ELECTROSTATICS

RSP-PH--1
INTRODUCTION
This study material is intended exclusively for the usage of RADIANCE students preparing for IIT-
JEE. Its design is based on our experience with students over the past few years. This material
covers extensively the fundamental principles and concepts involved, solved problems which high-
light the application of these concepts and assignments for practice by the students.
Though this study material is written on the basis of the syllabi prescribed by IITs for the Joint
Entrance Examination, it will also prove useful to students who are preparing for other Engineering
examinations like AIEEE & BITSAT since the content of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics
remains almost the same for these examinations also.
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guardian about his/her performance in the classes and tests.
Wishing you a very successful year at RADIANCE
A Word of Advice
Note down the doubts and difficulties that you face in the study material and ensure that these are
removed in the class.
Do full justice to the assignment problems. Even if you do not get the answer to a problem, keep
trying on your own and only approach your friends or teachers after making lot of attempts.
Do not look at the answer and try to work backwards. This would defeat the purpose of doing the
problem. Remember the purpose of doing an assignment problem is not simply to get the answer (it
is only evidence that you solved it correctly) but to develop your ability to think.
Before attempting the objective assignment make it sure that you have understood and solve the
subjective ones of at least Level-I and II. It is advisable to solve the objective problems of each level
at a single sitting.
In case you miss a class (which you should not unde any circumstances), go through the study
material of that topic on your own, take the help of your friends in the class and pass on your
problems to the faculty member in writing. Remember it is your sole responsibility to cover the
topics that you have missed partly or completely.
It is possible that during your school - examinations, you might like to miss some classes at RADI-
ANCE Generally each day of class at RADIANCE must be supported by minimum 4 to 5 hr of study
from your side. On top of this if you miss a class you must put at least 1
1
2
times of these hours to
take care of the missed class. So never even think of missing any class at RADIANCE
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you do not follow our instructions, you might still produce some success in IIT-JEE, but it would
never really be your optimum performance.
I think I lost an electron. Are you sure ? Yeah, Im positive...!!!
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--2
oulombs law, Electric field, Electric potential , Electrical potential energy of a system of point
charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field, Electric field lines; Flux of electric
field; Gausss law and its application in simple cases, such as, to find field due to infinitely long
straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
Capacitance; parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectrics; Capacitors in series and paral-
lel; Energy stored in a capacitor.
Electric Charge
Electric charge, like mass, is one of the fundamental at 7 tributes of the particle of which the
matter is made. Charge is the physical property of certain fundamental particles (like elec-
tron, proton) by virtue of which they interact with the other similar fundamental paticles. To
distinguish the nature of interaction, charges are divided into two parts (i) positive (ii) nega-
tive. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. SI unit of charge is coulomb and CGS
unit is esu.
1C = 3 x 10
9
esu.
Magnitude of the smallest known charges is e = 1.6 x 10
-19
C (charge of one electron or
proton).
Charging of a body
Basically charging can be done by two methods;
1. Conduction 2. Induction
Ordinarily, matter contains equal number of protons and electrons. A body can be charged
by the transfer of electrons or redistribution of electrons.
The process of charging from an already charged body can happen either by conduction or
induction. Conduction from a charged body, involves transfer of like charges. A positively
charged body can create more bodies, which are positively charged, but the sum of the total
charge on all positively charged bodies will be the same as the earlier sum.
Induction is a process by which a charged body accomplishes the creation of other charged
bodies, without touching them or losing its own charge.
Properties of Electric Charge
Quantization of charge
Charge exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount. i.e. charge on any body
is the integral multiple of the charge of an electron
= Q ne , where n = 0, 1, 2,...............
Conservation of charge
Charge is conserved, i.e. total charge on an isolated system is constant. By isolated system
we mean here a system through the boundary of which no charge is allowed to escape or
enter.
This does not require that the amount of positive and negative charges are separately con-
served only their algebraic sum is conserved.
Charges on a conductor
Static charges reside on te surface of the conductor.
Distribution of charges
The concentration of the charges is more on a surface with greater curvature.
C
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--3
Exercise 1: Two identical metallic spheres of exactly equal masses are taken, one is given a positive
charge q and the other an equal negative charge. These masses after charging are different.
Comment on the statement.
Coulombs Law
Two point electric charges q
1
and q
2
at rest, separated by a distance r exert a force on each
other whose magnitude is given by
F k
q q
r
=
1 2
2
where k is a proportionality constant.
If between the two charges there is fre space then
k =
1
4
9 10
0
9 2 2
tc
=

x Nm C
, where c
0
is the absolute electric permittivity of the free space.
Exercise 2: (i) A negatively charged particle is placed exactly midway between two fixed par-
ticles having equal positive charge. What will happen to the charge?
(a) If it is displaced at right angle to the line joining the positive charges?
(b) Does the Coulomb force that one charge exert on another change if the other charges
brought nearby?
IIIustration 1:Two particles A and B having charges 8 x 10
-6
C and -2 x 10
-6
C respectively are held
fixed with a separation of 20 cm. Where should a third charged particle be placed so that it
does not experience a net electric force ?
Solution:As the net electric force on C should be equal to zero, the force due to A and B must be
oppostie in direction. Hence, the particle should be placed on the line AB. As A and B have
charges of opposite signs, C cannot be between A and B
Also A has larger magnitude of charge than B. Hence, C should be placed closer to B than
A. The situation is shown in figure. Suppose BC = x and the charge on C is Q

F
x Q
x
i
CA
=
+

1
4
8 0 10
02 0
6
2
tc
.
.

e j
b g
and

F
x Q
x
i
CB
=


1
4
2 0 10
0
6
2
tc
.

e j
bg

F F F
C CA CB
= +
=
1
4
8 0 10
0 2
2 0 10
0
6
2
6
2
tc
.
.
. x Q
x
x Q
x

+

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
e j
b g
e j
bg
i
But

F
C
= 0
Hence
1
4
8 0 10
0 2
2 0 10
0
6
2
6
2
tc
.
.
. x Q
x
x Q
x

+

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
e j
b g
e j
bg
=0
which gives x = 0.2 m
Principle of superposition
This principle tells us that if charge Q is placed in the vicinity of several charges q
1
, q
2
......q
n
,
the the force on Q can be found out by calculating separately the forces F
1
, F
2
......, F
n
, exerted
by q
1
, q
2
....q
n
respectively on Q and then adding these forces vectorially. Their resultant F is
the total force on Q due to all of charges.
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--4
IIIustration 2: It is required to hold equal charges, q in equilibrium at the corners of a square having side
a. What charge when placed at the centre of the square will do this ?
Solution: Let the charge be Q
As ABCD is a square of side a
r
a a
= =
2
2
2

F
kq
a
i
BA
=
2
2

,

F
kq
a
j
BC
=

2
2

,

F
kq
a
i j
BD
=
2
2
0 0
2
45 45
( )
cos

sin

e j

F
kqQ
a
i j
BQ
=
( )
cos

sin

2
45 45
2
0 0
e j
Here
i
and

j have usual meaning. Net force on the charge at B is

F
kq
a
kq
a
kqQ
a
i
R
= + +
F
H
G
I
K
J
2
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
45
2
45
( )
cos
( )
cos

-

F
kq
a
kq
a
kqQ
a
j
R
= + +
F
H
G
I
K
J
2
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
45
2
45
( )
sin
( )
sin

For charge , q to be in equilibrium at B, the net force on it must be zero.
F F F F
BX BA BD BQ
= + + = cos cos 45 45 0
0 0
+ +
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
= k
q
a
q
a
Qq
a
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
2
1
2
0
e j e j
. .
= + Q
q
4
1 2 2
e j
Similarly, F
By
= 0, if
Q
q
= +
4
1 2 2
e j.
Electric field
Electric field due to a point charge is the space surounding it,
within which electric force can be experienced by the another
charge.
Electric field strength or Electric intensity

E
di at a point is t
electric force experienced by a unit positive charge at that
point. Mathematically,

E
F
q
=
0
where q
0
is positive test charge.
In vector form, electric field at B due to charge Q at A,

E k
q
r r
r r =

1 2
3
1 2
b g
If electric intensity is same at all points in the region, then the field is said to be uniform.
Equispaced parallel lines represent uniform electric field, Arrow on the lines gives the di-
rection of the electric field.
The electric field at a point due to several charges distributed in space is the vector sum of
the fields due to individual charges at the point,

E E E E
n
= + +
1 2
.......
The electric field of a continuous charge distribution at some point,

