come from "chain" or "series" dimensioning. Notice how the dimensions
originate on the datum surfaces.

Surface datum example


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TYPES OF LINES

SL.
NO.
NAME CONVENTION DESCRIPTION
AND
APPLICATION
EXAMPLE

1

Center lines

Thin lines made up of
long and short dashes
alternately spaced and
consistent in length

2

Visible lines

Heavy unbroken lines,
Used to indicate
visible edges of an
object.

3.

Hidden lines

Medium lines with
short equally spaced
dashes,
Used to indicate
concealed edges.

4.
Extension
lines.

Thin Unbroken lines,

Used to indicate
Extents of Dimension.

5.

Dimension
lines.

Thin lines terminated
with arrow heads at
each end,
Used to indicate
distance measured.

6.

Leader lines

Thin lines terminated
with arrow. Heads or
Dot at one end
Used to indicate part
dimension or other
reference.

7.

Break long

Thin solid ruled lines
with free-hand zig-
zags.
Used to reduce size of
drawing required to
delineate object and
reduce detail.


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TYPES OF LINES

SL.
NO.
NAME CONVENTION DESCRIPTION
AND
APPLICATION
EXAMPLE

8.

Break Short

Thick solid free hand
lines.
Used to indicate a
short break.

9.

Phantom or
Datum line

Medium series of one
long dash and two
short dashes evenly
spaced ending with
long dash.
Used to indicate
alternate position of
parts repeated detail
or to indicate a datum
plane.

10.

Cutting-
plane line

Viewing-
plane line.

Used to designate
where an imaginary
cutting took place.

Used to indicate
direction of sight
when a partial view is
used.

11.

Section
lines

Used to indicate the
surface in the section
view imagined to have
been cut along the
cutting plane line

12.

Chain line

Used to indicate that a
surface or zone is to
receive additional
treatment or
considerations


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Engineering Graphics + CAD

Computer-aided design (CAD) : CAD refers to the use of computer tools to assist engineers,
architects and other design professionals in their design activities.
CAD applications in various fields of engineering are given here:

1. Mechanical : Design of machine elements, CNC machine tools, Robotics etc.
2. Automotive : Kinematics, Hydraulics, Steering.
3. Electrical : Circuit layout, Panel design, Control system.
4. Electronics : Schematic diagrams of PCs, ICs etc.
5. Communication : Communication network, Satellite transmitting pictures,
T.V.telecasting
6. Civil : Mapping, Contour plotting, Building drawing, Structural
design
7. Architectural : Town planning, Interior decorations, Modelling, Multi-
Storeyed complex.
8. Aerospace : Design of spacecraft, Flight simulator, lofting etc.


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Commonly used function Keys
Keys Command
Typed
entry
Description
F1 Help HELP Starts online Help.
F2 Prompt
History
Window
PMTHIST Turns the Prompt History
window on and off.
F3 Entity Snap ESNAP Turns entity snaps on and off.
F5 Isometric
Plane
ISOPLANE Switches the isometric plane
between Top, Right, and Left.
F6 Coordinate COORDINATE Switches coordinate display
between On, Off, and
Angle/Distance.
F7 Grid GRID Turns the reference grid on
and off.
F8 Orthogonal ORTHOGONAL Switches the orthogonal
mode on and off.
F9 Snap SNAP Turns snap Settings on and
off.
F10 Status Bar STATBAR Turns the status bar on and
off.
Selecting and using commands:
Select commands using any of these methods:
Choose a command from a menu.
Click a tool in a toolbar.
Type the command in the command bar.
Some commands remain active until you end them, so you can repeat an action without having to
select a command repeatedly. You can end a command by clicking done in the prompt box or by
pressing Esc.
You can use most commands while another command is active. For example, while drawing a line,
you may want to use the Pan command to move the drawing across the screen to select the endpoint of

