HYBRID POWER PROJECT

(A SYNOPSIS)

PREPARED BY

Mr.VIKRAM KADUKAR
 INTRODUCTION
Energy is vital for the progress of a nation and it has to be conserved in a most efficient manner. Not
only the technologies should be developed to produce energy in a most environment-friendly manner
from all varieties of fuels but also enough importance should be given to conserve the energy
resources in the most efficient way. Energy is the ultimate factor responsible for both industrial and
agricultural development. The use of renewable energy technology to meet the energy demands has
been steadily increasing for the past few years, however, the important drawbacks associated with
renewable energy systems are their inability to guarantee reliability and their lean nature. Import of
petroleum products constitutes a major drain on our foreign exchange reserve. Renewable energy
sources are considered to be the better option to meet these
challenges.
More than 200 million people, live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. In India, over
80,000 villages remain to be un-electrified and particularly in the state of TamilNadu, about 400
villages (with 63% tribes) are difficult to supply electricity due to inherent problems of location and
economy. The costs to install and service the distribution lines are considerably high for remote areas.
Also there will be a substantial increase in transmission line losses in addition to poor power supply
reliability. Like several other developing countries, India is characterized by severe energy deficit. In
most of the remote and non-electrified sites, extension of utility grid lines experiences a number of
problems such as high capital investment, high lead time, low load factor, poor voltage regulation and
frequent power supply interruptions. There is a growing interest in harnessing renewable energy
sources since they are naturally available, pollution free and inexhaustible. It is this segment that
needs special attention and hence concentrated efforts are continually provided in implementing
standalone PV, wind, bio- diesel generator and integrated systems at sites that have a large potential of
either solar, wind or both. Traditionally, electrical energy for remote villages has been derived from
diesel generators characterized by high reliability, high running costs, moderate efficiency and high
maintenance. Hence, a convenient, cost-effective and reliable power supply is an essential factor in
the development of any rural area. It is a critical factor in the development of the agro industry and
commercial operations, which are projected to be the core of that area’s economy.

At present, standalone solar photovoltaic and wind systems have been

promoted around the globe on a comparatively larger scale. These independent systems cannot
provide continuous source of energy, as they are seasonal. For example, standalone solar
photovoltaic energy system cannot provide reliable power during non-sunny days. The
standalone wind system cannot satisfy constant load demands due to significant fluctuations in the
magnitude of wind speeds from hour to hour throughout the year. Therefore, energy storage systems
will be required for each of these systems in order to satisfy the power demands. Usually storage system
is expensive and the size has to be reduced to a minimum possible for the renewable energy
system to be cost effective. Hybrid power systems can be used to reduce energy storage
requirements.
What is NPGT
Hybrid is means the mixture of two or many things. So, Hybrid Power
Generator Technology (NPGT) is the combination of two energy sources such as
“Solar and Wind”. It’s a unique nano technology system which can be installed in a
small space also in a terrace with no noise pollution and vibration up 5KW.

NPGT (Solar System + Wind System)

As we discussed HPGS is the combination of Solar and Wind. So, there is separate equipment use for
Solar and Wind in this system. After the combination of both the sources we connected by them as a
one system. Let us know how many types of equipment used in this HPGS system separately.

THE TYPICAL HYBRID PLANT

TYPICAL FLOW DIAGRAM OF SMALL HOME BASED HYBRID POWER SYSTEM

Solar Energy System

Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that has been harnessed
by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar
radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power,
hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy
on Earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.

Solar power provides electrical generation by means of heat engines or

photovoltai c’s. Once converted, its uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A
partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar
archi tecture, potable water via distillation and disinfecti on, day lighting, hot
water, thermal energy for cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial
purposes.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and
distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic
panels and solar thermal collectors (with electrical or mechanical equipment) to
convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include orienting a
building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air
 Sunlight can be converted into electricity using photovoltaic’s
(PV), concentrati ng solar power (CSP), and various experimental technologies. PV
has mainly been used to power small and medium-sized applications, from
the calculator
powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array.
For large-scale generation, CSP plants like SEGS have been the norm but
recently multi- megawatt PV plants are becoming common. Completed in 2007,
the 14 MW power station in Clark County, Nevada, United States and the 20 MW
site in Beneixama, Spain are characteristic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic
power stations in the United States and Europe. As an intermittent power
source, solar power requires a backup supply, which can partially be
complemented with wind power. Local backup usually is done with batteries, while
utilities normally use pumped-hydro storage. The Institute for Solar Energy
Supply Technology of the University of Kassel in Germany pilot-tested a
combined power plant linking solar, wind, biogas and hydro storage to provide
load- following power around the clock, entirely from renewable sources.