E
dq
r
r =
z
1
4
0
2
tc

A
B
X
Y

r
1

r
2

r r
1 2

)
A
B
C D
q
45
0
q
q
q
a
a
r
Q
x
y

F
BC

F
BD

F
BQ

F
BA

i
ej

j
ej
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--5
where dq is the charge on one element of the charge distribution and r is the distance from the
element to the point under consideration and
r
is the unit vector directed from the position of
elemental charge towards the point where electric field is to be found out.
Exercise 3:(i) Does an electric charge experience a force due to the field that the charge itself
produces?
(ii) Two point charges q and -q are placed at a distance d apart. What are the points at which
resultant electric field is parallel to line joining the two charges ?
(iii) Three euqal and similar charges q are placed on each corner of a square of side a. What
is the electric field at the centre of the square ?
IIIustration 3:What is the electric field at any point on the axis of a uniformly charged rod of
length L and linear charge density
' '
? The point is separated from the nearer end by a.
Solution: Consider an element, dx at a distance, x from the point, P, where we seek to find the
electric field. The elementa charge, dq =

dx
Then, dE =
k
dx
x

2
or E =
k
x
dx k
x
k
a L a
a
a L
a
a L

1 1 1 1
2
+

z
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
=

+
+
L
N
M
O
Q
P
Thus, E =

tc 4
1 1
0
a L a

+
L
N
M
O
Q
P [ k =
1
4
0
tc
]
IIIustration 4:A ring shaped conductor with radius R carries a total charge q uniformly distributed
around it, find the electric field at a point P that lies on the axis of the ring at a distance x
from its centre.
Solution:Consider a different element of the ring of length
ds. Charge on this element is dq =
q
R
ds
2t
F
H
G
I
K
J
.
This element sets up a differential electric field
d

E
at
point P.
The resultant field

E
at P is found by integrating the
effects of all the elements that make up the ring. From
symmetry this resultant field must lie along the right
axis. Thus, only the component of d

E
parallel to this
axis contributes to the final result.

E
=
d

E
z

z
E = E

d cosu
dE =
1
4
dq
r
=
1
4
qds
2 R
.
1
R
; cos =
x
R
0
2
0
2
2 tc tcc t
u
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
x
x
2
2
1 2
e j
/
To find the total x-component E
x
of the field at P, we integrate this expression over all
segment of the ring.
E
x
=
d
qx
x
ds

Ecos
1
4
2 R R
0
2
u
tc
t
z z
=
+
2
3 2
e j
/
The integral is simply the circumference of the ring = 2 tR
-----------
)
x
(R
2
+ x
2
)
dEcosu
u
y
O x
R
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
dq
1/2
(
u
dEsinu
P
dE

a
p
----------------------
dx
x
a
P
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--6
E =
1
4
R
0
2 tc
qx
x +
2
3 2
e j
/
As q is positive charge, field is directed away from the centre of the ring, along its axis.
Lines of Force
It has been found quite convenient to visualize the electric field pattern in terms of lines of
force. The electric field pattern vector at a point is related to imaginary lines of force is two
ways. The lin of force in an electric field is a curve such that the tangent at any point on it
gives the direction of the resultant electric field strength at that point.
(i) Tangent to the line of force at a point gives the direction of

E
.
(ii) These lins of force are so drawn that their numbr pr unit cross-sectionl area in a region is
proportional to intensity of electric field.
(iii) Electric line of force can never be closed loops.
(iv) Lines of force are imaginary.
(v) They emerge from a positive charge and terminate on a negative charge.
(vi)Lines of force do not intersect.
Note: When a conductor has a net charge that is at rest, the charge resid entirely on the conductors
surface and the electric field is zero, everywhere within the material of the conductor.
Exercise 4:Electric lines of force never cross. Why ?
Gausss Law
The net flow of electric field through a closed surface depends on the net amount of
electric charge containd within the surface. This flow is described interms of the electric
flux through a surface, which is the product of th esurface area and the component of elec-
tric field perpendicular to the surface. Gausss law sates that the total electric flux through
a closed surface is proportional to the total electric charge enclosed with in the surface .
This law is useful in calculating fields caused by charge distributions that have various
symmetry properties.
Mathematically


E ds
q
.
z
=
c
0
.
z
means integral done over a closed surface.
Gausss law can be used to evaluate Electric field if te charge distribution is so symmetric
that by proper choice of a Gausian surface we can easily evaluate the above integral..
Exercise 5: Explain whether Gausss law is useful in calculating the electric field due to three equal
charges located at the corners of an equilateral triangle ?
IIIustration 5: Figure shows a section of an infinite rod of charge
having linear charge density which is constant for all points
on the line. Find electric field E at a distance r from the line.
Solution : From symmetry,

E
due to a uniform linear
charge can only be redially directed, As a
Gaussian surfae, we can choose a circular cyl-
inder of radius r and length I, closed at each
E
S
)
ds
o
+ + + ++++++++++++++
+ + + ++++++++++++++
> <
r
C
E
c
1
c
2
l
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--7
end by plane caps normal to the axis.
c c
0 0
2 1

E ds q E ds E ds E ds q
in
C C C
in
. ; . . .
z z z z
= + +
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
=
Cylindrical plane surface, c t
0
2 90 E rI ds
o
b g+ E. = I .cos
E =

c t

c t
I
=
0 0
2 2 rI r
The direction of

E
is radially outward for a line of positive charge.
IIIustration 6: Figure shows a spherical symmetric distribution of charge of radius R. Find elec-
tric field for points A and B which are lying outside and Inside the charge distribution re-
spectively.
Solution:The spherically symmetric distribution of charge
means that the charge density at any point depends
only onth distance of the point from the centre and
not on the direction. Secondly, the object can not be a
conductor, or else the excess carge will reside on its
surface.
Now, apply Gausss law to a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r
r > R for point A E 4 r = q
0 0
2
b g
e j
, . c c t

E ds q
en
z
=
E=
1
4
0
2
tc
q
r
where q is the total charge
For point B (r < R),
c c t
0 0
2
4

E ds E r q .
z
= =
e j
q =
q r
R
4
3
4
3
3
3
t
t
= q
r
R
F
H
G
I
K
J
3
E =
1
4
1
4
0
3
2
0
3
tc tc
q
r
R
r
qr
R
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
Electric Potential
Potential at a point in an electric field, is the amount of work done by an external against
electric forces in moving a unit positive charge with constant speed from infinitly to that
point.
As work done by the external agent = - work done by electric force
Hence the required potential V = -

Ed
q dr
r
q
r
r
z z
=

4
1
4
0
2
0
tc tc
The potential at a point due to a group of n point charges q
1
, q
2
, q
3
..........q
n
V = V
1
+V
2
+...........+V
n
(Scalar sum)
=
=

1
4
0
1
tc
q
r
i
i
i
n
R
B
r
A
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--8
The electric potential due to a continuous charge distribution, V =
1
4
0
tc
dq
r
z
Potential due to a uniformly charged disc
The elemental rings area = 2txdx
dV =
1
4
2
0
2 2
tc
o txdx
r x
b g
+
V =
dV
xdx
r x
R r r
R
z z
=
+
= +
L
N
M
O
Q
P
o
c
o
2
0
2 2
2 2
0
Potential of a uniformly charged spherical shell
If the charge on the shell = q
(i) for r > R
E =
kq
r
2
= =

z
V
kq
r
dr
kq
r
r
2
(ii) for r = R , V =
kq
R
(iii)for r < R , E =
kq
r
2
(R < r <

) , E = 0 (r < R)
= +
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P

z z
V Edr Edr
R
R
r
=

z
kq
r
dr
R
2 -
0
R
r
dr
kq
R
z
=
Potential of a uniformly charged spherical volume
If the total charge = Q
(i) for r > R, Volume charge density

t
=
Q
R
4
3
3
E (r > R)=
kQ
r
2
; V =
kQ
r
dr
kQ
r
r
2

z
=
(ii) for r =R,
V
kQ
r
=
E =
1
4
0
2
tc
Q
r
(iii) r < R, E (r < R) =

c
. r
3
0
=
Q r
R
.
.
4
3
3
3
0
t c

E (r < R ) =
Q r
R
.
4
3
0
t c
=
kQ. r
R
3
V = -
Edr Edr
R r

z z
+
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
R
=
kQ
r
dr
kQr
R
dr =
kQ
2R
2
R
3
r

z z

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
3
2
2
r
R
R
For conducting solid sphere :
(i) (r < R), E =0 , V=
kQ
R
(ii) (r = R), E=
kQ
R
2
, V=
kQ
R
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
dx
x
R
r
q
R
r
p
q
R
r
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
r
p
Q
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--9
(iii) (r > R), E =
kQ
R
2
, V =
kQ
r
Exercise 6: A closed metallic box is charged upto potential V
0
what will be the potential at the
centre of the box.
Equipotential surfaces
The locus of points of equal potential is called
an equipotential surface. The electric field is
perpendicular to the equipotential at each point
of the surface.
Exercise 7: A solid metallic sphere is placed in a
uniform electric field. Which of these A, B, D
and D shows the correct path
Relation between field (E) and potential (V)
The negative rate of change of potential with distance along a given direction is equal to the
component of the field along that direction.
i.e.
E
dV
dr
r
=
or we can say the electric field is along the direction in which the potential decreases at the
maximum rate.
Exercise8: (i) If you know

