Revealed: the 3,000-year-old mug of cocoa

Alok Jha
The Guardian, Tuesday November 13 2007
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Few can dispute chocolate's global popularity. But the discovery of ancient pottery in
Honduras has revealed there has been a penchant for the rich aroma of cocoa
beans for far longer than previously thought.

Archaeologists have dated fragments of pottery used to hold a chocolate-based drink to

1150BC, pushing back the earliest known use of chocolate 500 years.

John Henderson, of Cornell University in New York, led a team that analysed pieces of
pottery dug out of a site in what is now Puerto Escondido, Honduras. They found the
residue of a chemical called theobromine, which only occurs in the cacao plant, on the
pots. The cacao beverages consumed at Puerto Escondido were likely to have been
produced by fermenting the sweet pulp surrounding the seeds to make an alcoholic
drink much like the South American drink chicha.

The scientists found 10 small serving vessels at Puerto Escondido. "These vessels were
designed for pouring and drinking liquids; they are comparable to vessels in which
cacao was served and consumed in later Mesoamerica," Henderson wrote in yesterday's
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The researchers concluded that the vessels reflected the early history of cacao-serving -
during ceremonies celebrating marriages, births, and other important occasions.

"The frothed chocolate drink ... came to be central to social and ritual life throughout
Mesoamerica, ultimately becoming the standard of economic value for the Aztec empire
... The results of this project trace a previously unsuspected time depth and complexity
in the history of one of the major luxury commodities in the world today."

* This article appeared in the Guardian on Tuesday November 13 2007 on p5 of the UK

news and analysis section. It was last updated at 23:52 on November 12 2007.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/nov/13/archaeology.sciencenews
C& EN CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS
November 14, 2007
(also appeared in print Nov. 19, 2007, p. 11)
Archaeology

Cacao Drinks Date To 1150 B.C.

Analysis of pottery residue shows chocolate plant used earlier than anthropologists realized

Chocolate, made from cacao beans, was once the currency of the
Aztec empire and continues to be a luxury commodity.
Anthropologists are still unsure, however, of when and how cacao-
based beverages originated in the region now known as Central
America. A group led by John S. Henderson, a professor of
anthropology at Cornell University, has found the cacao component
theobromine in pottery dating back to 1150 B.C., about 500 years
earlier than previously documented (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, DOI:
10.1073/pnas.0708815104).

The researchers collected pottery samples at excavation sites near the village of Puerto
Escondido, Honduras. In prior studies, only visible residue remaining inside pottery was
analyzed. In the latest work, the researchers extracted residues from the aluminosilicate
matrix of pottery fragments by heating the pieces in water, methane/methanol, or
chloroform/methanol. They analyzed the extracts using liquid chromatography and gas
chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

Although theobromine was detected in the early pottery, missing were additives
commonly reported in other ancient, though more recent, chocolate drinks, such as
compounds from beeswax in honey or capsaicin from chili peppers. These results, along
with the style of the pottery (shown), led the researchers to hypothesize that the early
beverage was actually a fruit wine made from fermenting cacao pulp and that the
practice of using cacao seeds for chocolate drinks developed later.

FIRST CACAO BEVERAGES

Analysis of ancient pottery in Honduras suggests cacao was used in drinks
about 500 years earlier than previously thought.

http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/85/i47/8547news3.html
C& EN CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS
November 14, 2007
(also appeared in print Nov. 19, 2007, p. 11)
Archaeology

Cacao Drinks Date To 1150 B.C.

Analysis of pottery residue shows chocolate plant used earlier than anthropologists realized