Energy from the Sun

About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth’s surface.

The Earth receives 174 pet watts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (Isolation) at the upper
atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds,
oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth’s surface is mostly spread across the
visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.
Earth’s land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their
temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric
circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water
vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth’s surface, completing the water cycle. The
latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as
wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones.Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface
at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into
chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.
Yearly Solar fluxes & Human

Solar 3,850,000 EJ Wind

2,250 EJ Biomass
3,000 EJ Primary energy
use (2005) 487 EJ Electricity (2005)
56.7 EJ
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately
3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one
year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy
reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be
obtained from all of the Earth’s non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium
combined.
From the table of resources it would appear that solar, wind or biomass would be sufficient to supply
all of our energy needs, however, the increased use of biomass has had a negative effect on global
warming and dramatically increased food prices by diverting forests and crops into biofuel
production. As intermittent resources, solar and wind raise other issues.

Photovoltaic’s

11 MW Serpa solar power plant in Portugal

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the
photoelectric effect. This is based on the discovery by Edmund Becquerel who noticed that some materials
release electrons when hit with rays of protons from light, which produces an electrical current. The first
solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. Although the prototype selenium cells converted
less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell
recognized the importance of this discovery.Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers
Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954.These early solar
cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5—6%.
Solar power has great potential, but in 2008 supplied less than 0.02% of the world’s total energy supply.
There are many competing technologies, including fourteen types of photovoltaic cells, such as thin
film, mono crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous cells, as well as multiple types of
concentrating solar power. It is too early to know which technology will become dominant.
The earliest significant application of solar cells was as a back-up power source to the Vanguard I
satellite in 1958, which allowed it to continue transmitting for over a year after its chemical battery
was exhausted. The successful operation of solar cells on this mission was duplicated in many other
Soviet and American satellites, and by the late 1960s, PV had become the established source of power
for them. After the successful application of solar panels on the vanguard satellite it still was not
until the power crisis, in the 1970s, that photovoltaic solar panels gained use outside of backup power
suppliers on spacecraft. Photovoltaic’s went on to play an essential part in the success of early
commercial satellites such as Telstar, and they remain vital to the telecommunications infrastructure
today.
Building-integrated photovoltaic’s cover the roofs of an increasing number of homes.
The high cost of solar cells limited terrestrial uses throughout the 1960s. This changed in the early
1970s when prices reached levels that made PV generation competitive in remote areas without grid
access. Early terrestrial uses included powering telecommunication stations, off- shore oil rigs,
navigational buoys and railroad crossings. These off-grid applications accounted for over half of
worldwide installed capacity until 2004. The 1973 oil crisis stimulated a rapid rise in the production of
PV during the 1970s and early 1980s.Economies of scale which resulted from increasing production
along with improvements in system performance brought the price of PV down from 100 USD/watt in
1971 to 7 USD/watt in 1985. Steadily falling oil prices during the early 1980s led to a reduction in funding
for photovoltaic R&D and a discontinuation of the tax credits associated with the Energy Tax Act of
1978. These factors moderated growth to approximately 15% per year from 1984 through 1996.
Since the mid-1990s, leadership in the PV sector has shifted from the US to Japan and Europe.
Between 1992 and 1994 Japan increased R&D funding, established net metering guidelines, and
introduced a subsidy program to encourage the installation of residential PV systems.As a result, PV
installations in the country climbed from 31.2 MW in 1994 to 318 MW in 1999, and
worldwide production growth increased to 30% in the late 1990s.

