EAS487: Radar Remote Sensing Spring 2014

HOMEWORK 7: Coding
Reference: Lectures 34-37 Due: 2014 April 25
Problem 1. We discussed in class that, due to
its slow rotation rate, Venus is an underspread tar-
get (or nearly so) at the Arecibo S-band radar fre-
quency of 2.38 GHz. This is not true for Mars, which
rotates with a period of 1.03 Earth days. If we ig-
nore echoes from portions of Mars suciently distant
from the subradar point, however, we can make the
planet eectively underspread. This means that only
a narrow strip of the surface near the equator can be
mapped, however.
a) Verify that Mars is overspread at 2.38 GHz.
The radius of mars is about 3400 km. Is
Mars also overspread for the 430 MHz radar at
Arecibo?
b) Find the size of the region of Mars that can
be mapped without frequency aliasing.
c) Suppose that we use a long cyclic code with
a repetition period (eective IPP) of n = 2
p
1
bauds, where the baud length is 4 s. What pe-
riod (what integer value of p) should you choose
to give the appropriate IPP? Ignore the rotation
of Earth for this problem, even though it is not
really negligible.
Problem 2. A receiver is matched to a single
5-baud binary Barker code (+ + ++).
a) What will be the output of the lter if the
input consists of contiguous (touching) Barker
codes, each of length 5, assuming no Doppler
shift?
b) Repeat (a) for the case when the two codes
are separated by exactly one baud length and
the second is inverted in sign, i.e., the sequence
is (++++0+). The receiver decoder
(lter) remains the same as for (a). You should
notice that some of the range sidelobes vanish
for the second case. This sort of code provides
two samples of echos from a given target sepa-
rated by a very short time interval. This kind
of information could be useful in probing over-
spread targets.
Problem 3. Complementary codes are pairs of
binary phase codes which work together to produce
no range sidelobes. The idea is to transmit the rst
pulse in the pair, wait for an IPP, and then transmit
the second pulse. Matched lter decoding is per-
formed separately for the two pulses, and then the
results are added together prior to detection (squar-
ing of the voltages). So long as the echoes are slowly
fading and remain phase coherent for an entire IPP,
the range sidelobes of the two pulses in the pair can-
cel identically.
a) The shortest complementary code pair is
(1, 1) followed by (1, 1). Verify that this is in-
deed a complementary phase code pair.
Longer complementary codes can be assembled
from the basic code in part (a). To form the rst
code in the pair, concatenate together both of the
previous codes (i.e. get (1, 1, 1, 1)). To form the
second code in the pair, take the rst one you just
calculated and reverse the signs of the bauds in the
second half of the code (i.e. get (1, 1, 1, 1)). Repeat
as necessary.
b) Find the complementary code with 8-baud
pulses and verify that it produces no range side-
lobes.
Problem 4. Barker codes can be combined to
produce much longer codes. The idea is to modulate
the sub-pulses of a Barker coded pulse with another
Barker code. For example, if B
4
= (+++) and B
5
= (+ + + +), then B
54
= (+ + + +, + + +
+, +, ++++), where the commas arent
breaks but are just intended to help illustrate whats
going on. Note that the 20-bit code that results is
not itself a Barker code.
a) Write down the sequence for B
43
.
b) Calculate the matched lter output for this
code.
c) What are the sidelobe level and compression
ratio?
CORNELL UNIVERSITY c DAVE HYSELL (08/04/15)
HW 71