E
at a given point , can you calculate V at that point ? If not, what
further information do you need.
(ii)If

E
equals zero at a point , must V equal zero for that point?
IIIustration 7:The electric field in a region is given by

E A x i = /

3
e j .What is the potential in the
region ?
Solution: The electric potential in the region
V(x, y, z) =
= =

z z

E dr
A
x
dx
A
x
x y z x y z
.
, , , , b g b g
3 2
2
IIIustration8: What is the electric potential on the axis of a uniformly charged ring of radius R
containing charge q, at a point x away from the centre of the loop ?
Solution : As electric Potential is a scalar quantity . Hence electric potential at P,
V
dq
r r
dq = =
z z
1
4
1
4
0 0
tc tc
Hence V =
1
4
0
tc
q
R x
2 2
1 2
+
e j
/
IIIustration 9: Given figure shows the lines of con-
stant potential in a region in which an electric
field is present. the value of potentials are
written. At which of the points A, B and C is
te magnitude of the electric field is the great-
Equipotential surface
Electric field

>
>
>
>
>
>
H
A
B
C
D
>
)
u
dr
P
P
E

50V
40 V
30V
20V 10V
A
C
B
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--10
est ?
Solution:

E
dv
dr
n =
The potential difference betwen any two connective line dv = v
1
-v
2
= 10 v constant and
hence e will be maxium where the distance dr between the lines minimum.i.e. at B where
the lines are closest.
IIIustration 10:Some equip-potential surface are shown in fig (1) and (2) what can you say about
the magnitude and direction of the electric field
Solution : Electric field is perpendicular to the equipotential surface and in the direction of decreas-
ing potential
In Figure 1:
The electric field will be at angle making an angle 120
0
with x-axis.
Magnitude of electric field Ecos 120
0
= -
20 10
20 10 10
2

b g
b gx
-E .1/2=-10/0.10= E= 200 v/m
Figure 2:
Direction of electric field will be redially outward, similar to a point charge kept at the
centre, i.e. V=
kq
r
when V = 60V =
kq
01 . bg
= kq 6
Hence potential at any distance from the center, V(r) =
6
r
Hence E= -
dV
dr
=
6
2
r
V m
F
H
G
I
K
J
/
Electrostatic potential energy
The electric potential energy of a system of point charges is the amount of work done in
bringing the charges from infinity in order to form the system . Two point charges q
1
and q
2
are separatd at a distance r
12
, Electric potential energy of the system q
1
and q
2
U
q q
r
=
1
4
0
1 2
12
tc
For three particle system q
1
, q
2
and q
3
U
q q
r
q q
r
q q
r
= + +
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
4
0
1 2
12
1 3
13
2 3
23
tc
We can define electric potential at any point P in an electric field as , V
P
= U
P
/q; where U
P
, is
the change in electric potential energy in bringing the test charge q
0
from infinity to point p.
IIIustration11.Determine the interaction energy of the point charges of
the following setup.
Solution: As you know the interaction energy of
an assembly of charges is given by
20V
30V
q
2
r
23
1 2
3 4
a
a
a
a
- q
+q
+q
- q
q
1
q
1
q
2
q
3
r
12
r
13
r
12
)
10 20 30 40
30
0
10V
20V
30V
y (cm)
x (cm)
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
60 V
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--11
> <
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+q
-q

Equatorial line
1
4
0
tc
q q
r
y j
ij
i j
n
=

U= U
12
+ U
13
+ U
14
+ U
23
+ U
24
+U
34
=
+ + =
kq
a
kq
a
kq
a
kq
a
kq
a
kq
a
kq
a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 1
e j e j
Electric Dipole
Two equal and opposite charges separated by a finite distance form electric dipole. It is
characterised by dipole moment vector

p .
(1) Charges (+q) and (-q) are called the poles of the dipole.
(2)

= the displacement vector from -ve charge to +ve charge .

(3)

p = the dipole moment = q

.
(4) The straight line joining the two pols is called axial line.
(5) Perpendicular bisector of l is called equatorial line.
Electric field due to a dipole at axial point
Let the charges (-q) and +q are kept at point (-a, 0) & (a, o)respectively in xy plane. The
electric field at point P (x,0) will be then;

E E E
kq
x a
i
kq
x a
i
axial q q
b g
b g b g
= + =

+
+
2 2

, where
i
is the unit vector along axis.
=
kq
x a x a
x a
i kq
x a
x a
i .

.

+

b g b g
e j
e j
bgbg
e j
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
=
2
2 2
2
kpx
x a
i

e j

, as x >> a ,

E
kp
x
=
2
3
p = 2aq
Electric field on equatorial line
At P,

E
kq
y a
i j + =
+
+
2 2
e j
e j
cos

sin

u u

E
kq
y a
i j =
+

2 2
e j
e j
cos

sin

u u
= + =

+
+


E E E
kq
y a
i
p
2
2 2
e j
cos

u
=
+
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
+
=

+

E
kq
y a
a
y a
i
k aq
y a
i
p
2
2
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
3 2
e j
e j
b g
e j
.

/ /

..................................
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< <
>
>
(
a
E
-
E
+
E
p
P
2
(0, y)
y
x
a
y
-
+
u
> < > >
< >
-q
+q
Ep
E+ E-
(-a, 0) O
y
x
(a, 0)
(x,0)
x
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--12
For a << y , E =
kP
y
3 or
E = -
kP
y
3

Resultant

E
is oppositely directed to

P
.
Electric field at any point
To get electric field at a gneral point due to a dipole,
we use the earlier results.
We find electric field at A in terns of r and u (r >> a).
The dipole moment can be vectorially resolved as ;
Electric field at A due to ( cos ) P u component =
2
3
k P
r
( cos ) u
Electric field at A due to ( sin ) P u component =
k P
r
( sin ) u
3
= + = + E E E
kp
r
R P P cos sin
cos sin
u u
u u
2 2
3
2 2
4
Resultant ,
= + E
kp
r
R
3
2
3 1 cos u
and
tan
tan sin
cos
o
u u
u
= =
E
E
p
p
2
Dipole in an external electric field
The net force on an electric dipole in a uniform external electric field is zero.. However the
dipole in the presence of an external electric field experience a torque and has tendency to
align itself along the external electric field.
Torque on dipole = force x force arm
= qE q E pE sin sin sin u u u b gbgb g = =
or


t = p E x
The product of the charge q and separation l is the magnitude of a quantity called the electric
dipole moment denoted by p.
The direction of

p is along the dipole axis from the negativecharge to the positive charge
asshown in the figure.
As

E
is a conservative field, work done by an external agent in changing the orientation of
the dipole is stored as potential energy in the system of a dipole present in an external
electric field.
W=
Td pE d u u u
z z
sin
=- pE cosu
u
u
1
2
u
2
0 = , dipole is perpendicular to the field
We assume, u
1
0
90 = (as the datum for measuring potential energy can be chosen anywhere)
U =pEcosu or U=

p E .
IIIustration 12:Two tiny spheres, each of mass M, and charges +q and -q respectively, are connected
by a massless rod of length, L. They are placed in a uniform electric field at an angle u with
the

E u ~ 0
0
e j. Calculate the minimum time in which the system aligns itself parallel to the

E
.
Solution : = t u ( . ) p E (If we assume angular displacement to be anti-clockwise, torque is clock-
wise)
---------------
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
)
a a
B
+q -q
A
r
u
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
>
Psinu
Pcos u
B

p
u )
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ -
-q
+q
qE
qE
>
>
<

g
u
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--13
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
o u
pE
I
= -
e u
2
As torque is proportional to u and oppositely directed, there will be an S.H.M. Here P =
q.L and moment of inertia,
I M L M L ML = + = ( / ) ( / ) / 2 2 2
2 2 2
time period T =
2t
I
pE
The minimum time required to align itself is T/4
Potential due to an electric dipole

V
q
PB
q
PA
P
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
1
4
0
tc
When r >> a, PB = r-a cos u
PA = r + a cos u
V
qa
r a
P
=