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the line. You can also change the settings of drawing aids such as snap or grid while other commands
are active.
Getting online Help
IntelliCAD includes online Help. It contains some information that does not appear in this book,
including a command reference and a programming language reference.
You can display online Help in any of these ways:
On the Standard toolbar, click Help.
Press F1.
Choose a command from the Help menu.
Click Help in a dialog box.
Type help in the command bar.
Saving a drawing
You can save your drawing at any time.
To save a drawing, use one of the following methods:
On the Standard toolbar, click Save.
Choose File > Save.
Type save and then press Enter.
Type qsave and then press Enter.
Saving your drawing
When you save a drawing, your work is saved in a drawing (.dwg) file.
After you have saved your drawing for the first time, you can save it with a new name. In addition to
drawing (.dwg) files, you can also save a drawing in a Drawing Exchange Format (.dxf) file or a
drawing template (.dwt) file.
If you created your drawing using a template, saving the drawing does not alter the original template.


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Sample Drawings


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Exercise I

Ex 1. Ex 2.

Ex 3. Ex 4.


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Ex 5. Ex 6.

Ex 7. Ex 8.


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Ex 9. Ex 10.

Ex 11. Ex 12.

Ex 13. Ex 14.


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Ex 15.

Ex16.


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Ex 17. Ex 18.

Ex 19. Ex 20.


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Ex 21. Ex 22.


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Orthographic Projections
Orthographic or Multiview Drawing
Imagine that you have an object suspended by transparent threads inside a glass box, as in figure .
The block suspended in a glass box

Then draw the object on each of three faces as seen from that direction. Unfold the box (figure)
and you have the three views. We call this an "orthographic" or "multiview" drawing.
The creation of an orthographic multiview drawing

Figure shows how the three views appear on a piece of paper after unfolding the box.


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A multiview drawing and its explanation

Which views should one choose for a multiview drawing? The views that reveal every detail
about the object. Three views are not always necessary; we need only as many views as are required to
describe the object fully. For example, some objects need only two views, while others need four. The
circular object in figure requires only two views.
An object needing only two orthogonal views


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Orthographic Projections

Ex 1. Ex 2.

Ex 3. Ex 4.


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Ex 5. Ex 6.

Ex 7. Ex 8.


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Ex 9. Ex 10.

Ex 11. Ex 12.


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Ex 13. Ex 14.

Ex 15. Ex 16.


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Ex 17. Ex 18.

Ex 19. Ex 20.


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Ex 21. Ex 22.

Ex 23. Ex 24.


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Ex 25.

Ex 26. Ex 27.


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Ex 28. Ex 29.

Ex 30. Ex 31.

Ex 32. Ex 33.

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Ex 34. Ex 35.

Ex 36. Ex 37.


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Ex 38. Ex 39.

Ex 40.

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Missing line(S) Exercise

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(7) (8)


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(9) (10)

(11) (12)

(13) (14)

(15)


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Missing View(S) Exercise
Draw or sketch the Third view of each of the following objects

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(7) (8)


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(9) (10)

(11) (12)

(13) (14)

(15)


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I sometric Views
Isometric Drawing
The representation of the object in figure is called an isometric drawing. This is one of a family
of three-dimensional views called pictorial drawings. In an isometric drawing, the object's vertical
lines are drawn vertically, and the horizontal lines in the width and depth planes are shown at 30
degrees to the horizontal. When drawn under these guidelines, the lines parallel to these three axes are
at their true (scale) lengths. Lines that are not parallel to these axes will not be of their true length.
Figure - An Isometric Drawing


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Draw the following figure:

Ex 1.

Ex 2.

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Ex 3.

Draw the I sometric views of the following figures:

Ex4. Ex5.

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Ex6. Ex7.
Ex.8.

Ex9. Ex10.

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Ex11. Ex12.

Ex13.

Ex14. Ex15.

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Ex16. Ex17.

Ex18. Ex19.

Ex20. Ex21.


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Ex22. Ex23.

Ex24.


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Add missing view and add dimensions of the following:

Ex. 1

Ex. 2

Ex. 3


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Ex. 4

Ex. 5


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Auxiliary Views
Auxiliary view: An orthographic view that is projected onto any plane other than one of the
six principal views.
In a multiview drawing, a true size and shape plane is shown only when the line of sight (LOS)
used to create the view is perpendicular to the projection plane.


