11

LIMITS
11.1. Limit
Let f{x) be a function of x. If for every positive number e, however, small it may be, there exists a
positive number 5 such that whenever 0< I x-a I < 8, we have I f(x) - I I < e then we say, f (x) tends to limit I
as x tends to a and we write
Lim f(x)=l
x-> a
11.2. Right hand and left hand Limits
In the definition of the limit we say that I is the limit of f (x) i.e. f(x) -> /, when x- ^ a.
When x- > a, from the values of x greater than a, then the corresponding limit is called the right hand
limit (R.H.L.) of f (x) and is written as
Lim /(x) or f ( a + 0).
x-> a +
The working rule for finding the right hand limit is :
"Put a + h for x in f (x) and make h approach zero."
In short we have f(a + 0) = Lim f(a+h)
/7-> 0
Similarly, when x- > a from the values of x smaller (or less) than a, then the corresponding limit is called
the left-hand limit (L.H.L.) of f (x) and is written as
Lim f(x) or f(a- 0)
x-> a -
The working rule for finding the left hand limit is :
"Put a - h for x in f (x) and make h approach zero."
In short we have
f { a - 0) = Lim f ( a - h )
h > 0
If both these limits f(a + 0) and f(a - 0) exist and are equal in value, then their common value is the
limit of the function f{x) at x = a, i.e. I is the limit of f(x) as x- > a if
f ( a + 0) = I = f{a - 0)
The limit of f(x) as x- > a does not exist even if both these limits exist but are not equal in value
then also the limit of f(x) as x a does not exist.
11.3. Frequently used Limits
\n
(i) Lim
n >
(ii) Lim
n <x
1 + - I = e = Lim (1 + h)
n 0
n
y
1/ / j
- - L.IIII l l - r / l l
\
n
(iii) Lim (1 + a/?)
1/
" = e
a
x" - a"
(iv) Lim = na" where n e O.
x-> a x- a
98
Obj ective Mathematics
, . . . sin 6
C
. . . . sin x
(v) Lim = 1 and Lim
e->o e
c
x- >0 x 180
t (180' = k ) and Lim
tan e
c
e - >o e
c
= 1
a
x
- 1
(vi) Lim = In a (a > 0)
x- 0 x
e
x
- 1
(vii) Lim = 1
x 0 x
(viii) Um ~ = 0 (m > 0)
x-*oo yn
. . . . . (1 + x )
m
- 1
(ix) Lim = m
x- 0 x
(x) Lim
l o g a ( 1 + x )
= log
a
e ( a> 0, a * 1)
x- 0 x
Lim{/(x)-1}fir(x)
(xi) Lim{f(x)}
9(J
= e
x
~ *
a
x> a
Provided g (x) -> f (x) 1 tor x a.
o=, (so no exits) if a > 1
1, if a = 1
0, if - 1 < a < 1
not exist, if a < - 1
(xii) Lim a" =
11.4. Some Important Expansions
(i) tan x = + x + .
o ID
. ^ . x
3
l ^ . x
5
1
2
. 3
2
. 5
2
7
(II) sin x = x+ + + x+.
3! 5! 7 !
(iii) (sin
1
x)
2
= ^ x
2
x
4
+
2 2
'
4
x
6
x
. - 1 x
3
x
5
(iv) tan x = x - + -
3 5
( v ) s e c -
1
x = 1 + |
T +
^
r +
^ y
+
...
x
2
5x
4
61 x
6
(vi) (1 + x)
1/x
= e
* * 11 J?
1 - ~ + x -
2 24
11.6. indeterminate Forms
If a function f (x) t akes any of the following forms at x = a.
0
0'
then f (x) is said to be indeterminate at x = a.
>, 0 X OO, 0' , oo", 1
11.7. L'Hospital's Rule
Let f (x) and g( x) be two functions, such that f (a) = 0 and g (a) = 0.
then Lim - ^ r r = Lim -3-^7 ,
x->ag(x) * - >a f ( * )
Provided f ' (a) and cf (a) are not both zero.
Note : For other indeterminate terms we have to convert to or and then apply L' Hospital's Rule.
o OO
0 oo
Some times we have to repeat the process if the form is - or again.
Li mi t
99
MULTIPLE CHOICE - I
Each question in this part has four choices out of which just one is correct. Indicate your choice of correct
answer for each question by writing one of letters a, b, c, d whichever is appropriate :
1. If 0 < a < b, then Lim (b" + a") " is equal to
( a) e
(b ) a
(d) None of these
Vl / 2( 1 - cos 2x) .
2. The value of Lim
X
(b) - 1
(c) 0 (c^jione of these
3- The value of Lim ^
+
JS where {JC}
JC->0 {x}
denotes the fractional part of x.