Concentrating photovoltaic’s
Germany became the leading PV market worldwide since revising its Feed-in tariff system as part of the
Renewable Energy Sources Act. Installed PV capacity has risen from 100 MW in 2000 to approximately
4,150 MW at the end of 2007.After 2007, Spain became the largest PV market after adopting a
similar feed-in tariff structure in 2004, installing almost half of the photovoltaic’s (45%) in the
world, in 2008, while France, Italy, South Korea and the U.S. have seen rapid growth recently due to
various incentive programs and local market conditions. The power output of domestic photovoltaic
devices is usually described in kilowatt-peak (kWp) units, as most are from 1 to 10 kW.
Concentrating photovoltaic is another new method of electricity generation from the sun.
Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces
for the purpose of electrical power production. Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used, and these
are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the Sun moves
across the sky. Tracking is not required for concentrations of less than 2 to 5, but does increase flat
panel photovoltaic output by up to 20% in winter, and up to 50% in summer.

Converting Sunlight in to Electricity

Solar Cell
(multicrystalline silicon)

Photovoltaic modules, commonly called solar modules, are the key components used to convert sunlight
into electricity. Solar modules are made of semiconductors that are very similar to those used to create
integrated circuits for electronic equipment. The most common type of semiconductor currently
in use is made of silicon crystal. Silicon crystals are laminated into N-type and P-type layers, stacked
on top of each other. Light striking the crystals induces the “photovoltaic effect,” which generates
electricity. The electricity produced is called direct current (DC) and can be used immediately or
stored in a battery. For systems installed on homes served by a utility grid, a device called an inverter
changes the electricity into alternating current (AC), the standard power used in residential homes.
High purity silicon crystals are used to manufacture solar cells. The crystals are processed
into solar cells using the melt and cast method. The cube-shaped casting is then cut into ingots, and
then sliced into very thin wafers.
Processing wafers
Silicon atoms have four “arms.“ Under stable conditions, they become perfect insulators. By combining
a small number of five-armed atoms (with a surplus electron), a negative charge will occur when sunlight
(photons) hits the surplus electron. The electron is then discharged from the arm to move around freely.
Silicon with these characteristics conducts electricity. This is called an n-type (negative) semiconductor,
and is usually caused by having the silicon ‘doped ‘ with a boron film.
In contrast, combining three-armed atoms that lack one electron results in a hole with an electron missing.
The semiconductor will then carry a positive charge. This is called a p-type (positive) semiconductor,
and is usually obtained when phosphorous is doped into the silicon.

A p-n junction is formed by placing p-type and n- type

semiconductors next to one another. The p- type with
one less electron, attracts the surplus electron from
the n-type to stabilize itself. Thus the electricity is
displaced and generates a flow of electrons, otherwise
known as electricity.

When sunlight hits the semiconductor, an electron springs up and is attracted toward the n-type
semiconductor. This causes more negatives in the n-type semiconductors and more positives in the p-
type, thus generating a higher flow of electricity. This is the photovoltaic effect.