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Draw the auxiliary views of the inclined surfaces of simple objects:


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Draw the auxiliary views of the inclined surfaces of simple objects:


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Draw the necessary Views for the Anchor Clip
Ex 1.

Ex 2.


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Ex 3. Ex 4.

Ex 5. Ex 6.

Ex 7. Ex 8.

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Spatial Geometry

Projection of points
Point in space:
A point may lie in space, in any one of the four quadrants, formed by the two reference planes
of projections, namely, H.P and V.P.

When a point lies in the

S. No. Point lies in the Quadrant Top view Front view
1 1
st
Quadrant Above H.P In front V.P
2 2
nd
Quadrant Above H.P Behind V.P
3 3
rd
Quadrant Below H.P Behind V.P
4 4
th
Quadrant In front V.P Below H.P


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Problems:

1. Point A is 20 mm above H.P. and 30mm In front of V.P.Draw its front view and top view.

2. A Point M is 35mm Above H.P and 45mm in front of V.P.Draw its projections.

3. Draw the projections of a point A lying on H.P and 30mm in front of V.P.

4. Draw the projections of a point B lying on H.P and 40mm in front of V.P.

5. Draw the projections of a point A lying on V.P and 35mm Above H.P.

6. Draw the projections of a point F which lies in both the H.P and the V.P.

7. A Point B is 25 mm above H.P and 35 mm behind V.P.Draw its projections.

8. A Point S is 35 mm above H.P and 50 mm behind V.P. draw its projections.

9. A Point C is 35 mm below H.P and 25 mm behind V.P. draw its projections.

10. A Point D is 45 mm below H.P and 55 mm behind V.P. draw its projections.

11. A Point D is 30 mm below H.P and 40 mm in front of V.P. draw its projections.

Quadrant I II III IV
Position of the point Above H.P&
In front V.P
Above H.P&
Behind V.P
Below H.P&
Behind V.P
Below H.P&
In front V.P
Front view Above XY Above XY Below XY Below XY
Top view Below XY Above XY Above XY Below XY


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Projection of Lines

The shortest distance between two points is called a straight line.
Positions of straight lines with respect to V.P. and H.P.
1. Perpendicular to one plane and parallel to the other.
2. Parallel to both the planes.
3. Parallel to one plane and inclined to the other.
4. Contained by one plane and inclined to the other.
5. Inclined, to both the planes.

Problems

1. A line AB 25 mm long is parallel to V.P. and perpendicular to H.P. Point A is 35 mm above
H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. point B is 10 mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the line
AB.
2. A line CD is 20 mm long is parallel to V.P. and perpendicular to H.P.Point C is 35 mm above
H.P. and 10 mm in front of V.P.Draw its projections.
3. A line AB 25 mm long is Perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to H.P. Its end A is 10 mm in front
of V.P. and the line is 20 mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the line.
4. A line CD 30 mm long is perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to H.P.Its end C is 5 mm in front
of V.P.and the line is 10 mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the line.
5. A line CD 30 mm long is parallel to both the planes. The line is 40 mm above H.P. and 25 mm
in front of V.P. draw its projections.
6. A line AB 50 mm long is parallel to both the planes. The line is 35 mm in front of V.P and 30
mm above H.P. draw the projections of the line.
7. A line PQ 40 mm long is parallel to V.P.and inclined at an angle of 30
0
to H.P.The end P is 15
mm above H.P.and 20 mm in front of V.P. draw the projections of the line.
8. A line MN 50 mm long is parallel to V.P.and inclined at 30
0
to H.P.The end M is 20 mm above
H.P.and 10 mm in front of V.P. draw the projections of the line.
9. Draw the projections of straight line EF 40 mm long parallel to H.P. and inclined at an angle of
35
0
to V.P. The end E is 20 mm above H.P.and 15 mm in front of V.P.
10. Draw the projections of straight line CD 50 mm long parallel to H.P. and inclined to V.P. The
end C is 10 mm in front of V.P.and D is 30 mm in front of V.P.The line is 15 mm above H.P.