1
4
2
0
2 2 2
tc
u
u
.
cos
cos
e j
As r >>a, a
2
cos
2
u can be neglected in comparison to r
2
.
V
qa
r
p
r
P
= =
1
4
2
4
0
2
0
2
tc
u u
tc
.
cos cos
.
Exercise 9: A electric dipole is placed in a non-uniform electric field.Is there a net force on it?
Capacitance
If Q is the charge from given to a conductor and V is the potential to which it is raised by this
amount of charge, then it is found Q V of Q = CV, where C is a constant called capaci-
tance of the conductor.
Capacitor
A pair of conducors separated by some insulating medium is
called a capacitor. This medium is called dielectric of the
capacitor. If Q units of the charge is given to one of the con-
ductors, and thereby a potential difference V is set up be-
tween the conductors, the capacitance is then defined as
C= Q/V
For parallel plate capacitor C =
e e
0 r
A
d
i.e. the capacitance does inded, depend only on geometrical factors namely, the plate area
and plate separation.
Exercise 9: Why capacitance is generally measured in

F and pF ?
IIIustration 13:Find capacitance of a conducting sphere of radius R.
Solution: Let charge q is given to sphere. The field outside the sphere at distance r is
E =
kQ
r
2

=
dV
dr
E
>
>
>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
)
P
L
E
+
-
u
p
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
------------ A
B
-q +q
a a
r
) )
+ Q -Q
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--14

dV Edr
v R
0
z z
=

V kQ
r
R
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P

1
V
kQ
r
=
since, C = Q/V = R/k
= =
R
R
1 4
4
0
0
/ tc
tc
Combination of capacitors
Series combination
In series combination, each capacitors has equal charge
for any value of capacitance, provided that capacitors
are initially uncharged. Equivalent capacitance C is
given by
1 1 1 1
1 2 3
C C C C
= + + +...........
Parallel combination
In parallel combination the potential differences of the
capacitor connectd in parallel are equa for any value
of capacitance. Equivalent capacitance is given by C
= C
1
+C
2
+C
3
+..........
Some times it may not be easy to find the equivalent
capacitance of a combination using the equations for
series parallel combinations. For any combination one
can proceed as follows:
Step-1:Connect an imaginary battery between the points across which the equivalent capacitance is
to be calculated. Send a positive charge +Q from the positive terminal of the battery and -Q
from the negative terminal of the battery.
Step-2: Write the charges appearing on each plates using charge conservation principle say, Q
1
, Q
2
............
Step-3:Assume the potential of the negative terminal of the battery be zero and that of positive
terminal to be V, and write the potential of each of the plates say v
1
, v
2
.......
Step-4:Write the capacitor equation Q= CV for each capacitor.
Eliminate Q
1
, Q
2
......V
1
, V
2
.....etc to obtain the equivalent capacitance
C = Q/V
IIIustration 14:Four identical metal plates are located in air par-
allel to each other and distance d from one another. The
area of each plate is equal to A. The arrangement is sown
in the figure. Find the capacitance of the system between
points P and R.
Solution : If we get the charge on each face of all the plates,
then we can easily get the equivalent capacitance. To
get charge on each face we will use Gausss theorem
and principle of conservation of charge . Let the point
P and R have the potential V and 0 respectively and
V
P
= V(+)
c
1
c
2
c
3
q -q -q -q q q
V
P R
1 2 3
4
P
R
1
2 3 4
+q
1
-q
1
+q
2
-q
2
+q
1
-q
1
V
R
=0
V
q
q
q
c
1
c
2
c
3
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--15
the plates 1 and 4 are at the potential V
1
. Charge distri-
bution is shown in the figure.
q
1
= C (V-V
1
) from (4, 3) ........ (1)
q
2
= CV from (3,2) ......... (2)
q
1
= CV
1
from (2, 1) ........ (3)
From equation (1) and (2) , q
1
=
CV
2
.......... (4)
Charge supplied by the battery is
Q = q
1
+ q
2
=
3
2
CV
using (2) and (4)
= CV Q
2
3
............ (5)
If equivalent capacitance be C then
CV = Q .............. (6)
Dividing (5) by (6) ,
C
C'
=
2
3
= C C '
3
2
=
3
2
c
o
A
d
Aliter :
By equivalent circuit method
Plates of parallel plate capacitor given different charges
Two identical plates of parallel plate capacitor are
given the charges Q
1
and Q
2
. Let the charges appear-
ing on the inner surface of Q
1
be q, then the charges
appearing on other surfaces are as shown in the fig-
ure. If we take a point P. inside the plate 1, then
electric field at P should be zero. Suppose surface
area of the each surface is A.
Using the equation E =
o
2
0
e

E E E E E
P
= + + +
1 2 3 4
,

E
1
,

E
2
,

E
3
and

E
4
are the electric field due to surfaces 1, 2, 3 and 4.

E
Q q
A
i
q
i
q
i
Q q
i
P
=

e

e
+
e

+
e
1
0 0 0
2
0
2 2 2 2

t t t
=
Q q
A
Q q
i
1
0
2
0
2 2

e

+
e
F
H
G
I
K
J
t

P
Q
1
2
3 4 2
3
3
3 2
2
1
4
C/2
C
3C/2
C
A
d
eq
=
3
2
0
c
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Q
1
Q
1
-q
1
2 Q
2
-q Q
2
+q
3
4
P
A B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Q
1
1
2 Q
2
3
4
P
A B
(Q
1
-Q
2
)/2
(Q
1
-Q
2
)/2
(Q
1
+Q
2
)/2
(Q
1
+Q
2
)/2
-q
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--16
But

E = 0,
which gives q =
Q Q
1 2
2

Hence, change distribution on each surfaces are shown in figure.

Note : The charge on inner surface of plate A is t ehalf of the difference of the charge on plate A and
B (Q! and Q2 respectively)i.e.
Q Q
1 2
2

, and on inner surface of B is opposite of the chargg

appearing on inner surface o f A i.e. -
Q Q
1 2
2
F
H
G
I
K
J; write the change on outer surfaces of A and
B is half of the sum of change on A and B i.e.
Q Q
1 2
2
+
Exercise 10: If one of the plates of a capacitor is halved, will there be any change in the capaci-
tance of the capacitor ?
Dielectrics
When a dielectric is introduced between conductors of a capacitor, its capacitance increases.
A dielectric is characterised by a constant K callled dielectric constant .
Dielectric constant
When a dielectric is placed in an external electric field, polarization occurs and it develops an
electric field in opposition to the external one. As a consequence total field inside it decreases. If
E be the total field inside the dielectric when it is placed in an external field E
0
. then its dielectric
constant k is given as k
E
E
=
0
(k > 1)
If a dielectric completely occupls the space between the conductors of a capacitor. its capacitance
increases K times.
Hence in presence of a dielectric with dielectric constant K, the capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor =
K A
d
c
0
Energy of a charged conductor or capacitor
If C is the capacity of a conductor or capacitor and V is the potential of the conductor (P.D.
in case of a capacitor), then stored electrostatic energy is;
U =
Q
C
CV QV
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
= = . Also , as C = c
0
A d and V E.d / =
U =
1
2
2
CV
=
1
2
0
2 c A
d
E.d b g=
1
2
0
2
e
F
H
G
I
K
J
E A d .
u (energy density)= Energy per unit per volume =
1
2
0
2
e E
If dielectric is introduced then, u =
1
2
0
2
e E
K
This energy is stored in a capacitor in the electric field between its plates.
Force on a dielectric in a capacitor
>
<
dx
x
F
Force on an
external agent
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--17
Consider a differential displacement dx of the di-
electric as shown in figure keeping the total force
on it always zero. Then
When battery is disconnected.
W
Electrostatic
+W
F
= 0(where W denotes the work done in displacement dx)
W
F
= -W
Electrostatic
E
F
=
AU
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
F dx
Q
d
c
.
2
2
1
W
Q
c
=
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
2
2
= F dx
Q
c
dc .
2
2
2
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
F
Q
c
dc
dx
2
2
2
This is also true for the force between the plates of the capacitor.
If capacitor has battery connected to it , then as V = Q/C
F V
dc
dx
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
2
2
Exercise 11: A dielectric slab is inserted in one end of a charged parallel plate capacitor. (The
plates of the capacitor are horizontal and the charging battery having been disconnected)
The electric field slab is released. Describe what happens. Neglect friction.
IIIustration 15:A capacitor is formed by two square
metal plates of edge l separated by a distance
d. Dielectrics of dielectric constant K
1
and K
2
are filled in the gap as shown in t figure. Find
the capacitance.
Solution :Take a differential element of length dx at a
distance x from either end.
dc
1
=
K dx
d x
C
K A
d
1 0 0
c
u
c