Wind-Energy System
A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy.
If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the
machine is usually called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the
machine is called a wind generator, wind turbine, wind power unit (WPU), wind energy converter
(WEC), or aerogenerator
Types of wind turbines
Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or vertical axis, the former being more
common.
Horizontal axis
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a
tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large
turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the
slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.
Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually pointed upwind of the tower.
Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower by high winds.
Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes
tilted up a small amount.
Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence (mast wake), because they
don’t need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and because in high winds
the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. Since
cyclic (that is repetitive) turbulence may lead to fatigue failures most HAWTs are upwind machines.
HAWT advantages
Variable blade pitch, which gives the turbine blades the optimum angle of attack.
Allowing the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control, so the turbine collects
the maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season.
The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind shear. In some wind shear
sites, every ten meters up, the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power output by 34%.
High efficiency, since the blades always move perpendicularly to the wind, receiving power
through the whole rotation. In contrast, all vertical axis wind turbines, and most proposed
airborne wind turbine designs, involve various types of reciprocating actions, requiring airfoil
surfaces to backtrack against the wind for part of the cycle. Backtracking against the wind leads
to inherently lower efficiency.
The face of a horizontal axis blade is struck by the wind at a consistent angle regardless of the
position in its rotation. This results in a consistent lateral wind loading over the course of a
rotation, reducing vibration and audible noise coupled to the tower or mount.
HAWT disadvantages
o The tall towers and blades up to 90 meters long are difficult to transport. Transportation
can now cost 20% of equipment costs.
o Tall HAWTs are difficult to install, needing very tall and expensive cranes and skilled
operators.
o Massive tower construction is required to support the heavy blades, gearbox, and
generator.
o Reflections from tall HAWTs may affect side lobes of radar installations creating signal
clutter, although filtering can suppress it.
o Their height makes them obtrusively visible across large areas, disrupting the appearance of
the landscape and sometimes creating local opposition.
o Downwind variants suffer from fatigue and structural failure caused by turbulence when a
blade passes through the tower’s wind shadow (for this reason, the majority of HAWTs use an upwind
design, with the rotor facing the wind in front of the tower).
o HAWTs require an additional yaw control mechanism to turn the blades toward the wind.
Cyclic stresses and vibration
Cyclic stresses fatigue the blade, axle and bearing; material failures were a major cause of turbine failure
for many years. Because wind velocity often increases at higher altitudes, the backward force and
torque on a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade peaks as it turns through the highest point in
its circle. The tower hinders the airflow at the lowest point in the circle, which produces a local dip in
force and torque. These effects produce a cyclic twist on the main bearings of a HAWT. The
combined twist is worst in machines with an even number of blades, where one is straight up when
another is straight down. To improve reliability, teetering hubs have been used which allow the main
shaft to rock through a few degrees, so that the main bearings do not have to resist the torque peaks.
The rotating blades of a wind turbine act like a gyroscope. As it pivots along its vertical axis to face the
wind, gyroscopic precession tries to twist the turbine disc along its horizontal axis. For each blade on a
wind generator’s turbine, precessive force is at a minimum when the blade is horizontal and at a
maximum when the blade is vertical. This cyclic twisting can quickly fatigue and crack the blade roots,
hub and axle of the turbines.
Vertical axis
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key
advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be
effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable.
With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, so the tower doesn’t
need to support it, and it is more accessible for maintenance. Drawbacks are that some designs produce
pulsating torque.
It is difficult to mount vertical-axis turbines on towers, meaning they are often installed nearer to the
base on which they rest, such as the ground or a building rooftop. The wind speed is slower at a lower
altitude, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine. Air flow near the ground and other
objects can create turbulent flow, which can introduce issues of vibration, including noise and
bearing wear which may increase the maintenance or shorten the service life. However, when a turbine is
mounted on a rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind
speed at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of
the building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind
turbulence.
VAWT subtypes
“Eggbeater“ turbines, or Darrieus turbines, which were named after the French inventor, Georges
Darrieus. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and cyclic stress on the tower,
which contributes to poor reliability. Also, they generally require some external power source, or an
additional Savories rotor, to start turning, because the starting torque is very low. The torque ripple
is reduced by using three or more blades which results in a higher solidity for the rotor. Solidity is
measured by blade area over the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by guy-wires
but have an external superstructure connected to the top bearing.

Giromill
A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The cyclo turbine
variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-starting.The advantages of
variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a lower blade speed
ratio; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a
lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades
may be used.

Savories wind turbine

These are drag-type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in anemometers, Flettner
vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some high-reliability low- efficiency power
turbines. They are always self-starting if there are at least three scoops. They sometimes have
long helical scoops to give a smooth torque.
VAWT advantages
• A massive tower structure is less frequently used, as VAWTs are more frequently mounted with
the lower bearing mounted near the ground.
• Designs without yaw mechanisms are possible with fixed pitch rotor designs.
• The generator of a VAWT can be located nearer the ground, making it easier to maintain the
moving parts.
• VAWTs have lower wind startup speeds than HAWTs. Typically, they start creating
electricity at 6 m.p.h. (10 km/h).
• VAWTs may be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited.
• VAWTs situated close to the ground can take advantage of locations where mesas, hilltops,
ridgelines, and passes funnel the wind and increase wind velocity.

• VAWTs may have a lower noise signature.