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11. A line AB 50 mm is in and inclined at an angle of 35
0
to H.P.The end A is 10 mm above
H.P.Draw the projections.
12. A line EF 40 mm long is in V.P.and inclined to H.P. The top view measures 30 mm. The end E
is10 mm above H.P.Draw the projections of the line.Determine its inclination with H.P.
13. A line RS 35 mm long is in H.P.and inclined at an angle of 45
0
to V.P.The end R is 10 mm in
front of V.P.Draw the projections.
14. A line GH 45 mm long is in H.P.and inclined to V.P.The end G is 15 mm in front of V.P.The
length of the front view is 35 mm. Draw the projections of the line. Determine its inclination
with V.P.
15. A line CD 80 mm long is inclined at an angle of 30
0
to H.P. and 45
0
to V.P.The point C is 20
mm above H.P.and 30 mm in front of V.P.Draw the projections of straight line.
16. A line PQ 75 mm long is inclined at an angle of 45
0
to H.P.and 30
0
toV.P.The point is 15 mm
above H.P.and 20 mm in front V.P.Draw the projections of the line.
17. A line measuring 75 mm long has one of its ends 50 mm in front of V.P.and 15 mm above
H.P.The top view of the line is 50 mm long. Draw and measure the front view. The end is 15
mm in front of V.P.and is above H.P.
18. A line measuring 80 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm above H.P.and 20 mm in front of V.P.
The other end is 15 mm above H.P. in front of V.P.The front view of the line is 60 mm long.
Draw the top view.
19. The mid-point of a straight line AB is 60 mm above H.P.and 50 mm in front of V.P.The line
measures 80 mm long and inclined at an angle of 30
0
to H.P.and 45
0
to V.P.Draw its
projections.
20. Draw the projections of straight line AB of 100 mm long when one of its ends is touching the
V.P. and the other end touching H.P.The angle of inclination with H.P and V.P.are 40
0
and 50
0

respectively.
21. The distance between the projectors of two points A and B is 70 mm. Point A is 10 mm above
H.P. and 15 mm in front of V.P.point B is 50 mm above H.Pand 40 mm in front of V.P. Find
the shortest distance between A and B by Rotating line method. Measure the true inclinations
of the line AB with V.P and H.P.
22. The distance between the projectors of two ends of a straight line is 60 mm. One end is 15 mm
above H.P.and 52 mm in front of V.P.The other end is 60 mm above H.P.and 10 mm in front of
V.P.Draw the projections and find the true length of the line.
23. Solve problem No.22 by Trapezoid method.

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24. The distance between the projectors of two ends of a straight line is 40 mm. One end is 15 mm
above H.P.and 10 mm in front of V.P. The other end is 40 mm above H.P.and 40 mm in front
of V.P.Find the true length and true inclinations of the line by (i) Rotating line method and (ii)
Trapezoid method. Compare the results.


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Shortest Distance
Find the shortest distance between(assume dimensions)
1. A point and a line:

2. Two parallel lines:

3. Two Skew Lines


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4. A point to a plane:


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Sectional Views
Sections are used to show interior details clearly.
A cutting-plane line shows where object was cut to obtain the section view.
Cross hatching in the section view shows the solid surface of the object which was cut through
to produce the section.
Section views may replace standard views.
Conventional practices, such as not showing hatching on ribs and webs, help make sections
easier to interpret correctly.

Imagine the object cut through by the cutting plane. Think of the two halves pulled apart and a
view looking on to the cut half.


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Example.

Solution of Example.

Draw the Complete front view and a sectional view of the object in exercise. The cutting plane
line is located on the vertical central line of the object.

Ex 1. Ex 2.


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Ex 3. Ex 4.

Ex 5. Ex 6.

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Ex 7. Ex 8.


