Durability

Durability
Durability of concrete: ability to resist

weathering action, chemical attack,
abrasion, or any process of deterioration.
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Water
Water Causes:
Chemical processes of
degradation
Physical processes of
degradation
CE 60
Water in the Capillary
CE 60
Permeability
Permeability - the property that governs the rate
of flow of a fluid into a porous solid.
Darcys law: For steady-state flow, the
coefficient of permeability, K, is determined from
Darcy's expression:
dq/dt = K(HA)/(L)
Where: Dq/dt = rate of fluid flow, = viscosity of
the fluid, H = pressure gradient, A = surface
area, and L = thickness of the solid.
CE 60
Permeability of Cement Paste
Age (days) Permeability (cm/s 10
-11
)
Fresh 20,000,000
5 4,000
6 1,000
8 400
13 50
24 10
ultimate 6
CE 60
Permeability of Cement Paste
When porosity decreases from 40 to 30%,
the permeability drops from 110 to 20 x 10
-12
cm/sec.
However, a decrease in porosity from 30%
to 20% results in a small drop in
permeability.
Reasons:
Large pores are reduced in size and
number.
There is creation of tortuosity.
CE 60
Permeability of Aggregate
Compared to 30 to 40 percent capillary
porosity of typical cement pastes in
hardened concrete, the volume of pores in
most natural aggregates is usually under 3
percent, and it rarely exceeds 10 percent.
However, the coefficient of permeability of
aggregates are as variable as those of
hydrated cement pastes of water/cement
ratios in the range 0.38 to 0.71
CE 60
Permeability of Aggregate
Reason:
Some aggregates have much higher
permeability than the cement paste
because their capillary pores are much
larger.
Most of the capillary porosity in a mature
cement paste lies in the range 10 to 100
nm, while pore size in aggregates are, on
average, larger than 10 microns.
CE 60
Permeability of Aggregates
Type of Rock Permeability (cm/sec )
dense trap 2.47 x 10 -12
quartz diorite 8.24 x 10 -12
marble 2.39 x 10 -10
granite 5.35 x 10 -9
sandstone 1.23 x 10 -8
CE 60
Physical Causes of Concrete Deterioration
1. Deterioration by surface wear.
Abrasion: dry attrition (wear on
pavements and industrial floors by traffic)
Erosion: wear produced by abrasive
action of fluids containing solid particles
in suspension (canal lining, spillways and
pipes).
Cavitation: loss of mass by formation of
vapor bubbles and their subsequent
collapse.
CE 60
Abrasion - Erosion
The deterioration starts at the surface,
therefore special attentions should be given
to quality of the concrete surface.
Avoid laitance (layer of fines from cement
and aggregate).
CE 60
3. Deterioration by Frost Action
When water freezes, there is an expansion of 9%.
However, some of the water may migrate through
the boundary, decreasing the hydraulic pressure.
Hydraulic pressure depends on:
Rate at which ice is formed.
Permeability of the material.
Distance to an "escape boundary."
CE 60
Problem:
The transformation of ice from
liquid water generates a
volumetric dilation of 9%. If
the transformation occurs in
small capillary pores, the ice
crystals can damage the
cement paste by pushing the
capillary walls and by
generating hydraulic pressure.
Mehta and Monteiro: Concrete
CE 60
Solution:
Air voids can provide an
effective escape boundary
to reduce this pressure.
CE 60
Air-Entraining
CE 60
Freezing of Concrete
This imagecannot currently be displayed.
This imagecannot currently be displayed.
CE 60
Does concrete freezing
cause the air-entrained
bubbles to get larger or
smaller?
Answer: Smaller. Since
the paste is expanded, the
air-voids are compressed.
Freezing of Concrete
CE 60
Frost Action on Aggregate
Aggregates likelihood to cause freezing damage depends on
pore:
Sizes
Number
Continuity
3 classes of aggregate
(1) Low permeability and high strength: No problem! The rock is strong
enough to support the hydraulic pressure.
(2) Intermediate permeability: Potential depending on (a) rate of
temperature drop. (b) distance the water must travel to find an escape
boundary Critical Aggregate Size (a large aggregate may cause
damage but smaller particles won't).
(3) High permeability: May cause problem with the transition zone.
CE 60
Factors Controlling Frost Resistance of Concrete
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
2
3
MSA (in) air content (%)
7.5
7
6
6
5
4.5
CE 60
Deterioration by Fire
Concrete is able to retain sufficient strength
for a reasonably long time.
CE 60
Consequence
CE 60
Fire in the Chunnel
CE 60
Effect of High Temperature
Effect of High Temperature on Cement Paste
Depends on:
Degree of hydration
Moisture state
Causes de-hydration:
Ettringite > 100 C
Ca(OH)
2
500-600 C
CSH ~ 900 C
Effect of High Temperature on Aggregate
Siliceous quartz: 573 C --sudden volume