VAWT disadvantages
A VAWT that uses guy-wires to hold it in place puts stress on the bottom bearing as all the
weight of the rotor is on the bearing. Guy wires attached to the top bearing increase
downward thrust in wind gusts. Solving this problem requires a superstructure to hold a top
bearing in place to eliminate the downward thrusts of gust events in guy wired models.
The stress in each blade due to wind loading changes sign twice during each revolution as the
apparent wind direction moves through 360 degrees. This reversal of the stress increases
the likelihood of blade failure by fatigue.
While VAWTs’ parts are located on the ground, they are also located under the weight of the
structure above it, which can make changing out parts nearly impossible without dismantling
the structure if not designed properly.
Having rotors located close to the ground where wind speeds are lower due to wind shear,
VAWTs may not produce as much energy at a given site as a HAWT with the same
footprint or height.
 Application’s
Photovoltaic power system takes advantage of reliable supplying, convenient installation and free
maintenance, and has been used widely, it is the compensation and substituton of normal power
supply. We provide power solution for home, business and industrial customers, and also provide grid
and off-grid connected system for rural area. We not only can supply high quality photovoltaic
products, but also provide professional system solutions and high quality services.

Solar Grid Connected System

Photovoltaic system converts solar energy into the electricity, then send the electricity to the grid
through grid-connected inverter. It can work without storage battery. Lower cost and lengthen
lifetime of photovoltaic grid-connected system is the trend of solar energy development,
representing the energy utilization technology in the 21 century. Photovoltaic grid-connected
systems have been used abroad in developed countries.

Off-Grid System

Off-grid systems are photovoltaic systems which are not connected to the grid. They use solar panels
to produce DC electricity which is then stored in a battery bank. They are ideal for particularly
isolated regions or areas where power lines are not available.
BIPV

Building integrated Photovoltaic Solar System(BIPV) is a new conception in field of

solar generating electricity application, which is perfect combination between solar
photovoltaic system and modern construction, the electricity can be provided by
photovoltaic modules that laying out on the external surface of constructions, to build
green house, which is the integrated construction of solar power system, roof, skylight
and screen wall. We have abundant experiences and advanced technologies in this field
and can provide satisfaction power solution

PV Solar Lighting System

The application that integrate PV solar power system with LED

lighting technology uses on road light, plaza light, ad-box, bus
station sign and bridge profile lighting. With advantages of safety,
good-looking, non-pollution, economy etc., it is perfect extra-ventricular lighting system.

For Particular Industries

Photovoltaic power system has been launched abroad for farming, telecommunication,
frontier defense sentry, traffic sign, and house, etc.
Production Capacity
The Production capacity of NPGT is form 1KW to 50 MW, and it is further produce more power
capacity in special type of design as per requirement of customer. It can be directly use by either
personal connection or Grid connection. But the minimum power capacity to connect the Grid is
1KW.

Advantages of NPGT

1. Saving costs of purchasing energy (electricity and fuel).

2. Additional profit by selling surplus electricity to the grid/privates.

3. Additional profit by selling Certified Emission Reduction (CER & CDM).

4. Wind has a high energy density; meaning that you only need a little to generate energy output
improves geometrically with the wind speed.
5. It’s completely clean, and it takes nothing out of the environment
6. Operating costs are low.
7. Free availability of wind and solar abundant from nature.

8. It generates electricity without pullulate the environment.

9. Increasing stability of energy supplying.

10. Not required more skill person to maintain the system & etc.
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF NPGT
 PROJECT CAPACITY & COST
Project capacity Annual power generation Area required Project cost
1 KWh 7008 KW/YEAR 100 Sq.Ft. Rs.1,20,000
10 KWh 70080 KW/YEAR 175 Sq.Ft. Rs.8,75,000
20 KWh 140160 KW/YEAR 250 Sq.Ft. Rs.16,00,000
30 KWh 210240 KW/YEAR 300 Sq.Ft. Rs.23,00,000
1 MWh 7008000 KW/YEAR No. of mills of 30 KWh Rs.9 Cr. (approx.)
will be installed.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Clean Development Mechanism is a United Nations agreement to stabilize greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, at a level that would prevent dangerous changes to the climate. The Convention on Climate
Change was agreed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in
Rio, 1992. To date, 186 countries have ratified the convention.
To put the convention into operation, a protocol was outlined in Kyoto in 1997. The most important
aspect of the Kyoto Protocol is its legally binding commitments for 39 developed countries to reduce their
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by an average of 5.2% relative to 1990 levels. These emission reductions
must be achieved by 2008-2012: the so called ‘first commitment period‘. The developed countries with
emission reduction targets are called the Annex 1 countries, whereas those without targets are the non-Annex
1 countries.
The Kyoto Protocol allows developed countries to reach their targets in different ways through ‘Flexibility
Mechanisms‘. These include: Emissions Trading (trading of emission allowances between developed
nations); Joint Implementation (transferring emission allowances between developed nations, linked to
specific emission reduction projects); and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM is the
only flexible mechanism that involves developing countries. It allows developed nations to achieve part of
their reduction obligations through projects in developing countries that reduce emissions or ‘fix ‘ or
sequester C0 2 from the atmosphere.