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DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

The development of surface of an object means the unrolling or unfolding of all surfaces of the
object on a plane
Every line on the development should show the true length of the corresponding line on the
surface which is developed.
METHODS OF DEVELOMENTS:
I. PARALLEL-LINE METHOD: It is used for developing prisms and single curved
surfaces like cylinders, in which all the edges /generators of lateral surfaces are parallel to
each other.
II. RADIAL-LINE METHOD: It is employed for pyramids and single curved surfaces like
cones in which the apex is taken as centre and the slant edge or generator as radius for its
development.
III. TRIANGULATION METHOD: It is used for developing transition pieces.
IV. APPROXIMATE METHOD: It is employed for double curved surfaces like spheres, as
they are theoretically.

APPLICATIONS
The knowledge of development of surfaces is essential in many industries such as
Automobile, Aircraft, Ship-building, Packaging and Sheet-metal work.
In construction of boilers, Bins, Process-vessels, Hoppers, Funnels, Chimneys etc., the
plates are marked and cut according to the developments.

PROBLEMS:

1. Draw the development of the lateral surface of a right square prism of edge of base 30 mm and
axis 50 mm long.
2. Draw the development of the outside case and tray of a match-box of size 45 mm x33 mm x 16
mm.
3. Draw the development of the complete surface of a G.I. cylindrical drum with lid. Diameter is
30 cm and the height is 1.6 times the diameter. Take a suitable scale.
4. Develop the complete surface of a cube of 35 mm side.
5. Develop the lateral surface of a pentagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and height 50 mm.
6. Draw the development of the complete surface of a steel cup-board of size 75cm x 40 cm x 100
cm with two shelves.

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7. A hexagonal prism, edge of base 20 mm and 50 mm long, rests with its base on H.P. such that
one of its rectangular faces is parallel to V.P.It is cut by a plane perpendicular to V.P., inclined
at 45
0
to H.P. and passing through the right corner of the top face of the prism. Draw the
sectional top view and develop the lateral surface of the truncated.
8. A pentagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 55 mm long, rests with its base on H.P.and
an edge of the base is inclined at 45
0
to V.P.It is cut by a plane perpendicular to V.P.,inclined
at 30
0
H.P.and passing through a point on the axis at a distance of 35 mm from the base.
Develop the lateral surface of the truncated prism.
9. A vertical chimney of 70 cm diameter joins a roof sloping at an angle of 35
0
with the
horizontal. The shortest portion over the roof is 32 cm.Determine the shape of the sheet metal
from which the chimney can be fabricated. Take a scale of 1:20.
10. A cylinder of 45 mm base diameter and 55 mm long rests with its base on H.P.It is cut by a
plane perpendicular to V.P.,Inclined at 60
0
to H.P.and passing through a point on the axis, 12
mm from its top. Draw the sectional top view and Develop the lateral surface of the truncated
cylinder.
11. A cube of 40 mm edge stands on one of its faces on H.P. with a vertical face making 45
0
to
V.P.A horizontal hole of 30 mm diameter is drilled centrally through the cube such that the
hole passes through the opposite vertical edges of the cube. Obtain the development of the
lateral surface of the cube with the hole.
12. A hexagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and height 55 mm, rests with its base on H.P. and one
of its rectangular faces is parallel to V.P.A circular hole of 40 mm diameter is drilled through
the prism such that the axis of the hole bisects the axis of the prism at right angles and is
perpendicular to V.P.Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism with the hole.
13. Draw the development of the lateral surface of a square pyramid, side of base 25 mm and
height 50 mm, resting with its base on H.P. and an edge of the base parallel to V.P.
14. Draw the development of a hexagonal pyramid of side of base 25 mm and altitude 50 mm.
15. A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm and height 52 mm, stands with its base on H.P.and
an edge of the base is parallel to V.P. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to V.P., inclined at 40
0

to H.P.and passing through a point on the axis, 32 mm above the base Draw the sectional top
view and develop the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid.
16. A triangular pyramid, side of base 35 mm and height 60 mm, stands with its base on H.P.It is
cut by a plane perpendicular to V.P., inclined at 30
0
to H.P. and passing through a point on the
axis, 25 mm from the base. Draw the sectional top view and develop the lateral surface of the
truncated pyramid.