=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
tan b g
dc
2
=
K dx
x
2 0
c
u

tan b g
These two capacitors are connected in series
=

+
L
N
M
O
Q
P
1 1 1
0 1 2
dc
d x
K
x
K dx c
u u

tan tan
= tan / u d
=

+
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
1 1 1
0 1 2
dc
d x
d
K
x
d
K dx c

. .

tanu =
L
N
M
O
Q
P
d
=
+
z z
dc
k K
d
dx
K K K x
1 2 0
2
2 1 2
0
c

( )
=

L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
C
AK K
K K d
k k
c
0 1 2
2 1
2 1
b g
b g ln /
[A = l
2
]
Student should note that the k used here is different from k =
1
4
0
tc
elsewhere
> <
d
l
K
1
K
2
<
d
K
1
K
2
)
x
dx
xtan
u
>
u
< >
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--18
SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
Problem 1:Four point charges +8C, -1C and +8C are fixed at the points -
27 2 / , m
-
3 2 / , m
+
3 2 / , m
and
27 2 / , m
respectively on the y axis. A particle of mass 6 x 10
-4
kg and of
charge + 0.1 C moves along the -x direction. Its speed at x = +

is v
0
. Find the least value
of v0 for which the particle will cross the origin. Find also the kinetic energy of te particle
at the origin. Assume that space is gravity free. Given 1 / (4 tc
0
)=9x10
9
Nm
2
/C
2
.
Solution :

E
p AA ( ')
= Electricity field at P due to charges
at A and A =
2
1
4
0
2 2
3 2
tc
F
H
G
I
K
J
+

q x
y x
i
A p
A p e j
ej
/

Similarly

E
q x
y x
i
p BB
B p
B p
( ')
/

=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
2
1
4
0
2 2
3 2
tc
e j
ej
For

E
p
= 0 = x m
p
2 5 .
Hence , v
0
should be just enough to enable the particle to reach P.
[Alternately V(x) =
2
4
0
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
tc
Q
y x
Q
y x
B
B
A
A
+
+
+
F
H
G
G
I
K
J
J
e j e j
/ /
]
dV x
dx
( )
= 0
5
2
x = 0 and x =
x =
5
2
0 V
x
x
bg
=
=
,
At x =
5
2
, V(x) is positive V x ( ) is maximum at
x =
5
2
So, if the particle is able to cross
x =
5
2
then it would be able to come to x = 0.]
=
+
+
+
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
1
2
2
4
0
2
0
2 2 2 2
mv
q q
y x
q
y x
A
A p
B
B p
tc
Solving we get, v
0
= 3m/s
Kinetic energy at origin = loss of PE = (PE)
P
-(PE)
origin
+
L
N
M
O
Q
P
=

1
2
2
4
25 10
0
2
0
4
mv
q q
y
q
y
x J
A
A
B
B
tc
.
.
Problem 2: A uniform electric field, E exists between the plates of a capacitor . The plate length is
B
A
O
A
B
Y
X
P

x = 5 2 /
x = 5 2 / x = 0
v(x)
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--19
l and the separation of the plates is d.
(a) An electron and a proton start from the negative plate and positive plate respectively and
go to the opposite plates. Which of them wins this race ?
(b) An electron and a proton start from the midpoint of te separation of plates at one end of t
eplates. Which of the two willhave greater deviation when they start with the
(i) same initial velocity
(ii) same initial kinetic energy,and (iii) same initial momentum ?
Solution : (a) In the chosen reference frame there is no force
along x axis. The accelerations of the electron and
the proton along y axis are as follows
a
e
=

=
eE
m
a
eE
m
e
p
p
,
Using S = ut +
1
2
2
at
here S = d,u = 0
= t
S
a
e
e
2
and
t
S
a
P
P
=
2
or t
e
=
2dm
eE
e
and t
dm
eE
P
p
=
2
As m
e
< m
p
, t
e
< t
p
Electron takes less time to cross over than the proton.
(b) When proton moves parallel to the plates, it is deflected to the negative plate.
Time taken by proton to cross over, t =

V
x
During this time, deflection along vertical direction
y =
1
2
2
at
or y =
1
2
0
2
eE
m V
L
N
M
O
Q
P.
(i) Thus Y
p
=
1
2
1
2
2
eE
m V
P x
and YY
e
=
1
2
2
2
eE
m V
e x

As m
p
> m
e
, y
p
< y
e
of course, electron will be deflected in the opposite direction.
(ii) Also y =
1
2
2
2
2
2
eE
m
V
x

L
N
M
O
Q
P
=
1
4
2
eE
k

where K =
1
2
2
mv
x
, or initial kinetic energy gy
= y y
p e
Also, as K =
p
m
2
2
, where p = momentum,
y
eEI
p
m
eEI m
p
y
eEI m
p
y
eEI m
p
p
p
e
e
= = = =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2 2 2
( )
,
Thus for : m
p
> m
e
, y
p
>y
e
>
d
e
+
-
P
Y
X

E
------------------------------

v
x
p
+
-
y
p
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--20
Problem 3: Two spherical cavities f radii, a and b , are hollwed out from the interior of a neutral
conducting sphere of radius R. At the centre of each cavity , a point charge is placed. Call these
charges q
a
and q
b
(a) Find the surface charges
(b) What is the field outside the conductor ?
(c) what is the field within each cavity ?
(d) what is the force on q
a
and q
b
(e) which of these answers would change if a third charge q
c
were brought near the conduc-
tor ?
o
t
A
a
q
a
=

4
2
,
o
t
b
b
q
b
=

4
2
,
o
t
R
a b
q q
R
=
+
4
2
(b)
E
K q q
r
r R
a b
=
+
>
b g
b g
2
,
(c)
E
Kq
r
r a
a
a
= <
2
, b g,
E
Kq
r
r b
b
b
= <
2
, b g
(d)Force on q
a
and q
b
= 0 as both qa and qb are electrostatially shielded against each other.
(e) When a third charge is brought, only the field outside the conductor will change
Problem 4:What charges will flow after the shorting of the switch S in the circuit given in the
figure, through section 1 and 2 ?
Solution : When S is open, C
1
and C
2
are in series and their equivalent capacitance is
C C
C C
1 2
1 2
+
Charge on the plates 1 and 3 is
Q = +
C C
C C
1 2
1 2
+
c .
when S is closed P.D. across C
1
is zero.
Charge on the plate 1 is 0.
If charge flown though 2 is q, then Q + q = 0
q = - Q = -
C C
C C
1 2
1 2
+
c .
Charge on the plate 3 is C
2
c , which is also equal to the charge flown through 1.
Problem 5: When switch is swapped from 1 to 2,
find the heat produced in the circuit.
Solution : Q
a
=
C C C
C C
E
+
+
0
0
2
.
Now,
q
C
q
C
q q
C C
q
C C
q
C E
C C
b b a
b
= =
+
+
=
+
=
+
0
0
0
0 0
2
0
2
.
When switch is shifted from 1 to 2, q
a
and q
b
get interchanged. This can be seen from
symmetry
Potential energy of the system is same before and after.
A charge Aq q q
a b
= flows through the battery..
Work done by the battery = ( Aq ).E = C . C
0
. E
2
/(2C+C
0
).
>
>
q
a
q
b
a
b
R
< >
C
1
C
2 c
c
1
2
3
4
S
1 2
C
0
S
q
0
C
q
b
q
a
1 2
E
C
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--21
Applying the first law of thermodynamics,
AQ
C C
C C
E =
+
L
N
M
O
Q
P
.
.
0
0
2
2
-ve sign means heat is liberated from te system
Problem 6:Three particles, each of mass 1 gm and carrying a charge, q, are suspended from a
common point by insulated massless strings, each 100 cm long. If the particles are in equilib-
rium and are located at the corners of an equillateral triangle of side 3 cm, calculate the
charge, q on each particle (take g = 10ms
-2
)
Solution :

F F F
q
a
A AB AC
= + =
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
1
4
2
60
2
0
2
2
0
tc
cos
in the direction D to AA
= 2
1
4
0
2
2
tc
q
a
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
3
2
in the direction D to A A
For equilibrium, Tcos u = mg ........ (1) & Tsinu = F
A
Divided (2) by (1), we get; tanu =
F
mg
A
where, tanu ~
sinu
AD
AO
x
=

3 10
1
2
(AD = 2/3 of the median length , as D is the centroid)
or
2
1
4
3
2
0
2
2
tc
L
N
M
O
Q
P
q
a
=10
-3
x (
3 10
2
x