Under the CDM, an industrialized country with a GHG reduction target (an Annex B country) can invest in a
project in a developing country without a target (non-Annex B), and claim credit for the emissions that the
project achieves. i.e., an industrialized country may invest in a renewable energy power project in a
developing country that replaces electricity that would otherwise have been produced from coal. The
industrialized country can then claim credit for the emissions that have been avoided, and use these credits to
meet its own target. For industrialized countries, this greatly reduces the cost of meeting the reduction
commitments that they agreed to under the Kyoto Protocol.

The revenues from sale of carbon credit through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) help to
improve the financial viability of renewable energy projects. Since the entering into force of Kyoto
Protocol in Feb 2005, developments in CDM are happening in a rapid pace. The United Nations
framework convention in climate change (UNFCCC) has so far registered 47 Projects. Registration is a
significant step in the CDM process that ensures carbon credits to the project. The carbon credits
have been issued for three projects including a biomass project from Rajasthan. This demonstrates
the good success rate of Indian biomass projects in getting carbon credits. The price of carbon credits
is also increasing and is presently in the range of $6 to $8 per credit. Revenues from carbon credit can
reduce the generation cost of biomass power projects by 10 to 25 paisa/kWh.
The recent meeting of parties (MOP) to Kyoto Protocol that took place in Montreal,
th
Canada between 28 November to 9 December, 2005, the developed countries
committed themselves to fund the operation of the Clean Development Mechanism with
over USD 13 million in 2006-07. The process for methodologies under the clean
development mechanism (CDM) was simplified and its governing body was also
strengthened.

Future Aspects
As we are looking the world the conventional energy is using very fastly for daily needs. These
conventional energy which have given by nature will end in a close time, and using of conventional
energy is polluting the environment results Global warming. Therefore on time will come and each
human being depend on the Green Energy.

So, NPGT will very useful system for the energy in near future. It will be played a vital role
for the development of Green Energy. This will be very beneficial of each and every human beings and
a step to reduce the environment pollution.
 CONCLUSIONS
In the present scenario standalone solar photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted
around the globe on a comparatively larger scale. These independent systems cannot provide
continuous source of energy, as they are seasonal. The solar and wind energies are complement in
nature. By integrating and optimizing the solar photovoltaic and wind systems, the reliability of the
systems can be improved and the unit cost of power can be minimized.
A PV wind hybrid systems is designed for rural electrification for the required load at specified
Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP). A new methodology has been developed to
determine the size of the PV wind hybrid system using site parameters, types of wind systems, types
of solar photovoltaic system, number of days of autonomy of battery and life period of the
system.
A primary model was developed to optimize PV-wind hybrid system for any specific
location, by considering the parameters DPSP and REPG. The developed model processes the input
parameters pertaining to the wind velocity, solar isolation, environment temperature, load
distribution, wind and PV system parameters like cut-in-speed, cut-off-speed, rated speed, rotor
diameter, hub height, peak module power, capacity of the PV panel and wind systems. It
computes the output parameters like PV capacity, array configuration, number of modules, tilt
angle, inverter capacity, battery capacity, charge controller capacity and wind machine capacity. The
optimal size of the hybrid system is determined based on the calculated values of REPG for a specified
DPSP. Thus the model suggests the optimum combination of the capacity of wind, PV and battery
units of a chosen type that can generate power with a minimum REPG by implementation of
iterative technique.
A secondary model developed for optimizing techno economic aspects like LCC, LEC or LUC
considering the parameters like life period of solar system, wind system, battery discount rate, , wind
system, battery discount rate,
escalation rate, cost of the module, wind machine, battery, inverter BOS components and CO2
mitigation cost for solar photovoltaic wind hybrid system.
In the developed model of PV-wind hybrid system the specific data related to the
location Ottapidaram (8°54’N, 78°1’E) are given as inputs by considering the parameter DPSP of
0.15, the wind velocity 5.1m/sec, solar insolation 5.89 kWh/m2, and environment temperature of
32°C for a load of 72 kWh/day. Wind system parameters like cut-in-speed of 3m/sec, cut-off-speed
of 20m/sec, rated speed of 12m/s, rotor diameter of 20m, hub height of 30m, PV parameters like
peak module power of 52W. The computed output parameters are PV capacity of 0.5 kWp with 3
days of battery autonomy and wind machine capacity 10 kW for a REPG of 0.07. Thus the model
suggests the optimum combination of the capacity of wind 10 kW and PV capacity of 0.5 kWp with 3
days of battery autonomy can satisfy the load requirement for a given DPSP of 0.15 with a minimum
REPG of 0.07 for a minimum LUC of Rs.26.93.