change ( quartz)
Carbonate: MgCO3 > 700 C, CaCO3 > 900 C
CE 60
Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete
CE 60
Electrochemical Process of Steel Corrosion in Concrete
Volumetric Change
CE 60
Carbonation of Concrete
Carbonated concrete
Painting with Phenolphthalein
Concrete exposed to CO
2
(accelerated test)
CE 60
Alkali-Silica Reaction
CE 60
ASR Chemistry
1) The high pH in the cement paste promotes the
hydrolysis of silica:
Si-OH + Si-OH Si-O-Si + H OH
aggregate paste
2) Si-OH react with the paste to form Si-O-
3) Si-O-, adsorbs Na, K, and Ca to form a gel.
CE 60
ASR Optical Image
CE 60
ASR Optical Image
CE 60
Repairing ASR Damage to a Concrete
Dam
Typical Options:
Monitoring
Slot cut
Upstream face membrane
Roller compacted concrete
Decrease the reservoir
Dam Removal
CE 60
ASR Damage Examples
Built in 1965, this deteriorated bridge is located 9.7 miles west of Lee
Vining at 9400 feet elevation on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada.
CE 60
ASR Damage Examples
Airfield parking apron at Naval Air Station Point Mugu, California .
courtesy of U.S. Navy, NFESC
CE 60
Sulfate Attack
Importance
Sulfate attack on concrete has been reported
from many other parts of the world.
As early as 1936 the concrete construction
manual published by the U. S. Bureau of
Reclamation warned that concentrations of
soluble sulfates greater than 0.1 percent in soil
may have a deleterious effect on concrete, and
more than 0.5 percent soluble sulfate in soil may
have a serious effect.
CE 60
Sulfate Attack
Origin of the problem
Most soils contain some sulfate in the form of gypsum
(typically 0.01 to 0.05 percent expressed as SO
4
); this
amount is harmless to concrete.
Higher concentrations of sulfate in groundwaters are
generally due to the presence of magnesium and
alkali sulfates.
Ammonium sulfate is frequently present in agricultural
soil and water. Effluents from furnaces that use high-
sulfur fuels and from the chemical industry may
contain sulfuric acid.
CE 60
Expansion of Concrete
When concrete cracks, its permeability
increases and the aggressive water
penetrates more easily into the interior,
thus accelerating the process of
deterioration.
Sometimes, the expansion of concrete
causes serious structural problems.
CE 60
Loss of Strength and Mass
Sulfate attack can also take the
form of a progressive loss of
strength and loss of mass due to
loss of cohesiveness in the cement
hydration products.
CE 60
Expansive Reaction
C
3
A + 3C$H
2
+ 26H C
3
A3C$32H (ettringite)
C
3
AC$18H(monosulfate)
In the presence of sulfates
CE 60
Sulfate Attack
Gypsum formation leads to reduction of
stiffness and strength, then by
expansion and cracking.
CE 60
Sodium Sulfate Attack
Na
2
SO
4
+Ca(OH)
2
+2H
2
O
CaSO
4
2H
2
O + 2NaOH
The formation of sodium hydroxide as a by-
product of the reaction ensures the continuation
of high alkalinity in the system, which is essential
for the stability of the cementitious material
C-S-H.
CE 60
Magnesium Sulfate Attack
MgSO
4
+Ca(OH)
2
+2H
2
O
CaSO
4
2H
2
O + Mg(OH)
2
3MgSO
4
+ 3CaO2SiO
2
3H
2
O + 8H
2
O
3CaSO
4
2H
2
O + 3Mg(OH)
2
+ 2SiO
2
H
2
O
The conversion of calcium hydroxide to gypsum is
accompanied by the simultaneous formation of
relatively insoluble magnesium hydroxide.
In the absence of hydroxyl ions in the solution C-S-H
is no longer stable and is also attacked by the sulfate
solution.
The magnesium sulfate attack is, therefore, more
severe on concrete.
CE 60
Factors Influencing Sulfate Attack
Amount and nature of the sulfate present
Level of the water table and its seasonal
variation
Flow of groundwater and soil porosity
Form of construction
Quality of concrete
CE 60
ACI Building Code 318
Negligible attack: When the sulfate content is
under 0.1 percent in soil, or under 150 ppm
(mg/liter) in water, there shall be no restriction
on the cement type and water/cement ratio.
Moderate attack: When the sulfate content is
0.1 to 0.2 percent in soil, or 150 to 1500 ppm in
water, ASTM Type II portland cement or
portland pozzolan or portland slag cement shall
be used, with less than an 0.5 water/cement
ratio for normal-weight concrete.
CE 60
ACI Building Code 318
Severe attack: When the sulfate content is 0.2
to 2.00 percent in soil, or 1500 to 10,000 ppm in
water, ASTM Type V portland cement, with less
than an 0.45 water/cement ratio, shall be used.
Very severe attack: When the sulfate content is
over 2 percent in soil, or over 10,000 ppm in
water, ASTM Type V cement plus a pozzolanic
admixture shall be used, with less than an 0.45
water/cement ratio.

Durability

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Durability of concrete: ability to resist

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