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The diagram below shows possible pathways for the breakdown of glucose in various cells.
G lu c o s e
A
P ro ce ss Q
(n o o x y g e n p re s e n t)
B
(a)
P ro ce ss R
(o x y g e n p re s e n t)
C + D
D + E
..................................................................................................................................
(1)
R:
..................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
..................................................................................................................................
(1)
D:
..................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
2.
L o w A T P c o n c e n tra tio n
E n z y m e a c tiv ity
H ig h A T P c o n c e n tra tio n
F ru c to s e 6 -p h o s p h a te c o n c e n tra tio n
(a)
(i)
Using only the data in the above graph, outline the effect of increasing fructose 6phosphate concentration on the activity of phosphofructokinase, at a low ATP
concentration.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
3.
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
5.
Of the following products, which is produced by both anaerobic respiration and aerobic
respiration in humans?
I.
Pyruvate
II.
ATP
III.
Lactate
A.
I only
B.
I and II only
C.
I, II and III
D.
6.
CO2
B.
NADH + H
C.
Pyruvate
D.
ATP
(1)
7.
How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose as a direct result of
glycolysis?
A.
B.
C.
10
D.
38
(1)
8.
B.
C.
D.
(1)
9.
Explain the similarities and differences in anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration.
(Total 8 marks)
10.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen while aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
(a)
(b)
Complete the table showing the differences between oxidation and reduction.
Oxidation
Reduction
Electrons gained or
lost
Oxygen or hydrogen gained or
lost
(2)
(c)
Name the parts labelled A, B and C and state the function of each.
Part A:
Name: ..................................................................................................................
Function: .............................................................................................................
Part B:
Name: ..................................................................................................................
Function: .............................................................................................................
Part C:
Name: ..................................................................................................................
Function: .............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
11.
(a)
(i)
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Identify the structure labelled I above and explain how it is adapted for the
organelle to function efficiently.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
12.
The rate of carbon dioxide uptake by the green succulent shrub Aeonium goochiae can indicate
the amount of photosynthesis taking place in the plant. This rate was measured at 15C and 30C
1.
over a 24-hour period. The units of carbon dioxide absorption are mg CO 2 h
1
The results are shown below. The centre of the graph corresponds to 2 mg CO 2 h and the
1
2200
2 1 0 0 (la te e v e n in g )
2000
1900
1 8 0 0 (e v e n in g )
2 4 0 0 (m id n ig h t)
2 .5
2300
0100
2
1 .5
1
0 .5
0
0 .5
1
1 .5
2
K ey:
3 0 C
1 5 C
0200
0 3 0 0 (e a rly m o rn in g )
0400
0500
0 6 0 0 (m o rn in g )
1700
0700
1600
0800
1 5 0 0 (e a rly a fte rn o o n )
0 9 0 0 (la te m o rn in g )
1400
1000
1300
1100
1 2 0 0 (m id -d a y )
(a)
Identify a time that carbon dioxide uptake was the same at both temperatures.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(c)
Compare the rate of carbon dioxide uptake at each temperature in daylight and darkness.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
13.
B.
C.
D.
14.
What accumulates in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion during electron transport?
A.
ATP
B.
Electrons
C.
D.
Oxygen
(1)
15.
(a)
(b)
16.
Biosphere 2, an enormous greenhouse built in the Arizona desert in the USA, has been used to
study five different ecosystems. It is a closed system so measurements can be made under
controlled conditions. The effects of different factors, including changes in carbon dioxide
concentration in the greenhouse, were studied. The data shown below were collected over the
course of one day in January 1996.
1200
1600
1400
1000
1200
C O 2/800
ppm
lig h t /
1 0 0 0 m o l m
600
s 1
800
600
400
400
K ey:
200
0
1 .5
4 .5
7 .5
C O 2
L ig h t
9 1 0 .5 1 2 1 3 .5 1 5 1 6 .5 1 8 1 9 .5 2 1 2 2 .5 2 4
T im e / h o u rs
200
0
[Source: http://www.Ideo.columbia.edu/martins/climate_water/labs/lab6/labinstr6/html]
(a)
(i)
10
11
(ii)
(b)
Determine the maximum difference in the concentration of CO 2 over the 24-hour period.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Suggest reasons for changes in CO2 concentration during the 24-hour period.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
17.
What is the sequence of stages during the conversion of glucose into pyruvate in glycolysis?
A.
lysis
phosphorylation of sugar
B.
lysis
oxidation
C.
phosphorylation of sugar
lysis
D.
phosphorylation of sugar
oxidation
oxidation
phosphorylation of sugar
oxidation
lysis
(1)
18.