The comparative cost of grid line extension energy source with PV wind hybrid
system is a vital parameter to decide the viability of installing a PV wind hybrid system. It is evident
from the study that, to meet out the daily energy demand of 75 kWh a fixed life cycle cost of Rs.150
lakhs is required for a grid line extension of 50 km. This LCC does not vary even when the load
demand is less than 75 kWh/day for the same grid line extension. But in the autonomous PV-wind
hybrid system LCC is Rs.150 lakhs for a daily energy demand of 75 kWh, and for a load less than 75
kWh, the LCC proportionately reduces. In comparison with the grid extension, it is concluded that
for a load less than 75 kWh per day and when the grid line is 50 km away from the load point then
the PV wind hybrid is economical. Also that when the grid extension distance is longer than 50
km and load demand is lower than 75 kWh/day the autonomous PV wind hybrid system is
economically viable.

The model output data is compared with the real time output data, which is
obtained for a hybrid plant installed at Chunnambar, Pondicherry (11.46o N, 79.46oE). The
estimated value of energy generated by the model of solar system and wind system deviates by 6.22%
and 7.18% respectively with the real time values. In the case of PV-wind hybrid system the deviation
is found to be 6.66%. From the studies for a given energy to load ratio the capacity of the solar wind
hybrid system is found for a given load demand. The study reveals that at vicinity of 0.74 solar or
wind energy to load ratio the PV-wind hybrid system capacity converges to be optimum and also the
life cycle cost is minimum. In the case of Ottapidaram the optimum combination is achieved with 7.8
kWp solar PV capacity and 8 kW of wind system for a annual average daily load demand of 72 kWh
at DPSP of 0.02 and solar or wind energy to load ratio of 0.74. Also it is noted that this point
corresponds to minimum life cycle cost of Rs.130 lakhs

After implementing the model in the case studies, a thorough analysis is made and the results are
obtained which highlights the following important conclusions:

1. An optimum hybrid system ensures minimum REPG for a given DPSP for a specific
location. The optimum combination of solar PV wind hybrid system lies between 0.70 and
0.75 of solar or wind energy to load ratio and the corresponding LCC is minimum; 2. Life
cycle unit cost of power generation from hybrid system is less compared with standalone
solar and wind systems. It lies between Rs.20.00 and Rs.30.00 per kWh;

3. Load demand is less than 75 kWh per day and when the grid line of 11 kVA is 50 km away
from the load point, then the PV wind hybrid is economical for the PV module cost of Rs.200
per Wp;

4. When the module efficiency is increased from 10 to 20% then LUC is reduced by 25%
for given module cost of Rs.200 per Wp

5. If insolation is increased by 65% the LEC decreases by 27%; and Variation in LUC is
meager after a life period of 20 years.
The PV wind hybrid option is techno-economically viable for rural electrifications when the PV
module cost is below Rs.100 per Wp and the efficiency of PV module is higher than 20%. The scope
of implementing these systems in suburbs will be possible in near future.