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Introduction
1. Microbes define the extent of the biosphere, where there is life, there are microbes; where there are no
microbes, there is no life.
2. Autocatalysis is the ability to self replicate.
V. Fueling
1. Getting precursor metabolites, energy, and reducing power needed for biosynthesis is the function of the
fueling reactions, however energy demands of the cell go well beyond the manufacture of building blocks.
2. The growth requirements for energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADPH) can be calculated in a particular
instance from knowing the composition of a cell under specific growth conditions and details of its pathways of
biosynthesis and polymerization,
3. All of the chemical energy is derived from organic, inorganic, or photochemical redox reactions.
4. Prokaryotes as a group can use as a sole carbon source any organic compounds in Earth, inorganic CO2 and
can obtain energy and reducing power by oxidizing either inorganic or organic compounds or by harvesting
energy from light.
5. Microbes that obtain their carbon from organic compounds are called heterotrophs; those using CO2 as
major carbon source are called autotrophs.
6. If a chemical source is used as the source of energy and reducing power, then the prefix “chemo” is added to
heterotroph or autotroph, and if light is used as source of energy “photo” is used but if it is a inorganic
molecules (H2, CO, NH3, NO2, H2S, S, S2O3^2-, & Fe^2-) is used then chemoautotroph are call lithotrophs,.
7. In heterotrophs fueling starts with the entry of the organic substances that serve as sources of carbon and
energy, process uses energy, whereas in autotrophs same happens, but in many cases theses are just CO2 and
light or an inorganic compound, where food sources is then converted into 13 metabolites.
8. Conversion of energy, if not derived from light, into a form useful to the cell involves the oxidation of food
molecules (removal of electrons from inorganic compounds or H+ atoms from organic substrates).
9. Precursor metabolites are generally more oxidized than the average building block and some of the reducing
power formed in the fueling pathways must be used in biosynthesis.
10. Microbes and others use oxidation reactions to generate ATP either by substrate level phosphorylation or
by proton motive force established commonly by means of electron transport, where electron is move from
carrier to carrier in cell membrane down electrochemical gradient to produce H+ gradient: used to make ATP.
II. Bioremediation
1, Is in which living microbes are used to assist in restoring clean water and soil environments, cleanup of
hazardous waste, and maintaining a sustainable balance of Earth’s geochemical and physical cycles.
2. Due to fact that microbes can degrade any naturally occurring organic compound, oxidize or reduce many
inorganic compounds, and can thrive in diverse environment.
Schaechter, M., Ingtaham, J., & Neidhardt, F. C. (2006). Microbe. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.