)
or q =
10 10
9
x C

=

q 316 10
9
. x C
Problem 7: Find the electric field caused by a disc of radius R with a uniform positive surface
charge density o at a point along the axis of the disc a distance x from its centre.
Solution : Consider a disc of surface charge density ' ' o . Let
us calculate the electric field due to a ring of charge
situated at a distance r, from the centre and having a
thickness, dr.
Using the result of the previous question, we can say,
dE =
kxdq
x r
2 2
3 2
+
e j
/
Now, the area of the ring , dS = 2 t o t r dr dq rdr . = 2 ,
Thus,
E dE kx
rdr
x r
p
R
= =
+
z z
o t 2
2 2
3 2
0 e j
/
=
1
4
2
0
2 2
3 2
0
tc
ot x
r
x r
dr
R
.
/
+
z
e j
E =
o
c 2
1
0
2 2
1 2

+
L
N
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
x
x R
e j
/
Also, as R , E =
o
c 2
0
, which is the electric field in front of an infinite plane sheet of charge.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
------------------
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

F
AC

F
AB

F
A
Tcosu
)
(
Tsinu
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
D
A
C
B
T
O
a
mg
u
u
dr
r
x
dx
P
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--22
Problem 8: A 4f capacitor is charged to 150 V and another 6f capacitor is charged to 200 V. V.
Then they are connected across each other. Find the potential difference across them. Calculate
the heat produced.
Solution: 4f charged to 150 V would have q
1
=
C
1
V
1
= 600C
6f charged to 200 V would have q
2
= C
2
V
2
=
1200C
After connecting them across each other, they
will have a common potential difference V
Charges will readjust as q
1
and q
2
.
V =
q
C
q
C
q q
C C
q q
C C
1
1
2
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
, ' ' '
= =
+
+
=
+
+
=
1800
4 6

C
f + b g
[Conservation of charge]
V = 180 volt.
Initial energy , U
i
=
1
2
1
2
1
2
4 150
1
2
6 200 0165
1 1
2
1 2
2
2 2
C V C V f V f V J + = + = b gb g b gb g .
Final energy U
f
=
1
2
1
2
4 6 180 0161
1 2
2
2
C C V f f J + = + = . . . b gb g
Heat produced = U U J
f i
= 0003 .
Problem 9: Three charges q
1
, q
2
and q
3
are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a
Find the electric potential energy of the system.
Solution : Taking datum at infinity. We can assume that the charge are brought one by one.
W= Vq A
In absence of any charge, V
A
=0,
W = V
1 A
=

V q b g
1
0
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
=

W = V
2 B
V q
kq
a
q
kq q
a
b g
2
1
2
1 2
0
........ (2)
W = V
3 c


V q b g
3
=
kq
a
kq
a
q
kq q
a
kq q
a
1 2
3
1 3 1 3
0 +
F
H
G
I
K
J
= +
........ (3)
W = W
1
+W
2
+ W
3
= + + W
kq q
a
kq q
a
kq q
a
1 2 2 3 1 3
Problem 10 : In the above circuit, find the potential
difference across AB.
Solution : Let us mark the capacitors as 1, 2, 3 and 4 for identifications. As is clear, 3 and 4 are in
series, and they are in parallel with 2. The 2, 3, 4 combine is in series with 1.
C
34
=
C C
C C
3 4
3 4
.
+
= 4f , C
2
,
34
= 8 +4 =12f
C
eq
=
8 12
8 12
4 8
x
+
= . f
, q =C
eq
=4.8 x20 = 48C
q
1
C
1
q
2 C
2
V
q
1
q
2
q
3
A
B
C
a
1
2
3
4
P
Q
A
B
10
8

f
8

f
8

f
8 f
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--23
The q on 1 is 48 C, thus V
1
= q/c = 6V [V
1
=
48
8
6

c
F
V =
]
= = V V
PQ
10 6 4
By symmetry of 3 and 4 , we say V
AB
= 2V.
Problem11: What is V
A
- V
B
in the arrangement shown? What is the condition such that V
A
-
V
B
=0?
Solution : Let charge be as shown (Capacitors in series have the same charge)
Take loop containg C
1
,C
2
and E
q
C
q
C
E
C
C C
1 2
2
1 2
0 + =
+
L
N
M
O
Q
P
q = E.
C
1
From loop containing C
3
, C
4
and E
Similarly,
q
C
q
C
E
C
C C
' '
3 4
4
3 4
0 + =
+
L
N
M
O
Q
P
q' = E.
C
3
Now V
A
-V
B
=
q
C
q
C
E.
C C C C
2 4 1 2 3 4
=
+

+
L
N
M
O
Q
P
' C C
1 3
V
A
- V
B
= 0 C
1
C
4
= C
2
C
3
=0
or C
1
/C
2
= C
3
/ C
4
OBJECTIVE
Problem 1: Two point charges each of charge +q are
fixed at (+a, 0) and (-a, 0) . Another positive
point charge q placed at the origin is free to
move along x-axis. The charge q a origin in
equilibrium will have
(a) maximum force and minimum potential energy
(b) minimum force and maximum potential energy
(c) maximum force & maximum potential energy
(d) minimum force & minimum potential energy
Solution : The net force on q at origin is

F F F
q
r
i
q
r
i = + = + =
1 2
0
2
2
0
2
2
1
4
1
4
0
tc tc
.

. (

)

The P.E. of the charge q in between the extreme charges at a distance x from the origin along
+ve x axis is
U=
1
4
1
4
1
4
1 1
0
2
0
2
0
2
tc tc tc
. .
q
a x
q
a x
q
a x a x
+
+
=

+
+
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
b g b g b gb g
dU
dx
q
a x a x
=

+
+
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
2
0
2 2
4
1 1
tc
b g b g
For U to be minimum,
dU
dx
= 0
,
d U
dx
2
2
0 >
,
= + + = a x a x a x a x b g b g
2
2
( )
= x 0 , because other solution is relevant.
+
-
C
C
C C
A
B
q q
q q
E
--------------------------
q
q
q
> x
y
(-a, 0)
(+a, 0)
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--24
Thus the charged particle at the origin will have minimum force and minimum P.E. D bg
Problem 2: Two concentric conducting spheres having radii a and b are charged to q1 & q2
respectively. The potential difference between 1 & 2 will be
(a)
q
a
q
b
1
0
2
0
4 4 tc tc

(b)
q
a b
2
0
4
1 1
tc

F
H
G
I
K
J
(c)
q
a b
1
0
4
1 1
tc

F
H
G
I
K
J
(d) none of these.
Solution :The potential on the surface of the sphere 1 is given by
v
q
a
q
b
1
0
1
0
2
1
4
1
4
= +
tc tc
The potential on the surface of the sphere 2 is given by,
v = v
1
-v
2
v
2
=
1
4
1
4
0
1
0
2
tc tc
+
q
b
q
b
= v
q
a
q
b
1
4
1
4
0
1
0
1
tc tc
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
v
q
a b
1
0
4
1 1
tc
(c)
Problem 3 The capacitance of the system of parallel plates shown in the figure is
(a)
2
0 1 2
1 2
c A A
A A d + b g
(b)
2
0 1 2
2 1
c A A
A A d b g
(c)
c
0 1
A
d
(d)
c
0 2
A
d
Solution:Since the electric field between the parallel
charge plates is uniformned independent of the
distance, neglecting the fringe effect, the ef-
fective area of the plate of area A
2
is A
1.
Thus
the capacitance between the plates is
C
A
d
=
c
0 1
(C)
Problem 4:The charge flowing across the circuit on
closing the key k is equal to
(a) CV (b) C/2V
(c) 2CV (d) zero
Solution: When the key K is kept open the charge drawn from the source is Q = CV
Where C is the equivalent capacitance given by C = C/2
Therefore Q = (C/2)V
When the key K is closed, the capacitor 2 gets short circuited and ths the charge in that
capacitor comes back to the source.
Charge flowing isQ = (C/2)V (B)
Problem 5: The figure shows a spherical capacitor with inner sphere
earthed. The capacitace of the system is
(a)
4
0
tc ab
b a
(b)
4
0
tc b
b a
2

q
1
q
2
1
2
b
a
>
>
>
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
o
-
o
d
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
1
A
2
c
0
E
C
C
1 2
v
+
-
k
a
b
>
>
A
1
A
2
d
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--25
(c) 4
0
tc b a + b g (d) none of these
Solution: Let V be potential on the outer sphere. Thus we can consider two capacitors between the
outer sphere and inner sphere (a) and outer sphere and earth
Thus, C
1
= 4
0
tc
ab
b a
; C
2
=
4
0
tc b
b a
2

(B)
Problem 6:The conducting spherical shells shown in the figure are
connected by a conductor. The capacitance of the system is
(a)
4
0
tc
ab
b a
(b) 4
0
tc a
(c) 4
0
tc b (d) 4
0
tc
a
b a
2