(a)
12
(b)
Explain the significance of polar and non-polar amino acids within the cell.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
19.
The respiratory quotient (RQ) is a measure of the metabolic activity of an animal. It is the ratio
of CO2 produced to O2 consumed. In general, the lower the RQ value the higher the energy
yield. The RQ is dependent on the diet consumed by the animal. The following table lists the
typical RQ values for specified diets.
Diet
RQ
Lipid
0.71
Carbohydrate
1.00
Protein
0.74
[Source: Walsberg and Wolf, Journal of Experimental Biology, (1995), 198, pages 213219. Reproduced by
permission of The Company of Biologists Ltd]
In an experiment to assess RQ values for house sparrows, the birds were fed a diet of pure
mealworms (beetle larvae) or millet (a type of grain).
13
The graph below shows the RQ values of a house sparrow fed on a high carbohydrate diet
(millet) and a high lipid diet (mealworms).
1 .0
K ey:
M ille t
M e a lw o rm s
R e s p ira to ry q u o tie n t
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
5
3
4
T im e a fte r fe e d in g / h
[Source: Walsberg and Wolf, Journal of Experimental Biology, (1995), 198, pages 213219. Reproduced by
permission of The Company of Biologists Ltd]
(a)
Compare the RQ values for millet and mealworms between 1 hour and 6 hours after
feeding.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
The expected RQ value for house sparrows metabolizing millet is 0.93. The expected value
when metabolizing mealworms is 0.75.
(b)
Explain why the expected RQ values for millet and mealworms are different.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
14
15
(c)
(ii)
20.
B.
C.
D.
16
21.
How many molecules of acetyl CoA (ethanoyl CoA) does the oxidation of the fatty acid stearic
acid produce?
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
C H
S te a ric a c id
C O O H
A.
B.
C.
D.
18
(1)
22.
23.
(a)
(b)
(c)
A: pyruvate / 3-oxopropanoate;
D: carbon dioxide;
mitochondrion;
1
[5]
17
18
24.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(i)
decreases activity;
at all fructose 6-phosphate concentrations;
most effect at intermediate fructose 6-phosphate concentrations / little difference
at high fructose 6-phosphate concentrations;
ATP acts as an inhibitor;
2 max
(ii)
end-product inhibition;
respiration rate decreased if ATP already available;
1 max
[7]
25.
donates H );
electrons release energy as they pass along the chain;
oxygen final electron acceptor;
production of water;
builds up proton gradient / protons pumped across inner membrane;
protons flow into matrix of mitochondria through ATPase;
ATP produced;
produces 36 / 38 ATP (per glucose);
Accept any appropriate terminology for NAD and FAD.
(Plus up to [2] for quality)
8 max
[8]
26.
(a)
(b)
2 max
1 max
19
(c)
1
[4]
27.
B
[1]
28.
C
[1]
29.
C
[1]
30.
C
[1]
31.
Answers must include both similarities and differences to receive full marks.
aerobic requires oxygen and anaerobic does not utilize oxygen;
similarities:
both can start with glucose;
both use glycolysis;
both produce ATP/energy (heat);
both produce pyruvate;
carbon dioxide is produced;
(both start with glycolysis) aerobic leads to Krebs' cycle and anaerobic
leads to fermentation;
3 max
differences:
anaerobic:
(fermentation) produces lactic acid in humans;
(fermentation) produces ethanol and CO2 in yeast;
occurs in cytoplasm of the cell;
+
recycles NADH (NAD );
5 max
32.
(a)
ATP;
CO2;
ethanol;
lactic acid;
heat energy; 1
20
21
(b)
Reaction
Electrons gained or lost
Oxygen or hydrogen gained
or lost
Oxidation
Reduction
loss of electrons
gain of electrons;
gain of oxygen /
loss of
+
H /
hydrogen
loss of oxygen /
+
gain of H
/
hydrogen;
2
Award [2] for four correct and [1] for two correct.
(c)
33.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3 max
1
[6]
34.
B
[1]
35.
C
[1]
36.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
17:00/5.00 pm ( hour)
1
1
1
22
(c)
23
37.
C
[1]
38.
(a)
(b)
3 max
[4]
39.
(a)
between 1.5 and 3.5 hours (or number between these figures)
after feeding mealworm RQ values are higher than for millet;
no difference in RQ values between 3.5 hours and 6 hours;
between 0.5 and 1.5 hours (or number between these figures)
millet RQ values much higher than for mealworm;
between 2 and 3 hours mealworm RQ values are
slightly higher than for millet;
2 max
(b)
2 max
(i)
(ii)
(c)
1
[6]
24