(b) 0
(b) 2 (d) does not exist
4. Let f ( x ) = 1/V(18 -x
2
), the value of
L i m
f M )
*- >3
( a) 0
(c) - 1/ 3
5-- The value of Lim
(a) 0
(c) - 1
6. Lim
n > <*>
1
IS
(b) -1/ 9
(d) 1/9 ,
(
x sin (1/x) - x
1 1x1
(b) 1
(d) None of these
4 9
is
n + 1 n + 1
+

3
+ l
+ ... +
n + 1
is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2/3
(c) 1/3 (d) 0
7. If x > 0 and g is bounded function, then
Lim
i s
"
00
e
m
+ 1
(a)/(x) (b) g(x)
(c) 0 (d) None of these
8. The integer n for which
j . ( c o s x - 1 ) ( c o s x - e
l
) _ .
Lim is a finite
x"
non-zero number is
(a) 1 (b) 2
( c ) 3, ( d) 4
9. Lim
:^y
2
-(y-x)
2
r^ is equal to
*
0
(V8xy - 4X
2
+ Vfoy)
3
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2
(c) 1/ 2 V2~ (d) None of these
sin (7t cos x)
10. Lim = equal
*->0 r
2
( a) - 7t
(c) 71/2
(b)7t
( d) l
r
. sin x - (sin x)
SJ
LI. Lim :-
L
~. ^ J I I I , . is equal to
* -rc/2 1 - sin x + In sin x
(a) 4
(c) 1
( b) 2
(d) None of these
12. The value of the limit
Jx lWx
T
. a -a , .
a +a
(a) 4
(c) - 1
13. Lim
a 2 ,
n sm n !
n+ 1
( a ) 0
( C) oo
( b) 2
(d) 0
, 0 < a < 1, is equal to
(b) 1
(d) None of these
, . _ . sin
1
x - tan
1
x . ,
14. Lim ~ is equal to
x^O x
2
(a) 1/2
( c ) 0 .
(b) - 1/ 2
(d)=o
15. Lim {log
{
_ i) () log (n +1) log
+
1 (n + 2)
... log
l
_] ( ) } is equal to
(a) n (b)k "
(c) oo (d) None of these
16. Lim c o f
1
( r
2
+3 / 4 ) i s
n oo r= 1
(a) 0
(c^ tan
-
l
1
17. If Lim
, a b
1 +
(a) a = l,b = 2
(b) tan
(d) None ol' these
n2
* 2
= e then
(b)a = 2,b=\
100 Obj ective Mathematics
(c)a=l,be. R
Ci
18. Lim
, l/n l/n
1 e e
- + +
n n n
(d) None of these
(n - 1 )/n
... +"
n
equals
(a)0 (b) 1
(d) None of these
(c )e-
}
1f t T
. 2 V2~-(cosx + sinx)" .
Lim : is equal to
AT k/4 1 - sin 2x
, . 3V2
(a) *
(c)
2
4-12
(b) 2 V2"
(d) does not exist
IA TF T i(
a
~n)nx- tan x) sin nx _ ,
20. If Lim
z
j
=
0' where
n-is non zero real number then a is equal to
(a)0 (b)
n+ 1
n
(c) n (d) n +
n
21. If Lim ( l + "
3
) + 8 e '
/ X
= 2 t h g n
*->0 1 + (1 b ) e
{a)a=l,b = 2
(c) a = 2,b-3
1/3
(b) a = 1, b = - 3
]
^
(d) None of these
2 2
- If Lim ( V( x
4
- x
2
+ 1) - ax
2
- b) = 0 then
X 00
( a ) a = I, b = -2 (b)a=\,b=\
(c) a = 1, b = - 1/ 2 (d) None of these
Lim
n
s
n
= 2
k =
c
l
$n+ 1
-
5
V z
*
y
k= 1

~.a
v
n -00
is equal to
( b) a
( d) 2a
then
24. The value of Lim
cos (sin x) - cos x
is
equal to
" " 5
25. Let f(x)
(d)
1
=
{ x
2
- l , i if 0 < x < 2
I-
the
2x + 3, if 2 < x < 3
quadratic equation whose roots are
Lim fix) and Lim is
* > 2 - 0 x > 2 + 0
(a) x
2
- 6x + 9 = 0 (b) x
2
- l.Ox+^21 = 0
(c) x
2
- 14x + 49 = 0 (d) None of these
26. Lim *
s
'
n
{* Ml ^ where [.] denotes the
x ^ 1 x - 1
greatest integer function, is
(a) 0_* ( b) - l
(c) not existent (d) None of these

2
27. The value of Lim [x +x + sinx] where [.]
denotes the greatest integer function
(a) does not exist (b) is equal to zero
(c) - 1 (d) None of these
28. Lim (2 - tan x)
jr > It/4
(a)
(c) 0
f n !
