Applications of electromagnetic induction

1. The dynamo or generator- an emf/current can be induced in a (rectangular) coil

which is rotated in a magnetic field. The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field and this rotation with the magnetic field
produces the induced current. This can be rectified to a dc output using a
commutator
2. The moving coil microphone
3. The transformer transforms electrical energy from one circuit (primary or
input) through elecetromagnetic induction to another (secondary or output).
Some of the magnetic flux acquired by the primary when current flows cuts
across/links with the secondary coil. A change in the flux will induce an emf in
the secondary coil

AC
C B
D
A
Transformer
Transformers
Transfers electrical energy from a
primary/input circuit to a secondary/output
circuit
Transfer through the process of
electromagnetic induction between the
primary coil and secondary coil
The process
Current flows in the primary circuit and the primary
coil (a solenoid) acquires a magnetic field and the
magnetic flux from the primary cuts across/links with
the secondary coil (also a solenoid)
A change in flux from the primary coil to the secondary
coil will induce an e.m.f. across the secondary coil
This leads to an induced current in the secondary
circuit
The coils are linked by use of a magnetically soft
material and this also increases the magnitude of the
induced emf and induced current
To obtain change in magnetic flux
Switching a steady d.c. supply in the primary
on/off
Vary the magnitude of the steady d.c. supply
in the primary (eg. Use of a rheostat)
Vary a d.c. supply (rectification of an a.c.
supply) in primary circuit
Use an a.c. supply in the primary circuit
Efficiency
Reduced by:
Heat in the coils from resistance. The wires are usually
made of copper wire to reduce this. Disadvantage of using
copper is cost and transformer weight and size
Eddy current losses can occur in the core in the form of
heat. These flow in circles can be reduced by laminating the
core and insulating them from each other
Flux leakage to air can occur (magnetic flux losses). Wind
the coils one on top of the other
Hysteresis loss in the core from continuous magnetic
reversals. Minimized by use of a magnetically soft core.
A cooling system usually made of a convected flow of oil is
used to reduce heat in the transformer
100% efficiency
N
S
= V
S
= I
P
N
P
= V
P
= I
S

P
0
= P
I
P
S
= P
P
P
S
= I
S
V
P
and P
P
= I
P
V
P
For transformers electrical energy
transmission is usually
At low currents to reduce energy loss in cables
connecting the generator at the power station
and the load at the building Power loss= I
2
R).
Use a.c. (it is cheaper to produce, easier to
manipulate and easier/safer to switch off than
d.c). A.c. generators also generates higher
voltages than d.c. Generators
Along cables that are good electrical
conductors with low resistances
Moving coil loudspeaker
When an analogue signal passes through the
Voice coil of the speaker, an electro-magnetic
field is produced and whose strength is
determined by the current flowing through the
"voice" coil, which inturn is determined by the
volume control setting of the driving amplifier.
The electro-magnetic force produced by this
field opposes the main permanent magnetic field
around it and tries to push the coil in one
direction or the other depending upon the
interaction between the north and south poles.
As the voice coil is permanently attached to
The cone/diaphragm this also moves in tandem
and its movement causes a disturbance in the air
around it thus producing a sound or note. If the
input signal is a continuous sine wave then the
cone will move in and out acting like a piston
pushing and pulling the air as it moves and a
continuous single tone will be heard representing
the frequency of the signal. The strength and
therefore its velocity, by which the cone moves
and pushes the surrounding air produces the
loudness of the sound.