Solution : As there will be no charge on the inner sphere, therefore the capacitance only will exist
due to outer sphere. Hence the capacitance of the system is the capacitance due to outer
sphere of radius b, therefore C = 4 tc
0
b (C)
Problem 7 :A small charged particle of mass m and charge q is sus-
pended by an insulated thread in front of a very large sheet of
charge density o . The angle made by the thread with the
vertical in equilibrium is
(a) tan
-1
o
c
g
mg 2
0
F
H
G
I
K
J (b) tan
-1

o
c
g
mg
0
F
H
G
I
K
J
(c) tan
-1

2
0
o
c
g
mg
F
H
G
I
K
J (d) zero
Solution: In equilibrium, along x-axis Tsinu = qE Tsinu
= q
o
c 2
0
......... (1)
Where T is the tension in the string.
Along y-axis in equilibrium, Tcos u = mg ....... (2)
From (1) and (2) we obtain,
tanu
o
c
u
o
c
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
q
mg
q
mg 2 2
0 0
= tan
-1
A bg
Problem 8: A point charge q moves from point P to
point S. Along the path PQRS in a uniform
electric field
E

pointing parallel to the posi-

tive direction of the x-axis. The coordinate of
the points P, Q, R and S are (a, b, 0), (2a, 0, 0)
, (a, -b, 0) and (0, 0, 0) respectively. The work
done by the field in the above process is given
by the expression
(a) qaE (b) -qaE
(c) q
( ) a b E
2 2
+
F
H
I
K
(d)
3
2 2
qE a b ( ) +
F
H
I
K
Solution : The work done is independent of the path followed and is equal to
qE r

d i
.
, where

r
-=
>
>
a
b
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
o
q
>
>
>
>
> <
>
>
Tcosu
+qE
mg
Tsinu
(
u
y
x
...........................................
(0, 0, 0)S)
>
>
>
>
>
X
Y
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
R(a, -b, 0)
Q(2a, 0, 0)
p(a, b, 0)

E
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--26
displacement vector PS ai bj =

, while
E Ei =

= = Work qE r qaE .

B bg
ASSIGNMENTS
SUBJECTIVE
LEVEL-I
1. Five point charges, each of magnitude +q are kept at the
corners of a regular hexagon of side a at C. Find the
electric field at the centre O of the hexagon.
2. The charges, q
1
and q
2
are placed at the cor-
ners of a square as shown in the figure. Find
q
2
such that the resultant force on q
1
is zero.
3. A plane surface of area S is inclined at an angle
u with a uniform field

E
as shown in the fig.
Find the flux of

E
over S.
4. A small sphere of mass m carries a charge q.
It hangs from a light inextensible thread of
length l making an angle u with an infinite
line of charge as shown in the figure. Find the
linear charge density.
5. A circular wire of radius R carries a total charge Q distributed uniformly over its circumfer-
ence. A small length of wire subtending angle u at the centre is cut off. Find the electric
field at the centre due to the remaining portion.
6. Twenty-seven identical mercury droops are charged simultaneously to the same potential of
10 volt. What will be the potential if all the charged drops are made to combine to form one
large drop ? Assume all drops to be spherical.
7. Two charged particles having charge +1C and 1Cand of mass 50 gm each are held at rest
while their separation is 2m. Find the speed of the particles when their separation is 1m.
Neglect the effect of gravity.
8. A certain charge Q is to be divided into two parts, q and Q-q. what is the relationship of
Q to q. If the two parts, placed at a given distance r apart, are to have maximum
coulombic repulsion? What is the work done in reducing the distance between them to half
its value?
9. A 1F and a 2F capacitor are connected in series across a 1200 V supply..
(a) Find the charge on each capacitor and voltage across each capacitor.
(b) The charged capacitor are disconnected from the line and from each other, and are now
reconnected with terminals of like sign together. Find the final charge on each capacitor and
the voltage across each capaitor.
> <
A
B C
D
E
O
a q
1
q
2
q
1
q
2
>
>
>
) u
E
S
+


+


+


+


+


+


+
)
u
m, q
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--27
10. In the figure shoiwn, find the charge on each ca-
pacitor (a) when the switch S is open (b)
when the switch S is closed.
Level-II
1. Two small spherical bobs of same mass and radius having equal charges are suspended from
the same point by strings or same length. The bobs are immersed in a liquid of relative
permitivity e
r
and density
0
. Find the density of the bob for which the angle of divergence
of the strings is the same in the air and in the liquid ?
2. An infinite number of charges, each equal to q, are placed along the x-axis at x = 1, x = 2, x
= 4, x = 8, ............. and so on. Find the potential and electric field at the point x =0 due to
this set of charges. When will be the potential and electric field if, in the above setup the
consecutive charges have opposite sign ?
3. The space between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is filled with a dielectric as shown
in figures (1) & (2). The area of each plate is A and permitivity of the dielectric is e
r
. Find
the capacitance in each case.
4. A 100 eV electron is projected directly toward a large metal plate that has a surface charge
density of -2.0 x 10
-6
C/m2. From what distance must the electron be projected, if it is to
just fall to strike that plate?
5. A 100 pF capacitor is charged to a potential difference of 24 V. It is connected to an un-
charged capacitor of 20 pF. What will be the new potential difference across 100pF ?
6. In the figure shown, find
(a) The charge
(b) The potential difference and
(c) The stored energy for each capacitor
7. Figure shows a parallel plate capacitor having
square plates of edge a and plate separation d.
The gap between the plate is filled with a di-
electric of dielectric constant k which varies
from the left plate to the right plate as k = k
0
+ox . Where k
0
and o are positive constants
and x is the distance from the left end. Calcu-
late the capacitance.
8. A capacitance has square
plates, each of side a, making
S
V
C
2
C
1
V
>
>
d
l/2
l/2
>
>
>
>
d/2
d

F F
F
C
1
=10
C
2
=5
C
3
=4
100v
K
>
>
-----------------------
)
d
u
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--28
an angle as shown in the figure.
Show that, for small u , the ca-
pacitance is C
=
C
a
d
a
d
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
c u
0
2
1
2
9. In the arrangement shown in figure, three con-
centric conducting shells are shown. The
charge on the shell of radius b is q
0
. If the
innermost and outermost shells are connected
to the earth, findtheir charge densities and the
potential on the shell of radius b in terms of a
and q
0
. Given that a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 4
10. In the given circuit diagram, the switch S
W
is shifted from position 1 to position 2. Find the
amount of heat generated in the circuit.
LEVEL-III
1. Four identical metallic plates, each having area
of cross-section A, are separated by a distance
d as shown in the figure. Plate 2 is given a
change Q. Find the potential difference be-
tween 2 & 3.
2. Five identical plates each of surface area A are
placed one above the other by same dielectric
of thickness d and dielectric constant k. Find
the equivalent capacitance between a and b,
the plates 1 and 4 and the plates 3 and 5 are
joined together.
3. An insulated conductor, initially free from charge, is charged by repeated contacts with a
plate which, after each contact, is replenished to a charge Q from an electrophorus. If q is
the charge on the conductor after the first operation, prove that the maximum charge which
can be given to the conductor inthis way is Qq/(Q-q).
4. Two perfectly insulated capacitors are connected in series. One is an air-capacitor with
plate area 0.01 m
2
, the plates being 1 mm apart, while the other has a plate area of 0.001 m
2
,
the plates separated by a solid dielectric of 0.1 mm thick with a dielectric constant 5. deter-
mine the voltage across the combination, if the potential gradient in the air-capacitor is 200
V/mm.
5. An electron files with an initial velocities v0 into a parallel plate capacitor in a direction
making an angle o to the plates and leaves the capacitor at an angle | to the plates . The
length of the capacitor plates is L. Find the intensity E of the field between the plates and
the kinetic energy of the electron as it leaves the capacitor. Take the mass and charge of
electron as m and e respectively.
a
b
c
1
2 3 4
1
2
3
4
5
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--29
6. A cone made of an insulating material has a total charge Q spread uniformly over its sloping
surface. Calculate the energy requied to bring a small test charge q form infinity to the apex
A of the cone. The cone has a slope length L.
7. A non conducting sphere of radius R = 5cm has its
centre at the origin O of coordinate system as shown
in figure. It has a spherical cavity of radius r = 1 cm,
whose centre is at (0, 3cm). Solid material of sphere
has a uniform positive charge density t = 1/ c / m
3
.
Calculate the potential at point P (4cm, 0).
8. The electric field vector is given by

