Review Maintenance

9 Feasibility
8
Study
1

Implementation
7
System Development System
Specification
Life Cycle (SDLC) 2

Testing
6
Outline Design
3
System
Detailed Design
Development
4
5

Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 5 NU Islamabad

 Project Life Cycle Perspective

Implem- Main-
Planning Analysis Design Testing
entation tenance

Software Configuration Management

Software Engineering/Project Management

Software Engineering Process (CMM)

Software Engineering Tools and Methods

Software Quality

Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 6 NU Islamabad

 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS MODELS

♦ Problem solving loop with basic four activities, i.e., problem

analysis, problem definition, technical development and
solution integration.

♦ Regardless of the process model chosen, all the four activities

coexist simultaneously at some level of detail.

♦ A process model is chosen based upon the:

♦ nature of the project,
♦ application,
♦ methods and tools to be used, and
♦ controls and deliverables that are required.

Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 7 NU Islamabad

 PM Methodology Customization
Knowledge Areas IM SM TM CM QM HRM CmM RM

Customization Parameters
1 Level of criticality 9 9 9
2 Project Size 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
3 Time Flexibility 9
Budget 9 9
4
5 No. of Stakeholders 9 9 9 9
6 Location of stakeholders 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Experience of Project 9 9
7 Manager
8 Risks 9 9 9
9 Requirements 9 9 9 9
10 Team Size 9 9 9 9
11 Team Skill Level 9 9
12 Team Type 9 9
13 Customer Availability 9 9 9 9
Understanding of the 9 9
14 Customer
15 Development process 9 9

Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 8 NU Islamabad

 The Linear Models

System/information
engineering

analysis design code test

Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 9 NU Islamabad

 (1) The waterfall model
♦ It suggests a systematic, sequential approach to s/w development.

Important features
‹ All activities are to be performed in an order and one after the
other. The output of one is the input to the other.

‹ Verification and validation is to be performed after the end of each

phase.

‹ The inputs & outputs at each phase must be defined (i.e. goal of
each group is defined).

‹ Once the outputs of a phase are produced (i.e. phase completed) then
these should not be changed as it is input to the other. The certified
output of a phase that is released for the next phase is called a
baseline.

Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 10 NU Islamabad

Feasibility
Study Work Tasks &
System
Work Products
Specification

Outline design
Feasibility
Report Detailed
Design
System
Req. Document Development
Project Plan
Testing &
System Integration
Design
Document Implementation

Det Design
Review
Document

Maintenance
Programs

Test Plans,
Test Reports
And Manuals Installation
Report

Review
Reports 11
Supplements
 Limitations of Waterfall Model

1. Limits and freezes the requirements of the system.

• Suits to the automation of existing manual system.
But having unchanging (or changing few)
requirements is unrealistic for new systems.

2. Freezing requirements may result in purchase of an

obsolete hardware as the software development usually
takes years (and h/w technology is changing fast).

3. Does not support partial system development. This is

specially required as client also plays important role
in the requirement specification.

Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 12 NU Islamabad

 Evolutionary Models
Planning
Planning XP (Xtreme Programing)
Requirements
Requirements
Analysis
Analysis

Design
Design

Implemen-
Implemen-
tation
tation

Testing
Testing

Maintenance
Maintenance

T I M E
Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 13 NU Islamabad
 (2) Prototyping

♦ This approach is developed to counter the first two limitations

of the waterfall model.

♦ A customer may define a set of general objectives for software

but does not identify detailed input, processing, or output
requirements.

♦ The developer may be unsure of (1) the efficiency of an

algorithm, (2) the adaptability of an operating system, or (3)
the form the human machine interaction should take.
♦ Instead of freezing the requirements before design, coding can
proceed, a throwaway prototype is built to help understand the
requirements.

Dr. Arshad A. Shahid 14 NU Islamabad