(mnf
(a) 1 /em
(c) em
1 /In (t an x)
equals to
( b) l
(d)<f
29. Lim
n >
l/n
30. If y = 2
(a) - 1
(c)0
(me N) is equal to
(b) m/e
(d) e/m
then Lim y is
x-> 1 +
(b) 1.
(d) 1/2
MULTIPLE CHOICE -II
Each question in this part, has one or more than one correct answer(s). For each question, write the letters
a, b, c, d corresponding to the correct answer(s).
31. Let / ( x) = Lim
x
2
" - l

00
x
2n
+ 1
, then
(a) f(x) = 1 for I x I > 1
(b) f{x)~- 1 for I x I < 1
(c) fix) is not defined for any value of x
(d) / (x) = 1 for I x I = 1
T. LOW
Li mi t 101
32. The graph of the function y=f(x) has a
unique tangent at the point (a, 0) through
which the graph passes. Then
. l og, { 1 + 6 / ( A) } ,
Lim is
3fix)
(a) 0
( c) 2
33. Lim
(b) 1
(d) None of these
f{2h + 2 + h~) f(2)
2iven
A-> o fih -h
z
+ 1 ) - / ( 1 )
/ ' (2) = 6 a n d / ' ( l ) = 4
(a) does not exist (b) is equal to - 3/ 2
(c) is equal to 3/2 (d) is equal to 3
that
34. If Lim
,v (1 + a cos x) - b sin x
. 0
1 then
(a) a = - 5/ 2, b = - 1/ 2
(b) a = 3/ 2, b = 1/ 2
(c) a = - 3/ 2, b = - 5 / 2
(d) a = - 5/ 2, /; = - 3 / 2
35. Lim
36.
x - 0
x
" _ sin x
must be equal to
(a) 1
( c) 3
Li m (V(.v~ + .y) - A") equal s
x > oo
.v + In (1 - x)
is non zero finite then n
( b) 2
(d) None of these
(a) Lim
.v -> 0
(b) Lim
x-> 0
+ A
(c) Lim
X
0 VJ + V.v
2
+ 2.v
(d) Lim
A' > 0
COS A" - 1
37. If [A] denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x, then the value of
Lim (1 - , v + [x- 1] + I 1 -x I) is
v- l
( a) 0
( c ) - l
(b) 1
(d) None of these
38.
jr- 0 JT ' j. x + y
to (where c is a constant)
(b) sin 2y e
s i n
'
y
is equal
(a)
( c) 0
2
sin y
(d) None of these
39. If a and (3 be the roots of ax" + bx + c = 0,
then Lim (1 + ax
2
+ bx + c)
1/(x
~
a )
is
x a
(a) a ( a - p)
(c) e'
: ( A- P)
(b) In I a ( a - P) I
(d) e
ala-(3l
, . . i sin A , A * tin, n E / ,
40. I f / W H
2
;
o t h e r w i s e
a n d
g (x) =
(a) 5
( c) 7
41. If A; = -
x +1, x* 0,2
4 , A = 0
5 , A = 2
(b) 6
(d) 1
x - a
then Lim g {/(A)} is
JT -> 0
, , / = 1, 2, 3 n and if
I x - a,-1
a
}
<a
2
<a
3
... < a
n
. Then Lim (A]A
2
. . . A
n
),
1 < m < n
(a) is equal to ( - 1)'
(b) is equal to ( - 1)'
(c) is equal to ( - 1)'
(d) does not exist
m + I
l
J ' l f - 1 I dt
42. Lim is equal to
, V - > 1 + 0 sin ( A - 1 )
( a) 0 (b) 1
(c) - 1 (d) None of these
log, [ A]
43. Lim , where [.] denotes the greatest
.V *> X
integer function is
( a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 1 (d) non existent
44. If [A] denotes the greatest integer < x, then
Lim \ {[1'
2
x] + [2
2
A] + [3
2
A ] + . . . + [ H
2
X] }
n oo
f )
-
equal
(a) A/ 2 (b) A/ 3
(c) A/ 6 (d) 0
45. The value of the limit
Lim {l
I Ai n
*
+ 2
1 / s i n
"
t
+.
x ^ 0
. + n
2 2
1/sin .risin x
(a)<
(c)
n ( + 1)
(b) 0
(d) n
102 Obj ective Mathematics
Practice Test
M.M.: 20 Time : 30 Min.
(A) There are 10 parts in this question. Each part has one or more than one correct answer(s).