E a x = i

. Find
(a) the flux of

E
through a cube bounded by surfaces
x = l , x = 2l , y = 0, y = l, z = 0 and z = l.
(b) The charge within the cube.
9. A charge Q is uniformly distributed over the volume of a sphere of radius R. Find the
electrostatic potential energy stored
(a) in the surrounding space.
(b) within the sphere
10. A spherical shell of radius r
1
with a uniform charge Q has a point charge q at its centre . Find
the work done by an external agent in expanding the shell to a radius r
2
.
OBJECTIVE
LEVEL-I
1. A positive charged pendulum is oscillating in
a uniform electric field as shown in figure. Its
time period, as compared to that whent was
uncharged;
(a) Will increase (b) Will decrease
(c) Will not change
(d) Will first increase and then decrease
2. A and B are two concentric spheres. If A is
given a charge Q while B is earthed as shown
in figure
(a) The charge density of A and B are same
(b) The field inside and outside A is zero
(c) The field between A and B is not zero
(d) The field inside and outside B is zero
3. The maximum electric field intensity on the axis of a uniformly charged ring of change q
and radius R will be
(a)
1
4
0
tc
q
R 3 3
2
(b)
1
4
0
tc
2
3
2
q
R
x
y
o
P
------------ ------------
>>
>
>>>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
A
B
> >>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--30
(c)
1
4
0
tc
2
3 3
2
q
R
(d)
1
4
0
tc
3
2 2
2
q
R
4. The figure is a plot of the lines of force due to two charges q
1
and q
2
. The sign of the charges
are
(a) both negative
(b) Upper positive and lower negative
(c) both positive
(d) Upper negative and lower positive
5. There are two concentric metal shells of radii r
1
and r
2
(> r
1
) . If the outer shell has a charge
q and the inner shell is grounded, the charge on the inner shell is
(a) zero (b) r r q
1 2
/ b g (c) r r q
1 2
(d)

6. Electric charges q, q and -2q are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle ABC of side
L. The magnitude of electric dipole moment of the system is
(a) qL (b) 2qL (c)
3
e j
qL
(d) 4qL
7. In which of the following states is the potential energy of an electric dipole maximum
8. The effective capacitance between A and B will
be
(a) 0.5 F (b) 1.5F
(c) 2F (d) 2.5 F
9. In the electric field due to a point charge q, a
test chargeis carried from A to the points B, C,
D and E lying on the same circle around q.
The work done is
(a) the least along AB
(b) the least along AD
(c) zero along any one of the paths AB, AD,
AC and AE
(d) the least along AE.
10. The potential difference across the capacitor
of 2F is
(a) 10V (b) 60V
(c) 28V (d) 56 V
LEVEL-II
1. Two connected charges of +q and -q respec-
tively are at fixed distance AB a part in a non
...................................................
...................................................
<
<
<
<
-q
+q
-q
-q
+q
+q
+q
E E
E
E
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1F
-q 2F
2F
2F
1F
1F
A
B
C
D
E
+q
3 F
F
F
F
3
6
70V
2
>
>
>
>
+q
-q
A
B
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--31
uniform electric field whose lines of force are
shown in the figure
The resultant effect on the two charges is
(a) a torque vector in the plane of the paper and no resultant force.
(b) a resultant force in the plane of the paper and no torque.
(c) a torque vector normal to the plane of the paper and no resultant force.
(d) a torque vector normal to the plane of the paper and a resultant force in the plane of the
paper.
2. Two identical point charges are placed at a separation of l, P is a point on the line joining the
charges, at a distance x from any one charge. The field at is E. E is plotted against x for
values of x from close to zero to slightly less than l. Which of the following best represents
the resulting curve?
3. The capacitance of two condensers in parallel is four times their capacitance when they are
connected in series. The ratio of the individual capacitances will be
(a) 1 :2 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
4. Find the capacitance of a system of three parallel plates each of area A separated by dis-
tances d
1
and d
2
. The space between them is filled with dielectrics of relative permittivity c
1
and c
2
. The dielectric constant of free space is c
0
(a)
c c c
c c
1 2 0
1 2 2 1
A
d d +
(b)
c c c
c c
1 2 0
1 1 2 2
A
d d +
(c)
c c
c c c
1 2
0 1 2 1 2
A
d d ( )( ) + +
(d)
A
d d c c c c c
0 1 2 1 1 2 2
( ) +
5. A solid conducting sphere having a charge Q is surrounded by an uncharged concentric
conducting spherical shell. Let the potential difference between the surface of the solid
sphere and that of the outer surface of the shell be V. If the shell is now given a charge of -
3Q, the new potential difference between the same two surface is:
(a) V (b) 2V (c) 4V (d) -2V
6. A parallel plate capacitor is connected across a source of constant potential difference when
a dielectric plate is introduced between the two plates then:
(a) Some charge from the capacitor will flow back into the source.
E
O
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

>
>
x
(D)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
E
O

>
>
x

(C)
E
O
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

>
>
x
(A)
E
O
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

>
>
x
(B)
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--32
(b) Some extra charge from the source will flow into the capacitor.
(c) the electric field intensity between the two plates increases.
(d) energy of the capacitor does not change.
7. The figure shows a circuit of four capacitors .
The effective capacitance between X and Y is
(a) 2F (b) 1F
(c) 3F (d) 1.5F
8. Two identical thin rings , each of radius R meters, are coaxially placed a distance R meters
apart. If Q1 C and Q2C are respectively the charges uniformly spread on the two rings, the
work done in moving a charge q from the centre of one ring to that fo the other is
(a) zero (b) q (Q
1
-Q
2
)(
2 1
)/ 4
0
tc R
(c) q Q Q R 2 4
1 2 0
+ b g/ ( ) tc (d)
q Q Q R
1 2 0
2 1 24 + + b g
e j
/ ( ) tc
9. Three capacitors are connected with the source
of electromotive force E as shown in the fig-
ure. Then the energy drawn from the source
is
(a)
1
2
2
CE
(b)
3
2
2
CE
(c)
1
4
2
CE
(d) 2CE
2
10. The variation of potential with distance r from
a fixed point is shown in figure. The electric
field at r = 3 cm and r = 5cm are, respectively,
(a) 0, 2 V/cm (b) 2 V/cm, -2 V/cm
(c) 0, -2 V/cm (d) 2 V/cm, 0
ANSWERS
SUBJECTIVE
LEVEL-I
1.
E
q
a
=
1
4
0
2
tc
.
in the direction CO 2.

q
1
2 2
3. ESsinu
4.
2
0
tc u u mg
q
sin tan
5.
Q
R 4 2
2
0
2
t c
u
sin
F
H
G
I
K
J
6. 90 V
7. 0.3 m/s 8.
q
Q
=
2
,
Q
r
2
0
16t e
.
9. (a) 800C, 800V, 800C, 400V (b)1600/3V, 1600/3C,
3200
3
C
1F
1F
1F
2F
X
y
C
C
C
B
>
5
4
3
2
1
1
2 3
4
5
v(volts)
r(cm)
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--33
10.
C C
C C
V
1 2
1 2
+
F
H
G
I
K
J (b) Zero on C
2
, C
1
V on C
1
LEVEL - II
1.
c
c
0
1
r
r

2. 2 kg,
4
3
kg
,
2
3
kg
,
4
3
kg
3.
2
1
0
c c
c
r
r
A
d( ) +
4. 0.44mm 5. 20 V
6. (a) q
1
=q
2
=3.3 x 10
-4
C, q
3
= 4x 10
-4
C (b) V
1
=33V , V
2
= 67V, V
3
=100V
(c) U
1
= 5.4 x 10
-3
J, U
2
= 10.9 x 10
-3
J, U
3
= 2 x 10
-2
J
7.
c o
o
0
2
0
1
a
In
d
k
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
9.
o
t
inner
q
a
=
0
2
12
,
o
t
outer
q
a
=
0
2
96
,
q
a
0
0
24tc
10.
1
2
2
2
CE
LEVEL -III
1.
Qd
A 3
0
c
2.
5
3
0
K A
d
c
4. 240 V
5. E =
mv
eL
0
2 2
cos
tan tan
o
| o b g; K.E. =
mv
0
2 2
2
2
cos
cos
o
|
6.
Qq
L 2
0
tc
7. 35.16 V 8. a
5 2
2 1
/

e j, a
5 2
0
2 1
/

e j
c
9.
Q
R
2
0
8tc
(b)
Q
R
2
0
40tc
10.
Q q Q
r r
+

F
H
G
I
K
J
/ 2
4
1 1
0 1 2
b g
tc
OBJECTIVE
LEVEL -I
1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A
5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C
9. C 10. B
LEVEL-II
1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A
5. A 6. B 7. A 8. B
9. B 10. A
ELECTROSTATICS
RSP-PH--34
REPORT COLUMN
1. TEST-1
DATE: :
SCORE :
MM : PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE
2. TEST-2
DATE: :
SCORE :
MM : PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE
FACULTY S COMMENTS