ACS/HY/2008-09 - 63 -
17. A monument is in the form of frustum of a square pyramid of base 1.2 meter side, top 0.5
meter side and height 1.0meter. an electrical connection is to be made along the surface of this
monument between one corner of the base and diagonally opposite corner on the top. Find the
shortest length of the wire required and show the position of the wire in the top and front view.
18. A cone base 50 mm diameter and height 65 mm height, rests with its base on H.P.A section
plane perpendicular to V.P.and inclined at 30
0
to H.P.bisects the axis of cone. Draw the
development of the lateral surface of the truncated cone.


ACS/HY/2008-09 - 64 -
INTERSECTION OF SURFACES

One solid penetrates the other; it is known as interpenetration of solids. It has two lines of
intersection of surfaces. One, where one solid enters the other and the other, where the solid emerges
out. These lines are, sometimes, called the lines or curves of interpenetration. The portion of the
penetrating solid which lies hidden within the other solid is shown by dotted lines.

APPLICATIONS: The intersection of surfaces of solids plays an important role in the designing
and manufacturing of objects especially sheet metal objects, Pipe fittings, fitting of a steam dome of a
cylindrical boiler, Airplane constructions, wooden objects and Automobile parts, Maudling patterns
etc.

PRRBLEMS
1. A vertical square prism, base 50 mm side, is completely penetrated by a horizontal square
prism, base 35 mm side, so that their axes intersect. The axis of the horizontal prism is
parallel to the V.P.While the faces of the two prisms are equally inclined to the V.P.Draw
the projections of the solids, showing lines of intersection. (Assume suitable length for the
prisms.)
2. A vertical square prism, base 50 mm side, is completely penetrated by a horizontal square
prism, base 35 mm side, so that their axes are 6 mm apart. The axis of the horizontal prism
is parallel to the V.P.While the faces of both prisms are equally inclined to the V.P.Draw
the projections of the prisms showing lines of intersection.
3. A vertical square prism, base 50 mm side and height 90mm has a face inclined at 30
0
to the
V.P.It is completely penetrated by another square prism, base 40 mm side and axis 100 mm
long, faces of which are equally inclined to the V.P.The axes of the two prisms are parallel
to the V.P.and bisect each other at right angles. Draw the projections showing lines of
intersection.
4. A vertical cylinder of 80 mm diameter is completely penetrated by another cylinder of 60
mm diameter, their axes bisecting each other at right angles. Draw their projections
showing curves 5of penetration, assuming the axis of the penetrating cylinder to be parallel
to the V.P.
5. A cylinder of 60 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long stands with its base on H.P.It is
completely penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of 40 mm diameter and axis80 mm such that

ACS/HY/2008-09 - 65 -
their axes bisect each other at right angles. The axis of the penetrating cylinder is parallel to
V.P.Draw the projections showing curves of intersection.
6. A steam boiler of 3 m diameter is surmounted by a dome of the shape of a vertical cylinder
of 1.5 m diameter. Draw the curve of intersection between the two surfaces when their axes
intersect each other at right angles.
7. Draw the projections showing the curves of intersection when a vertical cylindrical pipe of
40 mm diameter is joined with a horizontal cylindrical pipe of the same size. The axes of
both the pipes are parallel to V.P.and at right angle to each other.
8. A vertical cylinder of 60 mm diameter is penetrated by a horizontal cylinder of 40 mm
diameter. The axis of the penetrating cylinder is parallel to V.P.and 6 mm in front of the
axis of the vertical cylinder. Draw the projections and show the intersection curves.


ACS/HY/2008-09 - 66 -
General Engineering Graphical Symbols


ACS/HY/2008-09 - 67 -


ACS/HY/2008-09 - 68 -
Engineering Applications
Theoretical Circuit diagram:

Ex 1.

Ex 2.

ACS/HY/2008-09 - 69 -

Ex 3.

Ex 4.


ACS/HY/2008-09 - 70 -

Ex 5.

ACS/HY/2008-09 - 71 -

Ex 6.

ME 101 Engg Graphics Manual Sem 2008-09

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