[10 x 2 = 20]
X Sill X
1. Lim 7 is non zero finite t hen n
x sin x
must be equal to
(a) 1 "
(c) 3
(b) 2
(d) None of these
2. Lim tog* M
e N
^ denotes
x -> o [x]
greatest integer less t han or equal to x)
(a) has value - 1 (b) has value 0
(c) has value 1 (d) Does not exist
3. Lim gHL;
C0S
([ ] denotes the gratest
x -> 0 1 + icos x\
integer function)
(a) equal to 1 (b) equal to 0
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these
2
4. If a and 3 be the roots of ax + bx + c = 0,
t hen
2
T
. 1 - cos (ax + bx + c) . , ,
Lim 5 is equal to
x a
(x-a)
(a) 0
( c ) y ( a - P )
2
( b ) | ( a - p )
2
2
( d ) - y ( a - P )
2
5. If x is a real number is [0, 1], then the value of
f(x) = Lim Lim [1 + cos'
m co n oo
2 m
(n ! rct)l
is given by
(a) 2 or 1 according as x is rational or irrational
(b) 1 or 2 according as x is rational or irrational
(c) 1 for all x
(d) 2 or 1 for all x
6. The value of Lim
x- 0
(1+x) - e + ex
is
r ^
1 1
24
6
( b) -
l l e
(c)
24
24
(d) None of these
7. Lim ~Jx (Vx + 1 - \5T) equals
X oo
(a) Lim
x- >0
(b) Lim
x- >0
(c) Lim
x->0
In (1+x) -x
2
x
1 - cos x
V( 1+x) - 1
(d) Lim
x-> 0 ^x + V(x
2
+ 2x)
T
. t an ([- it ] x ) - t an ([- n ]) x .
Lim equals
0
sin x
denotes the greater integer
x
where [
function
(a)0 (b) 1
(c) t an 10-10 (d) oo
2
9. Let a = min {x + 2x + 3, x R} and
1 - cos 9
b = Lim
6 0
v
r
u
n
Z a .o
r = 0
0
(a)
(c)
2
n + 1
- l
3.2"
4
n + 1
- l
(b)
The value
2
n + 1
+ l
of
3.2
3.2"
(d) None of these
10- Lim
x -> 0
(a) 1
(c) e
-
si nx
equals
(b) e
(d) e
- 2
Li mi t
103
Record Your Score
Max. Marks
1. First attempt
2. Second attempt
3. Third attempt must be 100%
Multiple Choice -I
1. (b) 2. fd) 3. (d)
7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b)
19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (b)
25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a)
Multiple Choice -II
31. (a), (b), (c) 32. (c) 33. (d)
37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (c)
43. (a) 44. ( t ) 45. (d)
Practice Test
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b)
7. (b), (c) 8. (c) 9. (c)
Answers
4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c)
10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (c)
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (c)
22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b)
28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b)
34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (b)
40. (d) 41. (d) 42. (a)
4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a)
10. (c)
12
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
12.1. Continuity of a Function
Continuity of a function f(x) can be discussed in two ways (1) at a point (2) in an interval.
(1) The function f(x) is said to be continuous at the point x = a if
Lim f(x) exist = f(a)
x-> a
i.e. Lim f(x) = Lim f(x) = [f(x)]
x = a
x- a - x-> a +
or L.H.L. = R.H.L. = value of function at x = a.
(2) The function f(x) is said to be continuous in an interval [a, b], if f(x) be continuous at every point of
the interval.
In other words, the function f (x) is continuous in interval [a, b]. It is exist (be not indeterminate ) and be
finite ( * for all values of xin interval [a, b].
12.2. Discontinuity of a Function
The discontinuity of a function f (x) at x = a can arise in two ways
(1) If Lim f(x) exist but / f(a) or Lim f(x) exist but * f(a), then the function f(x) is said to have a
x - a - x- >a +
removable discontinuity.
(2) The function f (x) is said to have an unremovable discontinuity when Lim f(x) does not exist.
x-> a
i.e., Lim f(x) * Lim f(x).
x- a - x- a +
12.3. Right hand and Left hand Derivatives of a Function
The progressive derivative or right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a is given by
.. f{a + h) - f (a) ,
n
LIM R , h > 0
h-> 0 h
if it exists finitely and is denoted by Rf' (a) or by f (a +) or by ' (a).
The regressive or left hand derivative of f (x) at x = a is given by
Lim r , /7>0
/7-0 -h
if it exists finitely and denoted by Lf' (a) or by f (a - ) or by L' (a).
12.4. Derivability or Differentiability of a Function
The function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if Rf'(a) and Lf' (a) both exist finitely and are
equal, and their common value is called the derivative or differential coefficient at the point x = a.
The function f(x) is said to be non differentiable at x = a if
(i) both Rf'(a) and Lf'(a) exist but are not equal (ii) either or both Rf' (a) and Lf' (a) are not finite
(iii) either or both Rf' (a) and Lf' (a) do not exist.
K
/